溶解氧和有机碳源对同步硝化反硝化的影响

利用SBR反应器,探讨了溶解氧(DO)和有机碳源(COD)对同步硝化好氧反硝化的影响.结果表明,DO范围在0.5～0.6 mg/L时最适合于同步硝化好氧反硝化脱氮.在同步硝化反硝化过程中出现了亚硝酸盐氮的积累,推断经由短程硝化反硝化途径.总氮的去除率随着COD/N(碳氮比)的增加而增加,当COD/N为10.05时,总氮去除率最高可达70.39%.继续增加碳氮比时,总氮去除率增加不多,并且还会导致硝化作用不完全.当存在足够的易降解有机碳源时,能发生完全的好氧反硝化作用.     

同步硝化反硝化生物脱氮技术研究

讨论了影响同步硝化反硝化反应的各参数，并进行了单因素实验与正交实验，获得了同步硝化反硝化生物脱氮工艺运行的最佳条件：DO浓度控制在0．5～2mg／L，COD浓度为600～800mg／L，混合液悬浮固体（MLSS）为5000mg/L，pH值在8．0左右，反应时间为6h。在此条件下，氨氮及COD的去除率都较高，分别达85％和95％，总氮去除率为68．5％。     

某污水处理厂A2/O工艺冬季生物反硝化过程的影响因素研究

针对污水处理厂冬季反硝化脱氮效率不佳的问题,以常州市某污水处理厂A~2/O工艺为研究对象,模拟探讨了不同外加碳源、碳源投加量、溶解氧(DO)和硝态氮浓度对生物处理系统反硝化脱氮能力的影响。结果表明,外加有机碳源对系统的反硝化效能有明显的强化效果。3种外加有机碳源(乙酸、乙醇和乙酸钠)中,乙酸为最佳碳源。当乙酸投加量为40mg/L时,系统反硝化脱氮效率最高,比反硝化速率可达1.964mg/(g·h),反硝化碳耗最少,为7.14 mg/mg。DO与比反硝化速率成反比,DO≤0.20mg/L时,反硝化能力最强。硝态氮初始质量浓度为20mg/L左右时,反硝化能力最强。在实际工程应用中,可以通过提高硝化效果或直接调整回流比实现反硝化脱氮最优条件,将有助于提高系统的冬季脱氮效果。     

5ASB反应器对芳香族化合物反硝化降解特性研究

以苯、联苯和萘为模型化合物,研究了上流式厌氧污泥床反应器（UASB）在反硝化连续流运行条件下对含上述污染物废水的处理效果,并以葡萄糖为补充碳源,考察了COD／NO3^--N（简称C／N）比对有机物反硝化降解特性的影响。研究结果表明,当进水COD浓度约为900mg／L,苯、联苯和萘总浓度约为60mg／L,NO3^--N为20～60mg／L时,UASB反应器能够在硝酸盐还原条件下稳定去除废水中有机污染物,其中COD平均去除率可达到85％,苯、萘和联苯平均去除率分别为90％、81％和71％。3种芳香烃反硝化降解速率顺序为苯〉萘〉联苯。C／N比对苯的降解影响不十分显著,在C／N为5～30范围内,苯的去除率稳定在87％～92％;萘和联苯去除率受C／N影响较大,在C／N比为15时萘和联苯的去除率均达到最大,分别为82％和77％。     

DO和pH值在短程硝化中的作用

在SBR反应器中对DO和pH值在短程硝化和半亚硝化过程中的作用进行试验研究，结果表明，控制低DO和适宜的pH值在短程硝化过程中起着重要的作用。本试验条件下。当DO为0．5～1．0mg／L、pH值为7．5—8．0时。在SBR反应器中很容易实现短程硝化；当DO〉0．3mg／L时，DO越低，出水NO2^-N积累率越高；当pH值〉6．8时，不会影响系统NO2^-N积累的稳定性。另外，研究结果还表明，通过控制DO和pH值可以实现半亚硝化。本试验条件下，当进水氨氮浓度为120mg／L时，控制DO为0．3—0．4mg／L可实现出水半亚硝化；当进水氨氮浓度为200mg／L时，控制DO为0．5—0．6mg／L或pH值为6．8也可以实现出水半亚硝化。     

低温条件下硝化污泥的驯化

为了在低温13～14％下取得较好的硝化效果,分3个温度阶段25℃,16～17℃,13—14℃对活性污泥进行了驯化培养,研究了进水氨氮浓度和混合液COD对硝化污泥的影响。实验结果表明,硝化污泥经过驯化培养后,氨氮去除率可达80％以上,且在DO浓度为2ing／L,pH为6．7～7．5,进水氨氮为300mg／L,混合液COD为80mg／L条件下,硝化污泥能取得较快的增长,氨氮平均去除率可达89％。     

以剩余污泥水解酸化液为外加碳源的污水生物脱氮

为解决低碳氮比污水生物脱氮过程反硝化碳源不足的问题,利用剩余污泥水解酸化液为外加碳源,通过具有曝气段与非曝气段的一体化曝气生物滤池（BAF）,研究低碳氮比污水生物脱氮的性能与工艺条件。实验结果表明,预处理后的水解酸化液VFAs为3134．9～5251．4mg／L、ThODVFAs／COD为59．87％～91．85％,适合作为生物脱氮的外加碳源;水解酸化液的投配量、进水TN浓度对系统生物脱氮效果的影响较大,气水比、曝气段与非曝气段比例对系统的硝化和反硝化性能有重要的影响;在温度为25±1℃,水解酸化液COD平均为7555．1mg／L,进水TN、NH4-N和COD分别平均为43．88mg／L、39．04mg／L和56．8mg／L,碳源与污水投配的流量比为1：75的条件下,当BAF水力停留时间（HRT）为8h、曝气段与非曝气段比例为3：3、气水比为10：1、回流比为2：1时,NH4-N和TN的去除率分别超过98％和75％,出水COD平均为28．6mg／L。研究指出,剩余污泥水解酸化液经过预处理后可用作低碳氮比污水生物脱氮的外加碳源,有效地提高了反硝化效果,并不会造成二次污染,同时又可以实现剩余污泥的减量化和资源化。     

多孔碳表面自养硝化生物膜的培养及其性能研究

在pH值7．5～7．8、温度28℃、DO≥3mg／L的条件下，分别以NaNO2和K2HPO4为氮源和磷源，按N：P=50：1的比例混合，对自养硝化菌进行液相培养并在一种新型材料多孔碳的表面挂膜，进而对其特征、性能等进行了研究。实验得到了稳定的自养硝化生物膜；当NO2^-浓度为206．82mg／L时，生物膜的稳定硝化速率可达260mg/L·d；经鉴定，硝化速率最高的N-20菌株属硝化杆菌属(Nitrobacter sp．)。     

控制DO及FA条件下短程硝化过程系统稳定性研究

采用SBR工艺以水产品加工废水为研究对象,同时控制进水游离氨（FA）为0．96～1．25mg!L,溶解氧（DO）为1～2mg／L,实现了稳定的短程硝化过程。在此条件下,亚硝化率及氨氮去除率分别大于95％和88％,有机物（COD）去除率在90％以上,亚硝化速率维持在0．9666×10^-3-1．0375×10^-3mgNO2-N／（mgMLSS·h）之间。研究结果表明,同时控制DO及FA在适当范围之内可以获得稳定的短程硝化过程,并可降低系统能耗。本实验采用较低的FA浓度与较高的DO浓度（与OLAND工艺比较）得到了稳定的短程硝化过程,对水产品加工废水处理具有重要应用价值。     

Cu^2＋、Zn^2＋对生物脱氮系统的影响

Cu^2＋和Zn^2＋是污水处理工艺中经常遇到的金属离子。在驯化好的活性污泥系统中,研究了金属离子Cu^2＋和Zn^2＋在0～100mg／L浓度下对活性污泥生物脱氮系统的影响。试验发现Cu^2＋＞5mg／L、Zn^2＋＞30mg／L时,对硝化过程具有明显的抑制作用,在同样浓度的试验条件下cu“对硝化过程的抑制作用比Zn^2＋大。Cu^2＋≤0．5mg／L时对反硝化过程具有一定的促进作用,有助于提高TN的去除效果;Cu^2＋＞0．5mg／L时,对反硝化产生抑制作用,随着浓度的增加,TN去除率逐渐下降。Zn^2＋不影响反硝化过程,仅在大于30mg／L时,对硝化过程产生抑制作用。重金属Cu^2＋对生物脱氮系统的影响明显强于Zn^2＋。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.