工业燃煤锅炉大气污染物控制技术（续）

工业燃煤锅炉大气污染物控制技术（续）ＰＯＬＬＵＩＯＮＣＯＮＴＲＯＬＦＯＲＩＮＤＵＳＴＲＩＡＬＣＯＡＬ－ＦＩＲＥＤＢＯＩＬＥＲＳ（ｃｏｎｔ．）三、ｓｏ２排放控制煤中含硫量多少决定ＳＯ２的排放量，因为只有一小部分硫在燃烧后仍残留在煤灰中。目前工业锅炉ＳＯ...     

成都市春季大气飘尘目标变换因子分析

对成都市大气飘尘（ＳＭＰ〈１０μｍ）用目标变换因子分析（ＴＴＦＡ）作源解析。结果表明，主要排放源及其贡献为，道路交通尘（１６．８％），冶金尘（１９．２％），垃圾与草木焚烧烟尘（２４．８％），燃煤飞灰（５４．３％），大气尘污染以煤烟为主。     

燃煤锅炉的烟尘排放情况的物料衡算法研究

燃煤锅炉产生的烟尘量与燃料的成分、锅炉的燃烧方式及除尘率有直接的关系,锅炉的燃烧方式分为层式燃烧和悬浮式燃烧,不同燃烧方式的产尘量有很大区别,通过物料衡算方法,尝试对使用不同燃烧方式的工业锅炉和电厂锅炉排放的烟尘量进行定量分析和计算,该法得到的数据较准确,一般接近监测得到的平均数据.     

工业燃煤锅炉大气污染物控制技术

工业燃煤锅炉大气污染物控制技术ＰＯＬＬＵＴＩＯＮＣＯＮＴＲＯＬＦＯＲＩＮＤＵＳＴＲＩＡＬＣＯＡＬ－ＦＩＲＥＤＢＯＩＬＥＲＳＳｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｐｒｏｇｒｅｓｓｈａｓｂｅｅｎｍａｄｅｉｎｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｌｉｎｇａｉｒｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎ（ｅ．ｇ．ｐａｒｔ...     

中药川附子痕量砷的测定

本文报道了以ＨＮＯ３ － ＨＣｌＯ４ 混酸消化、Ｈ２ＳＯ４ － ＫＩ－ Ｔｅ（ Ⅳ） 体系极谱法测定中药川附子中的砷。该方法使样品消化过程的砷损失大为减少并简化了分析过程。样品中砷含量在０－２ ～０－６μｇ·ｇ－ １ ,回收率８４ ％ ～１０８ ％ 。     

双最大吸收光度法测定水中（Zn^2^＋）

在ＰＨ７ＨＡｃ—ＮａＡｃ溶液中，锌Ｚｎ２＋与５—Ｂｒ—ＰＡＤＡＰ反应，显色液由黄色变红色。本文依据有色溶液吸光度（Ａ）与入射波长（λ）及显色物质浓度（Ｘ）数学关系研究双最大吸收光度定量法测定水中锌。该方法可将黄色褪色和红色生色双重定量联合起来定量Ｚｎ２＋，分析灵敏度较高。实验表明，ＲＳＤ≤２％，检出限０．０１ｕｇ／ｍＬ，加标回收率９７．５％—１０５％。     

UASB反应器内部三组分离器的试验研究

根据上流式厌氧污泥床（ＵＡＳＢ）反应器的三相分离的作用原理，设计出了结构简单的三相分离器装置。通过小型装置的试验，证实了该装置气固液分离是充分的。当污泥回流缝在２．０～３．０厘米，沉降室进口污泥浓度在１６～２４ｇ／ｌ（ｓｓ）时，固液分离效率的仍高达８７．８％，示踪试验结果是平均留时间θｃ＝０．７８７，推流偏差系数θｐｆ＝０．４７０。进一步说明此装置的结构形式和尺寸是合理的，另外，通过试验还表明了采     

单扫描示波极谱法测定环境水样中马拉硫磷残留量

本文拟定了一种测定马拉硫磷残留量的极谱法，在０．１ｍｏｌ／ＬＮａＯＨ基底溶液中，用单扫描示波极谱仪制作其阴极化一阶导数极谱曲线，峰电位Ｅｐ为－０．４２Ｖ（ｖｓ．ＳＣＥ），在０．０８－０．５μｇ／ｍｌ范围内ｉ＇ｐ与浓度间呈线性关系。讨论了一些常见农药及离子的干扰情况，以及影响溶出峰电流的因素。方法应用于环境水样中马拉硫磷残留量的测定。变异系数在１０％以内。     

纳氏试剂光度法测定废水中氨氮的问题讨论

应用纳氏试剂比色法测定废水中的氨氮时,水样显色后稳定时间短,影响测定结果的准确性,针对这一问题进行了实验研究。实验中对主要影响因素Ｉ－和ＯＨ－的浓度变化进行了条件实验,结果表明选用所配的Ⅲ型纳氏试剂（ＫＩ含量为７．５ｇ）,可获得稳定的有色胶体,也可采用Ⅰ型纳氏试剂（ＫＩ含量为７．０ｇ）、在中和硼酸后再多加２ｍＬＮａＯＨ（１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）,也可获得稳定的有色胶体。     

废物库周围地下水中的放射性核素铀和锶-90分布研究

中国工程物理研究院核　物理与化学研究所原工作地点（老点）存在两个放射性废物库５３７－１和５３７－２。年内分别在库周围取地下水（或土）６次，对５３７－１得到地下水和泥土中的铀含量大约为１．２７μｇ／Ｌ和３．０μｇ／Ｌ，对５３７－２得到的地下水中的９０Ｓｒ含量约为５．３５×１０－３Ｂｑ／Ｌ。上列数据与本底无明显差异。可见，５３７－１废物库周围地下水中铀含量与生活区河水中含量无明显差异，５３７－２废物库周围地下水中锶含量与生活区河水中含量也无明显差异。至今未监测到两个废物库中的放射性核素对周围地下水中的明显　影响。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Surface applied water treatment residuals affect bioavailable phosphorus losses in Florida sands

Water treatment residuals (WTR) can reduce runoff P loss and surface co-application of P-sources and WTR is a practical way of land applying the residuals. In a rainfall simulation study, we evaluated the effects of surface co-applied P-sources and an Al-WTR on runoff and leacheate bioavailable P (BAP) losses from a Florida sand. Four P-sources, namely poultry manure, Boca Raton biosolids (high water-soluble P), Pompano biosolids (moderate water-soluble P), and triple super phosphate (TSP) were surface applied at 56 and 224kgPha(-1) (by weight) to represent low and high soil P loads typical of P- and N-based amendments rates. The treatments further received surface applied WTR at 0 or 10gWTRkg(-1) soil. BAP loss masses were greater in leachate (16.4-536mg) than in runoff (0.91-46mg), but were reduced in runoff and leachate by surface applied WTR. Masses of total BAP lost in the presence of surface applied WTR were less than approximately 75% of BAP losses in the absence of WTR. Total BAP losses from each of the organic sources applied at N-based rates were not greater than P loss from TSP applied at a P-based rate. The BAP loss at the N-based rate of moderate water-soluble P-source (Pompano biosolids) was not greater than BAP losses at the P-based rates of other organic sources tested. The hazards of excess P from applying organic P-sources at N-based rates are not greater than observed at P-based rates of mineral fertilizer. Results suggest that management of the environmental P hazards associated with N-based rates of organic materials in Florida sands is possible by either applying P-sources with WTR or using a moderate water-soluble P-source.     

Sources and Transport of Phosphorus to Rivers in California and Adjacent States,U.S., as Determined by SPARROW Modeling

The SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed attributes) model was used to simulate annual phosphorus loads and concentrations in unmonitored stream reaches in California, U.S., and portions of Nevada and Oregon. The model was calibrated using de‐trended streamflow and phosphorus concentration data at 80 locations. The model explained 91% of the variability in loads and 51% of the variability in yields for a base year of 2002. Point sources, geological background, and cultivated land were significant sources. Variables used to explain delivery of phosphorus from land to water were precipitation and soil clay content. Aquatic loss of phosphorus was significant in streams of all sizes, with the greatest decay predicted in small‐ and intermediate‐sized streams. Geological sources, including volcanic rocks and shales, were the principal control on concentrations and loads in many regions. Some localized formations such as the Monterey shale of southern California are important sources of phosphorus and may contribute to elevated stream concentrations. Many of the larger point source facilities were located in downstream areas, near the ocean, and do not affect inland streams except for a few locations. Large areas of cultivated land result in phosphorus load increases, but do not necessarily increase the loads above those of geological background in some cases because of local hydrology, which limits the potential of phosphorus transport from land to streams.     

Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific

The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.