基于土地利用变化的忻州市生态格局时空变化分析

为了厘清改革开放以来忻州市各类生态系统及生态系统格局的时空特征,使用忻州全市1980、2000、2018年的土地利用和覆盖(LULC)二级分类数据,经过土地转移矩阵和景观格局指数计算,探讨分析了忻州市改革开放以来近40年的LULC及格局的长时间序列时空变化特征,以揭示忻州市的生态环境变化态势。研究区近40年来以城镇用地和其他建设用地增加为主,其他各类减少,城镇化和人口增长带来的土地和生态压力主要集中在草地、耕地以及湿地上;其中2000—2018年的变化更剧烈,人类活动对自然的干扰加剧,但同时在这一阶段已经开始了森林、湿地的保护,开展经济发展与生态文明同步建设。     

扬州市土地利用与覆盖的遥感监测

应用遥感技术监测分析扬州市2009—2012年土地利用与覆盖状况。结果表明,扬州市土地利用及覆盖以耕地、城乡工矿居民用地及水域为主,主要生态红线区土地覆盖类型未发生人为改变,生态环境状况总体良好,呈略有改善的态势。提出,应坚持开展污染治理和生态建设,优化发展空间,统筹城乡建设用地管理。     

银川市城市生态服务功能价值的变化分析

生态系统服务价值的研究是目前生态学研究的热点之一。本文基于生态系统服务功能价值理论,根据银川市土地利用变化的情况,定量估算了其土地生态系统为人类提供服务的经济价值。结果表明,1996—2006年银川市生态系统服务价值变化的总态势是先增后减,生态系统服务功能在城市化过程中受到较大的影响。     

星云湖流域生态环境质量时空变化评价

选取1988—2021年4期Landsat影像,反演绿度、湿度、热度、干度指标,采用主成分分析法构建遥感生态指数(RSEI),监测星云湖流域生态环境质量时空变化。结果表明：1988—2021年星云湖流域生态环境质量变化较小,稳定在中等水平;沿湖平地及山间河谷生态环境质量恶化,边缘山区生态环境质量改善;该流域土地利用类型以耕地、林地为主,土地利用变化响应生态环境质量的变化;2000年后绿度和湿度指标对生态环境质量的改善越来越重要;生态环境质量的空间分布呈聚集性,高-高聚集区由沿湖平地逐渐向山区转移,低-低聚集区主要分布在石漠化现象严重的山区。     

基于RS-GIS伊犁河谷土地利用-土地覆盖变化研究

解译2000和2005年伊犁河谷的Landsat TM遥感影像,分析和探讨土地利用-土地覆盖现状和动态变化及其特征.结果表明,伊犁河谷土地利用总体程度低,土地利用过程还处于发展阶段,土地利用-土地覆盖面积变化显著,由此引起的生态环境问题也日益明显.     

哈密市土地利用变化对生态系统碳储量的影响研究

基于InVEST模型评估1990—2020年哈密市碳储量变化及其对土地利用变化的响应,运用最优参数地理探测器模型分析碳储量空间驱动因素,并采用PLUS模型预测2040年生态系统碳储量。结果表明,1990—2020年哈密市耕地、草地、建设用地面积增加,未利用地、林地、水域面积减少,生态系统碳储量共增加3855.93×104t,呈现中间高、四周低的空间分布特征,土地利用与人为干扰指数是主要驱动因素。未利用地向草地转移是碳储量增加的主要原因,生态用地向建设用地和未利用地转移是碳储量减少的主导因素。2040年哈密市生态系统碳储量预测值为50 525.62×104t,伊州区和巴里坤县为未来碳储量主要增加区     

基于GIS的百花湖流域土地利用变化与水质响应

利用ArcGIS和ENVI软件并结合Spearman分析法,探究百花湖流域1997年、2007年和2017年土地利用类型变化对5种水质指标年均值的响应。结果表明:1997—2017年流域内林地和建筑用地面积递增,耕地面积递减,林地占整个流域面积的50%以上;在土地转移中林地、建筑用地和耕地之间的转移最大,林地和建筑用地的增加主要来自耕地;1997年水质最好,2007年水质最差,2017年对流域实施水污染治理工程后水质有所改善;相关分析得出建筑用地、耕地与TN、TP、NH_3-N呈显著正相关,对TN、TP、NH_3-N有"源"的作用,林地与TN、TP呈显著负相关,对TN、TP有"汇"的作用。     

基于改进生态价值当量的长株潭地区生态补偿空间选择

以长株潭地区为研究对象,基于改进生态价值当量计算研究区域的生态系统服务价值,结合区域经济社会发展水平探讨研究区域的生态补偿优先级,并以2002年、2008年、2014年作为典型年份研究长株潭地区生态补偿的空间选择。研究表明:长株潭地区2002—2014年间生态系统服务价值(ESV)呈现持续下降趋势。通过敏感性分析可知,长株潭地区生态系统服务总价值对于价值系数相对稳定,研究结果可信。长株潭地区各县(市、区)的生态服务价值和生态补偿优先级存在较大的空间差异,2014年度长沙市、株洲市、湘潭市市辖区域及长沙县、望城区应率先进行生态支付。     

高速公路水土保持生态服务功能价值评估浅析——以陕西省不同区域三条高速公路为例

以陕西省3个典型区域的3条高速公路为例,在构建高速公路水土保持生态服务功能价值评价体系并确定各评价指标计算方法的基础上,全面分析了高速公路水土保持的生态服务功能价值。旨在相互交流的基础上,为后期同类工程水土保持投资预算设计和资金管理使用提供理论依据。     

天水市大气SO2浓度时空变化特征的卫星遥感监测与影响分析

大气卫星遥感监测作为一种新型监测手段,具有范围广、速度快、成本低等优势,对环境应急保护及其预警都具有非常重要的意义。选取天水市2006—2013年各年12月每日OMI level-2数据产品,利用Aura卫星技术和Arc GIS等技术平台,对天水市大气中SO_2的时空分布规律和污染原因进行了分析研究。结果表明:2006—2013年天水市SO_2柱浓度及其总量呈现出明显增加的趋势,但在2008年有小幅降低;在2008年以前,天水市SO_2浓度呈现出由东南向西北逐渐减少的趋势,但自2009年后污染重心发生迁移并且出现了数个集中化的SO_2高值区;研究区SO_2垂直柱浓度有自然因素、人类活动等多方面的复合影响,其中能源消耗及机动车尾气排放是主要影响因素。研究进一步讨论了遥感数据产品的应用前景。     

Changes of Land Use and of Ecosystem Service Values in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

Agricultural activities, especially reclamation, are considered major threats to the wetland ecosystems in Sanjiang Plain, the largest concentrated area of the freshwater wetlands in China. In the past decades, the area of the cultivated land and its grain production have been increased at the cost of wetlands shrinkage. The large-scale land reclamation severely affected the ecosystems in this region. However, such effects at the regional scale are seldom evaluated quantitatively. We used three datasets of LANDSAT MSS and/or TM imagery to estimate the area changes and the transition of land use types from 1980 to 2000. We also valued changes in ecosystem services delivered by each land category using value coefficients published by Costanza et al. [Nature 387, 1997, 253–260]. Sensitivity analysis suggested that these estimates were relatively robust. Finally, the contribution of various ecosystem functions was ranked to the overall value of the ecosystem services in this study. According to our estimates, the total annual ecosystem service values in Sanjiang Plain have declined by about 40% between 1980 and 2000 ($156284–182572.18 million in total over 20 years). This substantial decline is largely attributed to the 53.4% loss of wetlands. For individual ecosystem functions, waste treatment, water supply and disturbance regulation account for more than 60% to the total ecological values. During those two decades, the contribution of disturbance regulation, cultural and recreation decreased, while the contribution of water regulation, nutrient cycling, food production, raw materials and climate regulation increased during the same period. We also put forward a few proposals concerning the future land use policy formulation and sustainable ecosystems. They are adjusting the ‘food first’ agricultural policy, establishing more nature reserves for wetlands, creating systems for the rational use of water, harnessing the degraded cultivated land and encouraging eco-tourism.     

Using NDVI to Assess Vegetative Land Cover Change in Central Puget Sound

We used the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in the rapidly growing Puget Sound region over three 5-year time blocks between 1986–1999 at three spatial scales in 42 Watershed Administrative Units (WAUs) to assess changes in the amounts and patterns of green vegetation. On average, approximately 20% of the area in each WAU experienced significant NDVI change over each 5-year time block. Cumulative NDVI change over 15 years (summing change over each 5-year time block) was an average of approximately 60% of each WAU, but was as high as 100% in some. At the regional scale, seasonal weather patterns and green-up from logging were the primary drivers of observed increases in NDVI values. At the WAU scale, anthropogenic factors were important drivers of both positive and negative NDVI change. For example, population density was highly correlated with negative NDVI change over 15 years (r = 0.66, P < 0.01), as was road density (r = 0.71, P < 0.01). At the smallest scale (within 3 case study WAUs) land use differences such as preserving versus harvesting forest lands drove vegetation change. We conclude that large areas within most watersheds are continually and heavily impacted by the high levels of human use and development over short time periods. Our results indicate that varying patterns and processes can be detected at multiple scales using changes in NDVIa values.     

Modeling Runoff Response to Land Cover and Rainfall Spatial Variability in Semi-Arid Watersheds

Hydrologic response is an integrated indicator of watershed condition, and significant changes in land cover may affect the overall health and function of a watershed. This paper describes a procedure for evaluating the effects of land cover change and rainfall spatial variability on watershed response. Two hydrologic models were applied on a small semi-arid watershed; one model is event-based with a one-minute time step (KINEROS), and the second is a continuous model with a daily time step (SWAT). The inputs to the models were derived from Geographic Information System (GIS) theme layers of USGS digital elevation models, the State Soil Geographic Database (STATSGO) and the Landsat-based North American Landscape Characterization classification (NALC) in conjunction with available literature and look up tables. Rainfall data from a network of 10 raingauges and historical stream flow data were used to calibrate runoff depth using the continuous hydrologic model from 1966 to 1974. No calibration was carried out for the event-based model, in which six storms from the same period were used in the calculation of runoff depth and peak runoff. The assumption on which much of this study is based is that land cover change and rainfall spatial variability affect the rainfall-runoff relationships on the watershed. To validate this assumption, simulations were carried out wherein the entire watershed was transformed from the 1972 NALC land cover, which consisted of a mixture of desertscrub and grassland, to a single uniform land cover type such as riparian, forest, oak woodland, mesquite woodland, desertscrub, grassland, urban, agriculture, and barren. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using widely available data sets for parameterizing hydrologic simulation models. The simulation results show that both models were able to characterize the runoff response of the watershed due to changes of land cover.     

The Value of Better Information on Technology R&D Programs in Response to Climate Change

Expert elicitations are a promising method for determining how R&D investments are likely to have an impact on technological advance in climate change energy technologies. But, expert elicitations are time consuming and resource intensive. Thus, we investigate the value of the information gained in expert elicitations. More specifically, given baseline elicitations from one study, we estimate the expected value of better information (EVBI) from revisiting and improving these assessments. We find that the EVBI is very large in comparison with the cost of performing expert elicitations. We also find that EVBI is higher on technologies with larger budgets and with net values that are not too high or too low.     

基于TM影像的县级土地利用动态监测

以1988、2000、2008年TM遥感影像为数据源,利用GIS技术,获得高淳县土地利用动态变化。结果表明,20年间耕地面积明显减少,水域和建设用地大幅增加,而面积的增加主要是通过占用耕地来实现平衡的。城镇人口和经济的快速增长,产业结构的调整优化和城镇规划变革促进了高淳县土地利用变化。