基于STIRPAT模型的闵行区工业能源碳排放分析

对2006—2020年上海闵行区工业能源碳排放量进行估算，采用可拓展的随机性的环境影响评估模型（STIRPAT）分析了工业能源碳排放的影响因素。结果表明：2006—2020年闵行区工业能源碳排放总量、碳排放强度与工业能源消耗量均呈逐步下降的趋势；煤炭所占工业能源消费比重、人均工业产值、工业化率和工业能源强度与闵行区工业能源碳排放呈正相关关系，其中煤炭所占工业能源消费比重对闵行区工业碳排放影响最大，工业增加值、电力所占工业能源消费比重对闵行区工业能源碳排放影响不显著。基于因素分析结果，提出闵行区可通过调整工业能源消费结构、优化产业结构、提高工业能源利用效率等措施降低工业碳排放。     

安徽省能源消费与碳排放分析

根据联合国政府气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)2006年版碳排放指南中的计算公式和碳排放系数缺省值,计算了安徽省1995～2009年能源消费和碳排放情况。结果表明:安徽省能源消费由1995的4217.82万t标准煤增长到2009年的8895.90万t标准煤,平均年增长率为5.48%,其中第二产业部门能源消费量均占能源消费总量的79%以上;能源消费产生的二氧化碳由1995年的3507.36万t增长到2009年的8536.12万t,其中在各种能源消费碳排放量中原煤的碳排放量最大,占总碳排放量的78%~82%;碳排放强度总体上呈现下降的趋势,低于全国平均碳排放强度,但高于全球和美国;碳排放的因素分析得出碳排放量与人口、人均GDP、能源强度呈现高度相关性。     

包头市“十二五”能源现状及碳排放影响因素分析——基于灰色关联度分析法

基于能源消费规模、产业结构和能源结构,对"十二五"期间能源消费现状和包头市经济和环境之间的矛盾进行了分析。依据IPCC推荐的碳排放核算方法,对包头市"十二五"期间的碳排放量进行估算,并利用灰色关联度分析法对影响碳排放的各因素重要程度进行识别。结果表明,能源消费结构、产业结构和单位GDP能耗是包头市能源消费碳排放量的主要影响因素。由于经济结构及历史原因等的制约,包头市以煤炭为主的能源形式短期内较难改变。从优化能源结构、产业结构调整和提高能源利用率、协调经济与环境发展关系等角度探索包头市"十三五"节能减排目标的实现路径。     

连云港市碳排放“双向”分析及碳达峰情景分析与预测

为探究连云港市碳排放特征,实现“碳达峰”“碳中和”的目标,以2011—2020年连云港市的碳排放量数据为核心,采用可拓展的随机性的环境影响评估模型（STIRPAT）以及岭回归方法进行碳排放量数据的“双向”分析。首先,根据连云港市2011—2020年能源消耗数据,“反向”核算出连云港市历年的碳排放量,结果表明,连云港市碳排放量呈现逐年持续上升趋势;其次,选取人口因素、人均地区生产总值、城市化率、能源结构、产业结构为主要因素,构建了STIRPAT模型这一“正向”预测媒介,采用岭回归分析法得到了连云港市的碳排放量拟合模型,结果表明,不同的因素对连云港市碳排放量的影响程度存在差异;最后,通过情景分析法预设6种连云港市未来发展情景模型,对连云港市的碳排放量进行了预测,结果表明,中增长-高减排的发展模式更适合连云港市,将于2030年以4 788.9万t的碳排放量实现达峰。针对这一发展模式要求,提出连云港市应积极调整能源结构比例、加快产业结构优化等相关建议。     

国务院印发《“十三五”节能减排综合工作方案》

<正>国务院近日印发《"十三五"节能减排综合工作方案》(以下简称《方案》),明确了"十三五"节能减排工作的主要目标和重点任务,对全国节能减排工作进行全面部署。《方案》指出,到2020年,全国万元国内生产总值能耗要比2015年下降15%,能源消费总量要控制在50亿t标准煤以内。全国化学需氧量、氨氮、二氧化硫、氮氧化物排放总量分别控制在2 001万t、207万t、1 580万t、1 574万t以内,比2015     

基于区域环境空气质量和碳排放数据的减污降碳协同效果评估

化石燃料燃烧产生的温室气体与大气污染物具有同根同源性,但具体治理中减污降碳的协同效果尚不明确。以浙江省11个设区市为研究样本,对环境空气质量和二氧化碳(CO₂)排放数据进行分析研究,结果显示：2016—2020年浙江省环境空气质量持续改善,但CO₂排放总量仍处于增长阶段。11个设区城市PM_2.5年均浓度降幅在26%～41%之间,二氧化氮(NO₂)年均浓度下降趋势不明显,大部分城市呈现碳排放增加、NO₂浓度下降的特征,只有杭州和温州两市呈现碳排放总量和NO₂、PM_2.5浓度协同下降的趋势。因子相关性分析结果表明,各设区市呈现NO₂浓度与碳排放相关性较大、协同性强,PM_2.5浓度与碳排放相关性较小的特点。进一步通过减污降碳协同定量评价分析表明,浙江地区在环境空气质量改善和温室气体减排已表现出一定成效,但各设区市因产业结构、环境基础条件、协同程度等不同导致减污降碳综合绩效有明显差异。从源头减排实现...     

江苏省环境与社会经济发展特征分析及对策

环境与社会经济发展既相互促进又相互制约,研究经济持续增长背景下的两者发展特征与关系,对于采取经济环境一体化的综合决策、促进可持续发展具有现实指导意义。利用1991—2010年江苏省社会经济、污染物排放和环境质量数据,采用相关性分析、趋势分析等方法,对江苏省主要社会经济与环境指标发展变化特征进行了系统分析。结果表明,1991—2010年间江苏省社会经济发展呈现持续增长态势,由此带来的资源能源与环境压力亦持续增加;同时,由于实施了一系列政策措施,有效减缓、控制了污染排放和环境质量恶化趋势,但仍面临环境承载能力薄弱、经济结构偏重、能源消费不合理、区域发展不均衡等影响环境与社会经济协调发展的问题。为此,提出进一步处理好经济发展、社会进步与生态环境保护关系的对策建议。     

2015—2020年全国重污染天变化趋势及时空分布特征分析

2015—2020年,全国重污染发生天数、比例及城市数量整体呈逐年下降趋势。与2015年相比,2020年全国337个地级及以上城市重污染天数减少1 847 d,降幅达55.2%;重污染天数比例下降1.6个百分点;发生过重污染天气的城市数量减少60个。其中,全国细颗粒物重污染天数整体呈下降趋势,沙尘重污染天数随气象条件的差异波动变化,臭氧重污染天数呈波动上升趋势。"十四五"期间,消除重污染天气的主要对象仍是细颗粒物重污染。应将天山北坡城市群、"2+26"城市、汾渭平原及苏皖鲁豫交界地区作为"十四五"期间污染减排的重点关注区域。此外,需遏制"2+26"城市臭氧重污染上升势头。     

低碳经济背景下克拉玛依市的发展现状分析

克拉玛依是一座典型的资源型城市,正处于工业化、城市化快速发展的阶段,能源消费和CO2排放持续增长将成为克拉玛依经济发展的硬约束。本文以2002—2013年克拉玛依市统计年鉴中的产业结构、人口、能源消费和经济数据为基础,分析了克拉玛依市的产业结构、能源消费、CO2排放情况,提出了发展低碳城市的思考。     

基于LOADEST模型和M-K检验的淮河入洪泽湖氮磷污染通量分析

基于2015—2020年淮河入洪泽湖断面的水文水质数据,利用LOADEST模型建立污染物通量与河流流量之间的统计回归模型,并估算淮河入洪泽湖总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）污染物通量。结果表明,2005—2020年间淮河TN、TP年平均输移通量分别为（4 730.14±1 893.32）t、（257.56.±108.53）t;受流量变幅影响,TN、TP输移通量与河流流量均呈极显著性相关关系（p＜0.01）。采用M-K检验分析发现,研究期间淮河TN和TP的输移通量总体上呈下降趋势,2018年12月后受入湖水量与氮磷浓度双重影响氮磷输移通量下降趋势更为明显。     

Mercury accumulation in fish species from the Persian Gulf and in human hair from fishermen

Total and methylmercury concentrations were assessed in muscle and liver of 141 fish samples from the northern part of the Persian Gulf. All fish samples belonged to five different species: grunt, flathead, greasy grouper, tiger-tooth croaker, and silver pomfret. In addition, Hg and methylmercury were analyzed in scalp hair of 19 fishermen living in the same coastal stations of the Persian Gulf and consuming several fish meals a week. Total mercury concentrations in fish muscle and liver ranged from 0.01 to 1.35 μg g^???1 w.w. and from 0.02 to 1.30 μg g^???1 w.w., respectively. In fish muscle, 3% of the Hg concentrations were higher than 0.5 μg g^???1 w.w., which corresponds to the maximum acceptable WHO level, while 9% were in the range of polluted fish (between 0.3 and 0.5 μg g^???1 w.w.). The highest mercury concentrations in fish muscle were observed in flathead fish at Abadan (average of 0.68 μ g g^???1 w.w.). Methylmercury fractions in fish muscle and liver amount to 34–99% (median 64%) and 24–70% (median 43%), respectively. The mean total Hg concentration in the fishermen’s scalp hair amounted to 2.9 ± 2.2 μ g g^???1, with 68% in the form of methylmercury. Ninety-five percent of the Hg levels in the fishermen’s hair were below 10 μ g g^???1, which is the WHO warning limit. In addition, relationships between the mercury levels in hair, on the one hand, and exposure-related factors such as Hg levels in specific fish species, regional differences, and number of fish meals, on the other hand, are discussed. It appears that a significant correlation for example exists between Hg levels human hair and fish muscle or human hair and age and that mean mercury levels in fish muscle and human hair decreased from western (Abadan) to eastern (Abbas port) coastal sites.     

Mercury concentrations in fish from a Sierra Nevada foothill reservoir located downstream from historic gold-mining operations

This study examined mercury concentrations in whole fish from Camp Far West Reservoir, an 830-ha reservoir in northern California, USA, located downstream from lands mined for gold during and following the Gold Rush of 1848–1864. Total mercury (reported as dry weight concentrations) was highest in spotted bass (mean, 0.93 μg/g; range, 0.16–4.41 μg/g) and lower in bluegill (mean, 0.45 μg/g; range, 0.22–1.96 μg/g) and threadfin shad (0.44 μg/g; range, 0.21–1.34 μg/g). Spatial patterns for mercury in fish indicated high concentrations upstream in the Bear River arm and generally lower concentrations elsewhere, including downstream near the dam. These findings coincided with patterns exhibited by methylmercury in water and sediment, and suggested that mercury-laden inflows from the Bear River were largely responsible for contaminating the reservoir ecosystem. Maximum concentrations of mercury in all three fish species, but especially bass, were high enough to warrant concern about toxic effects in fish and consumers of fish.     

Thio arsenosugars in freshwater mussels from the Danube in Hungary

In contrast to the large body of data on naturally-occurring arsenic compounds in marine organisms, relatively little is known about arsenic speciation in freshwater biota. We report an investigation using HPLC-ICPMS into the arsenic compounds in five species of freshwater mussels collected from five sites from the Danube in Hungary. Total arsenic concentrations in the mussels ranged from 3.8-12.8 mg As kg(-1). The arsenic speciation patterns were broadly similar for mussels representing each of the five species and five sites, but quite different from those reported for marine mussels. The major extractable arsenicals were two oxo arsenosugars (glycerol sugar and phosphate sugar), and their thio analogues (thio glycerol sugar and thio phosphate sugar). Arsenobetaine, usually the major arsenical in marine organisms, was not a significant compound in the freshwater mussels and was detected in only three of the 11 samples. This is the first report of thio arsenosugars in freshwater biota and suggests that these compounds may be common and widespread naturally-occurring arsenicals.     

垃圾填埋场渗出液中有害成分的研究

研究垃圾填埋场渗出液中的有害成分。渗出液样品用适当的方法处理后 ,用气相色谱 -质谱联用方法和原子发射光谱法进行定性分析。然后用原子吸收分光光度法和反相高效液相色谱法定量测定样品中微量的 Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、Hg、苯酚、对甲苯酚、萘、蒽     

Metal release from serpentine soils in Sri Lanka

Ultramafic rocks and their related soils (i.e., serpentine soils) are non-anthropogenic sources of metal contamination. Elevated concentrations of metals released from these soils into the surrounding areas and groundwater have ecological-, agricultural-, and human health-related consequences. Here we report the geochemistry of four different serpentine soil localities in Sri Lanka by coupling interpretations garnered from physicochemical properties and chemical extractions. Both Ni and Mn demonstrate appreciable release in water from the Ussangoda soils compared to the other three localities, with Ni and Mn metal release increasing with increasing ionic strengths at all sites. Sequential extraction experiments, utilized to identify “elemental pools,” indicate that Mn is mainly associated with oxides/(oxy)hydroxides, whereas Ni and Cr are bound in silicates and spinels. Nickel was the most bioavailable metal compared to Mn and Cr in all four soils, with the highest value observed in the Ussangoda soil at 168?±?6.40 mg kg^?1 via the 0.01-M CaCl₂ extraction. Although Mn is dominantly bound in oxides/(oxy)hydroxides, Mn is widely dispersed with concentrations reaching as high as 391 mg kg^?1 (Yudhaganawa) in the organic fraction and 49 mg kg^?1 (Ussangoda) in the exchangeable fraction. Despite Cr being primarily retained in the residual fraction, the second largest pool of Cr was in the organic matter fraction (693 mg kg^?1 in the Yudhaganawa soil). Overall, our results support that serpentine soils in Sri Lanka offer a highly labile source of metals to the critical zone.     

洪泽湖沉积物中磷的形态研究

采用改进的七步连续提取法对洪泽湖9个采样点沉积物中的各形态磷进行了分析,结果表明,所测洪泽湖沉积物中总磷(TP)含量范围为580.7～1 447.7 mg/kg,无机磷(IP)是TP的主要部分,占TP含量的64.32％～88.60％;有机磷(0P)占TP的11.40％～35.68％.受河流注入和人为活动的影响,TP、I...     

Total mercury determination in sand boxes from Montreal

Direct mercury analysis was successfully applied to determine trace levels of total mercury in samples from sand boxes in Montréal (Québec, Canada). Twenty sand boxes were sampled from across the city and divided into two size fractions, a fine fraction (<100 microm) and a whole fraction. The concentrations of mercury ranged from 1.6 to 35 microg Hg kg(-1) dry soil for the fine fraction and from 0.7 to 6 microg Hg kg(-1) dry soil for the whole fraction. The mercury concentrations correlated with the soil organic carbon content (R2= 0.67) in the sand. The ratio of the concentration of mercury in the fine over the whole fraction varied from 2.2 to 18. Using published soil ingestion rates for children, the calculated daily intake values varied from 0 to 0.5 ng Hg kg(-1) bw d(-1) with an estimated oral ingestion of 200 mg of sand and from 0.2 to 4.7 ng Hg kg(-1) bw d(-1) with an ingestion of 1750 mg of sand. None of the sand boxes contain sufficient amounts of mercury so as to exceed the currently accepted daily intake threshold of 0.105 microg Hg kg(-1) bw d(-1) established by Health Canada.     

Metals in horseshoe crab eggs from Delaware Bay,USA: temporal patterns from 1993 to 2012

The health of horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) eggs is important not only to maintain horseshoe crab populations, but because they are a resource for higher trophic levels, such as fish and shorebirds. We examined the concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury, and selenium in the eggs of horseshoe crabs from Delaware Bay (between New Jersey and Delaware, USA) in 1993, 1994, 1995, 1999, 2000, and 2012 to determine if there were significant temporal changes and if levels appear to pose a health risk to the crabs themselves, or to predators that consume them. All metal levels declined in horseshoe crab eggs between 1994 and 2012, although the declines were much less consistent for lead and chromium than that for mercury and cadmium. Levels of contaminants found in these eggs are well below those known to cause adverse effects in the crabs themselves or to organisms that consume them, such as migrating shorebirds.     

1982—2012年滇池水质变化及社会经济发展对水质的影响

滇池是中国著名的高原淡水湖泊,是国家"三河三湖"治理重点之一。采用Mann-Kendall和Daniel趋势检验法解析滇池外海在1982—2012年典型污染物指标(CODMn、BOD5、TN、NH3-N和TP)的年际变化特征;对滇池流域人口、人均GDP与滇池CODMn、TN和TP相关性进行研究,阐明流域社会经济发展对滇池水质变化的影响。研究结果表明,滇池各污染物指标年际变化波动较大。在α=0.01的显著水平上TN和NH3-N有显著上升趋势,CODMn和TP有上升趋势但不显著,BOD5基本未发生趋势变化,Mann-Kendall和Daniel趋势检验结果基本一致。滇池TN、CODMn与流域人口、人均GDP密切相关,社会经济发展是TN和CODMn浓度上升的重要原因;随着滇池污染治理工作的不断推进,特别是"十一五"水污染治理规划实施以来,流域社会经济发展对滇池TP、TN影响有所减轻,滇池磷的治理取得初步成效。     

2019—2020年福建水体总放射性监测

2019—2020年在福建省设置河流、湖泊（水库）、饮用水源地水、地下水监测点位,定量分析水中总α、总β放射性活度浓度。试验表明：河流总α、总β放射性活度浓度测定值分别为0.004 Bq/L～0.130 Bq/L、0.056 Bq/L～0.840 Bq/L,湖泊（水库）测定值分别为0.005 Bq/L～0.057 Bq/L、0.066 Bq/L～0.170 Bq/L,饮用水源地水测定值分别为0.001 Bq/L～0.103 Bq/L、0.039 Bq/L～0.243 Bq/L,地下水测定值分别为0.012 Bq/L～0.110 Bq/L、0.046 Bq/L～1.10 Bq/L。说明2019—2020年福建地区地表水、地下水总α、总β放射性变化稳定,未出现异常,饮用水源地水放射性水平符合国家标准。