固相萃取-UPLC-MS/MS法测定环境水体中多种抗生素

采用固相萃取-超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定环境水样中25种磺胺类和喹诺酮类抗生素,通过优化试验条件,使方法在2.00μg/L～200μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为1.01ng/L～2.85ng/L,7次测定结果的RSD为2.3%～8.0%。将该方法用于自来水和地表水测定,结果均为未检出,高、低质量浓度水平的加标回收率为61.2%～102%。     

HPLC-高分辨飞行时间质谱测定水中多种微囊藻毒素

水样经HLB小柱富集、净化后,采用高效液相色谱-四极杆-高分辨飞行时间质谱同时测定水样中MC-LA、MC-LF、〖JP3〗MC-LR、MC-LW、MC-LY、MC-RR、MC-YR、MC-WR等8种微囊藻毒素。试验表明,8种微囊藻毒素在0500 μg/L～〖JP〗100 μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为0001 μg/L～0005 μg/L,自来水空白样品3个质量浓度水平的加标回收率为725%～998%,5次测定结果的RSD为19%～112%。将该方法用于测定珠海本地水产养殖鱼塘和小型水库的水样,结果均未检出     

UPLC-MS/MS法同时测定水中甲萘威、呋喃丹和阿特拉津

水样经聚四氟乙烯滤头过滤,直接用超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)同时测定甲萘威、呋喃丹和阿特拉津。通过试验考察不同材质滤头和各仪器条件对测定的影响,并确定最佳分析条件,使该方法在0.01μg/L~10.0μg/L范围内线性良好。甲萘威、呋喃丹和阿特拉津的方法检出限分别为6.1 ng/L、2.8 ng/L、3.1 ng/L,空白水样的3个质量浓度加标回收率在96.4%~110%之间。该方法用于测定实际水源水及饮用水中的甲萘威、呋喃丹和阿特拉津,结果均未检出,实际水样平均加标回收率为81.4%~97.2%。     

固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定水中甲拌磷及其代谢产物残留

采用固相微萃取技术富集水样中甲拌磷及其代谢产物残留,并用气相色谱法测定。通过优化试验条件,使该方法在0.05 mg/L~1.00 mg/L范围内线性良好,甲拌磷、甲拌磷亚砜和甲拌磷砜方法检出限分别为0.64μg/L、36.1μg/L、1.8μg/L。用该方法测定无公害种植基地的灌溉水样品,3种农药残留均为未检出,水样的加标回收率为60.4%~85.7%,测定5次结果的RSD为3.4%~8.5%。     

UPLC-MS/MS法同时测定地表水中多种药物及个人护理品

采用快速液相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱仪(UPLC-MS/MS)测定地表水中31种药物及个人护理品,通过优化分析条件,使方法在0.01μg/L～10.0μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为0.2 ng/L～1.2 ng/L。地表水样品两个质量浓度水平的加标回收率为64.8%～125%,测定6次结果的RSD≤11%。将该方法用于上海市两条河道中10个水样的测定,结果地西泮、氟康唑、甘宝素、咖啡因、可替宁、氨基比林的测定值为6.56 ng/L～302 ng/L,其余PPCPs未检出。     

原子荧光光谱法同时测定环境水体中痕量锡和锌

采用原子荧光光谱法同时测定环境水样中痕量锡和锌,优化了试验条件。锡在1.00μg/L～10.0μg/L、锌在20.0μg/L～200μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限锡为0.13μg/L,锌为1.76μg/L,锡和锌标准溶液测定的相对标准偏差分别为2.9%和4.0%,环境水样加标回收率锡为96.4%～106%,锌为92.0%～111%。     

GC-MS/MS法测定水中多种N-亚硝胺类化合物

采用固相萃取-GC-MS/MS法测定水中10种N-亚硝胺类化合物,通过试验优化前处理和测定条件,使方法在0. 500μg/L～100μg/L范围内线性良好。方法检出限为0. 6 ng/L～2. 1 ng/L,混合标准溶液6次测定结果的RSD 5%。将该方法用于测定实际水样,结果除N-亚硝基二甲胺、N-亚硝基甲基乙基胺和N-亚硝基二丙胺以外,其余目标物均为未检出,加标回收率为73. 1%～97. 6%。     

海河流域地表水中微囊藻毒素的测定

水样酸化过滤后用Oasis HLB固相萃取小柱净化富集,采用液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定地表水中微囊藻毒素(MC-LR和MC-RR),通过优化试验条件,使方法在1.00μg/L～100μg/L范围内线性良好。MC-LR和MC-RR在水中的方法检出限为0.12 ng/L和0.2 ng/L,空白加标回收率为72.7%～88.5%,3次测定结果的RSD为9.1%～10.7%。将该方法用于6个海河流域部分重要水源地水样的监测,虽然部分水样中检测出MC-LR和MC-RR,但检出值均低于标准限值。     

全自动固相萃取气质联用法测定废水中硝基苯类化合物

采用全自动固相萃取处理废水,气相色谱-质谱联用法测定废水中的15种硝基苯类化合物,通过优化试验条件,使方法在0.100mg/L～10.0mg/L范围内线性良好。方法检出限为0.012μg/L～0.038μg/L,标准溶液11次测定结果的RSD为1.0%～7.5%。对实际水样做2个质量浓度水平的加标回收试验,平均加标回收率为78.0%～107%。     

U PLC- ESI- MS/MS法同时测定水中7种抗生素

采用超高效液相色谱-电喷雾二级质谱联用技术同时测定水中7种抗生素,优化了试验条件.磺胺甲恶唑、诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、四环素在1.00 ng/L～1000 ng/L范围内线性良好,定量下限为1 ng/L,土霉素、金霉素在10.0 ng/L-2 000 ng/L范围内线性良好,定量下限为10 ng/L,去离子水和地表水样加标回收率为72.1%-112%,RSD为0.6%～9.2%.     

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

Cyanobacterial Flora from Polluted Marine Shores

Citation of cyanobacterial cultures from the shores of south west coast of Gujarat, India and their relationship with sea water quality, influenced by extensive pollutant runoff is reported in this study. Intensity of pollution was evaluated by physico-chemical analysis of water. Higher load of suspended solids (60–1000 mg l⁻¹) and nutrients (PO₄ ⁻P: 1.3–4 μmole l⁻¹ and NO₃ ⁻N: 12.5–17.8 μmole l⁻¹) were persistent throughout the analysis. Community structure is seen to be influenced by such persistent pollution. Twenty nine cyanobacterial species were isolated belonging to 9 genera of 4 families, with an elevated occurrence of Oscillatoria and Lyngbya species. No heterocystous cyanobacteria were isolated throughout the study.     

Using Multiple Taxonomic Groups to Index the Ecological Condition of Lakes

Biological indicators of communitiestypically reflect a common environmental signalreflecting the general condition of the ecosystem, as well asindividual signals by indicators differentiallysensitive to particular environmental conditions. Wedescribe here a method of integrating and interpretingsuch indicators from 19 New England lakes for fivetaxonomic groups (diatoms, benthos, zooplankton, fish,and birds). Our approach provides a systematicstandardized way to integrate multiple metrics fromdifferent taxonomic groups by addressing four elementscrucial to analyzing data from multiple indicators: covariate control, re-scaling of data, standardizing the sign of responses, and dimensional reduction. We evaluated the biologicalmetrics against individual environmental stressors andagainst multivariate physicochemical metricscharacterizing general anthropogenic stress among thelakes. The method detected a response to variationin the gross environmental condition of the lakes thatwas correlated across taxa and metrics. In addition,a differential response to near shore conditions wasdemonstrated for fish. The success of the approach inthis study lends support to its general application toecological monitoring involving complex data sets.