清洁生产思维在环境影响评价中的应用

从70年代开始，我国环境影响评价工作在广度、深度上都有了很大发展。环境影响评价制度的推行，也收到了明显效果。随着传统经济发展模式的转变．这一在实践中证明行之有政的制度也应适应形势的发展和需要。1993年我国制订的《中国二十一世纪议程》在确定国家可持续发展优先项目中．把建立资源节约型工业生产体系，推行清洁生产列入了可持续发展战略与重大行动计划。作为贯彻“预防为主”方针、控制新污染的一项重要制度·环境影响评价的思路和方法相应地也需要作一些转变和调整。本文就环境影响评价工作中如何贯彻清洁生产思想提出了一些见…     

战略环评与长三角科学发展

自上世纪提出战略环境影响评价以及规划环境影响评价以来,全世界已有40多个国家提出战略环评的要求,世界环评制度正在向政策环评逐步推进。以我国长三角地区的发展需求为例,说明要发展,就必须走出先污染、后治理的老路,发挥后发优势,需要的是先规划、后发展的战略环评理念。     

关于世行贷款农业灌溉项目环境影响评价问题的讨论

农业灌溉工程建设是我国第十二个五年规划纲要中提出的全面加强农田水利建设工作的重要组成部分。随着越来越多农业灌溉项目的兴建及我国环境影响评价制度的发展,农业灌溉项目的环境影响评价也在不断发展和完善中。本文根据世行贷款项目——中国四川武都农业灌溉项目环境影响评价实践和工作经验,分析总结了世界银行及我国在农业灌溉项目环境影响评价工作方面的特点和要求,其中世界银行在有些方面,如评价等级、公众参与等与国内环评要求基本一致,而有些方面,如回顾性评价、替代方案分析、累积性影响分析、环境管理计划、移民安置行动计划、病虫害管理计划等在国内环境影响评价中尚未引起足够的关注或与世界银行要求存在较大差异,值得我国环评工作参考和借鉴。     

试析宏观决策的环境影响评价制度

我国行将制定的《环境影响评价法》将力图突破环境法的范畴，将其发展为实施可持续发展战略的基本制度，进一步推动我国立法和政府决策的民主化和科学化，这种对立法和政府决策进行环境影响评价的做法又称为“战略环评”，本文拟就战略环评的可行性，必要性和制度设计作出分析。     

可持续发展与环境保护

在人类的发展史上，从忽略环境保护受到自然界的无情惩罚，到开始探索新的发展途径，确认走可持续发展道路是唯一正确选择，这不能不是一个根本性的变革。这场变革经历了漫长而痛苦的历史过程，然而，真正将可持续发展战略付诸实施，还需要付出更大的努力，其道路更为长远。一、可持续发展的深刻内涵理解可持续发展的深刻内涵，是实施可持续发展的重要前提和思想基础。可持续发展的目的是发展，其关键是保证发展的可持续性。因此，在贯彻实施可持续发展战略的过程中，必须正确认识和处理好以下几个问题：1、认清持续增长不等于持续发展。我…     

区域政策环境影响评价研究

区域政策对一个区域的环境与发展的影响是持久的项目背后驱动力,引导和决定着该区域内的一切经济行为。对区域政策进行环境影响评价,以判定区域政策在特定时空范围内的宏观影响是实现区域综合决策的科学化、从政策源头落实环境保护基本国策、实施区域可持续发展战略的要求。本文论述了开展区域政策环境影响评价(以下简称EIA)的意义和基础以及评价的原则、程序和指标体系。     

区域环境影响评价在区域经济与环境持续发展中的作用

我国正处在工业化和城市化高速发展时期．国家非常重视环境影响评价。l979年颁布的《中华人民共和国环境保护法》（试行）就明确将环境影响评价规定为必须遵守的制度。之后，国务院环境保护委员会、国家计划委员会、国家经济委员会联合颁布的《建设项目环境保护管理办法》规定：“凡从事对环境有影响的建设项目都必须执付环境影响报告书的审批制度”。目前，全国大中型建设项目环境影响评价执行率近100％，项目环评在控制项目对环境的污染和生态的破坏上起了极其重要的作用，但在协调区域经济与环境持续发展方尚则存在严重不足。而区域环境…     

中华人民共和国环境影响评价法

第一章总则第一条为了实施可持续发展战略，预防因规划和建设项目实施后对环境造成不良影响，促进经济、社会和环境的协调发展，制定本法。第二条本法所称环境影响评价，是指对规划和建设项目实施后可能造成的环境影响进行分析、预测和评估，提出预防或者减轻不良环境影响的对策和措施，进行跟踪监测的方法与制度。第三条编制本法第九条所规定的范围内的规划，在中华人民共和国领域和中华人民共和国管辖的其他海域内建设对环境有影响的项目，应当依照本法进行环境影响评价。第四条环境影响评价必须客观、公开、公正，综合考虑规划或者建设项…     

环境教育的方式与方法

１．教育与可持续发展可持续发展是在环境保护的基础上发展起来的，是人类社会发展的必然选择，它涵盖了环保、生活质量、社会公平、为未来着想等多方面的内容。各国及各种国际组织几乎都认识到，实施可持续发展，意味着一场深刻的变革，是世界观、价值观、道德观的变革，...     

生态市建设的战略环境影响评价初探——以淮南市为例

生态市建设是一项系统工程，是实现可持续发展的必然途径。通过对战略环境影响评价理论、方法的探讨，开发出了针对生态市建设的战略环境影响评价技术框架，并以淮南市为例，构建了一套完整的战略环境影响评价指标体系。最后分析了淮南生态市建设SEIA的主要内容：土地利用规划、产业政策结构调整以及各项战略的环境影响评价，为生态市建设SEIA提供方法和技术支持。     

Screening for EIA in India: Enhancing effectiveness through ecological carrying capacity approach

Developing countries across the world have embraced the policy of high economic growth as a means to reduce poverty. This economic growth largely based on industrial output is fast degrading the ecosystems, jeopardizing their long term sustainability. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has long been recognized as a tool which can help in protecting the ecosystems and aid sustainable development. The Screening guidelines for EIA reflect the level of commitment the nation displays towards tightening its environmental protection system. The paper analyses the screening process for EIA in India and dissects the rationale behind the exclusions and thresholds set in the screening process. The screening process in India is compared with that of the European Union with the aim of understanding the extent of deviations from a screening approach in the context of better economic development. It is found that the Indian system excludes many activities from the purview of screening itself when compared to the EU. The constraints responsible for these exclusions are discussed and the shortcomings of the current command and control system of environmental management in India are also explained. It is suggested that an ecosystem carrying capacity based management system can provide significant inputs to enhance the effectiveness of EIA process from screening to monitoring.     

Environmental impact assessment in the People's Republic of China: a case study of the Shanghai Second Sewerage Project

In March 1994, China announced its plans for sustainable development in a White Paper entitled 'China's Strategy for Population, Environment and Development in the 21st Century. To achieve the objective of sustainable development; economic, social and environmental aims have to be consistent with each other and meet the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable development, therefore, encompasses many 'ideals, which need to be introduced through practical management techniques. This paper addresses the role that EIA could play in promoting sustainable development projects in the People's Republic of China by way of the detailed examination of a case study—the Shanghai Second Sewerage Project.     

Sustainable Development and Environmental Impact Assessment in Egypt: Historical Assessment

The achievement of sustainable development demands the integration of environment and development. To achieve sustainable development requires a close collaboration and cooperation between environmentalists and the decision-makers. The evidence is that in developing countries (Egypt, as an example) the gap is widening rather than closing. Intensive research programs are needed, for instance in the field of sustainable development and urban environmental management, to narrow that gap. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has become a management tool for achieving acceptable forms of environmentally sound development and sustainability; at best it is proving nothing more than a permit to move a project ahead.It is recommended that indicators for sustainable development and their progress be fully monitored. Performance indicators should always be established, not only for project implementation, but also during and after the implementation process to make sure that all mitigation measures are satisfactorily implemented. This can be achieved by linking the license granting authority for action to the actual implementation of these measures. To secure the environmental sustainability of an environmental project, it is also important to have the EIA document as an integral part of the license application document, and to make it available to inspectors during their necessarily frequent inspection visits.     

Evolution of environmental impact assessment as applied to watershed modification projects in Canada

This article reviews the application of environmental impact assessment (EIA) procedures and practices to three watershed modification projects situaled in western Canada. These ventures were justified for accelerating regional economic development, and cover the period during which public concerns for protecting the environment rapidly made their way into the national political agenda. An historical account and analysis of the situation, therefore, seems desirable in order to understand the development of EIA processes, practices, and methodologies since the start of construction of the first project in 1961. This study concludes that there has been good progress in predicting and evaluating environmental and related social impacts of watershed modification proposals. However, a number of obstacles need to be overcome before EIA can firmly establish itself as an effective planning tool. These difficulties include jurisdictional confusions and conflicts, division of authority and responsibility in designing and implementing appropriate mitigative and monitoring measures, lack of tested EIA methodologies, and limited availability of qualified human resources. A number of conclusions and suggestions are offered so that future watershed modification proposals may be planned and implemented in a more environmentally sustainable fashion. These include: (1) EIA processes must be completed before irrevocable decisions are made. (2) Any major intrusion into a watershed is likely to impact on some major components of the ecosystem(s). (3) Mitigation costs must form part of the benefit-cost analysis of any project proposal. (4) Interjurisdictional cooperation is imperative where watersheds cross political boundaries. (5) The EIA process is a public process, hence public concerns must be dealt with fairly. (6) The role of science in the EIA process must be at arms length from project proponents and regulators, and allowed to function in the interest of the protection of the environment and public health and safety. The views expressed here are the authors’ own and do not necessarily reflect those of FEARO and/or other government agencies and officials involved in the review of these projects.     

我国现行环境影响评价制度面临的问题与对策

环境影响评价制度在我国经过近30年的发展与完善,在有效加强环境管理,从源头上防止环境污染和生态环境破坏方面起到了重要作用。但从现实看,其并未能从根本上遏制我国生态环境的恶化,各级政府的发展观、环境职能部门的独立性和公正性、评价机构的中立性、环境报告编制的技术性缺失和环境影响评价制度的缺憾等问题都严重制约着环境影响评价的作用发挥,只有解决这些问题,通过完善制度、科学评价,公正审批和有效监督才能让环境影响评价真正成为环境的守护神,实现经济社会发展与自然的和谐。     

城市规划环境影响评价指标体系综述

城市规划是实施城市可持续发展战略的重要载体。城市规划环境影响评价的内容应集中体现在评价指标体系上。本文首先将城市规划环评指标分为总体规划和下位规划(专业规划、详细规划)两个层面,再分别系统论述城市总体规划和专业规划环评指标体系主要内容和结构,指出当前城市规划环评指标体系建立、内容、实施、总体与下位规划协调等方面的问题,奠定城市规划环评指标体系研究基础并为未来研究指明方向。     

The role of environmental impact assessment in coal production and utilization

Large-scale exploitation of fossil fuels and nuclear power can have an adverse effect on the human and natural environment. That need not be the case, if the effect on the environment is carefully assessed to ensure the development of a sustainable approach. This paper examines the process of environmental impact assessment (EIA) for coal from an international perspective. The concept of EIA is not new. A formalized process of EIA was introduced in the USA in 1970, and more recently similar legislation has been implemented in other countries. The member states of the European Community are required to adopt EIA regulations, as set out in Directive 85/337/EEC. Elsewhere, in Japan and Australia, there are requirements for EIA and a growing need for the process can be seen in developing countries. A comparison is made of the EIA process for coal in the international arena, and exemplary procedures are highlighted. Potential problems such as delays, modifications and additional costs are analysed, and the benefits of EIA, both to industry and environment, are discussed. A database of coal-related EIA would facilitate an exchange of information on the subject.     

新疆北疆地区少数民族贫困县可持续发展水平时空变化解构——以木垒哈萨克自治县为例

可持续发展水平时空解构表明,木垒县可持续发展能力很弱,资源问题成为限制其经济发展、社会发展及环境保护的主要因素。近8年来,木垒县可持续发展水平虽然呈良性上升状态,但其上升主要归功于社会发展因素,经济发展指数、资源指数等对其上升的推动性并不强。仅以提高经济发展水平为目的的掠夺式开发,使得资源匮乏的木垒县因此出现较为严重的资源性环境问题,并制约经济水平的提高。上述分析表明,资源指数成为新疆北疆地区少数民族贫困县可持续发展的基础,少数民族贫困县的贫困现状与其可持续发展能力弱是密切联系的。消除贫困的前提条件是实现可持续发展,因此,提高新疆少数民族贫困县的可持续发展水平这项任务迫切而重要。     

How Well Does Brazil's Environmental Law Work in Practice? Environmental Impact Assessment and the Case of the Itapiranga Private Sustainable Logging Plan

/ The Itapiranga Sustainable Logging Plan provides an example of how Brazil's licensing system functions for logging companies in the state of Amazonas. Two questions need to be dealt with: "How sustainable can logging in the Amazon be?" and "What and how effective are existing legal mechanisms to deal with logging projects?" The environmental impact assessment (EIA) and environmental impact statement (EIS, known as the RIMA in Brazil), present relatively detailed accounts of biodiversity and the need to adopt conservation strategies to protect it. However, social and health impacts are only superficially addressed. The economic sustainability of the operation over multiple cycles is not demonstrated. The multidisciplinary teams responsible for the EIA and EIS (RIMA) reports are hired by the project proponent, an arrangement inherently carrying the risk of biasing the result. Logging reduces biodiversity, releases greenhouse gases and inflicts social and health costs. These impacts reduce the ability of Amazonian forests to provide environmental services and to supply food and livelihood security to local populations. The reports inflate positive effects such as employment: the estimated number of jobs was cut by more than half in a revision made after the EIA and EIS (RIMA) had been approved. Not only do the reports need to be more realistic in assessing both positive and negative consequences of proposed projects, but better means are needed to ensure that promised mitigatory measures are enforced in practice. Many of the lessons that can be drawn from the Itapiranga Plan are not unique to logging projects and apply to licensing of development activites generally in Brazil and elsewhere.