苯酚对活性污泥活性及微型动物群落结构的影响

为了探究苯酚对污泥活性及微型动物群落结构的影响,以SBR工艺的活性污泥为研究对象,分析苯酚对污泥TTC-ETS活性、INT-ETS活性和微型动物群落结构及其动态变化的影响.结果表明,污泥TTC-ETS活性较之INT-ETS活性能够更有效表征有机毒害物质苯酚对污泥活性的影响,且随着进水苯酚浓度的增大,苯酚对污泥活性的抑制越明显:进水浓度在50mg·L-1时,苯酚对污泥活性的抑制率为(20.75±10.43)%.进水苯酚浓度为100 mg·L-1时,抑制率为(39.73±26.92)%,且波动较大.在300 mg·L-1进水运行后期,苯酚对污泥活性的抑制率稳定在40%左右;苯酚对活性污泥微型动物群落结构的影响随浓度的增大而增大,且对不同微型动物类群影响不同:在低浓度苯酚进水条件下,只有单个微型动物类群(有壳变形虫)受到明显的抑制,而当浓度增大至100 mg·L-1和300 mg·L-1时,对多个微型动物类群(固着型纤毛虫、有壳变形虫、匍匐型纤毛虫、肉食性纤毛虫等)产生抑制,对少数类群(鞭毛虫、线虫等)产生促进作用;苯酚影响下的污泥活性与微型动物之间存在一定的关联性,针棘匣壳虫(Centropyxis aculeata)、多变斜板虫(Plagiocampa mutabilis)等可作为含酚废水处理过程中污泥活性低的指示生物,湖累枝虫(Epistylis lacustris)、软波豆虫(Bodo lens)、跳侧滴虫(Pleuromonas jaculans)等可作为污泥活性高的指示生物.     

碘普罗胺降解菌Pseudomonas sp. I-24共代谢降解性能研究

菌株Pseudomonas sp.I-24(I-24)难以利用碘普罗胺(IOP)作为唯一的碳源和能源进行生长和代谢,因此本研究选用淀粉、麦芽糖、葡萄糖和甘油作为I-24共代谢IOP的外加碳源,考察了在摇瓶实验中,不同外加碳源对I-24生长及降解IOP的影响.结果表明,I-24共代谢IOP符合一级反应动力学特征,淀粉对共代谢过程的促进作用最为显著,IOP的五日降解率可达到92.7%,I-24的IOP降解酶活力在培养第3 d达到最高0.182 mU,淀粉投加的最佳浓度为1 g·L-1,然而葡萄糖和麦芽糖分别对I-24的生长和电子传递系统活性(ETSA)有着最佳促进作用,表明降解菌生长过快将导致竞争性抑制,降低IOP降解率,同时ETSA与共代谢作用无直接关联.此外,从空白样表现出的酶活力得出IOP降解酶即使在低基质条件下同样可被诱导产生.     

Effects of butachlor on microbial enzyme activities in paddy soil

This paper reports the influences of the herbicide butachlor(n-butoxymethl-chloro-2‘,6‘-diethylacetnilide)on microbial respiration,nitrogen fixation and nitrification,and on the activities of dehydrogenase and hydrogen peroxidase in paddy soil.The results showed that after application of butachlor with concentrations of 5.5μg/g dried soil,11.0μg/g dried soil and 22.0μg/g dried soil,the application of butachlor enhanced the activity of dehydrogenase at increasing concentrations.The soil dehydrogenase showed the highest activity on the 16th day after application of 22.0μg/g dried soil of butachlor.The hydrogen peroxidase could be stimulated by cutachlor.The soil respiration was depressed within a period from several days to more than 20 days,depending on concentrations of butachlor applied.Both the nitrogen fixation and nitrification were stimulated in the beginning but reduced greatly afterwards in paddy soil.     

Effect of cypermethrin insecticide on the microbial community in cucumber phyllosphere

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is one of the most widely used vegetable in the world,and different pesticides have been extensively used for controlling the insects and disease pathogens of this plant.However,little is known about how the pesticides affect the microbial community in cucumber phyllosphere.This study was the first attempt to assess the impact of pyrethroid insecticide cyperemethrin on the microbial communities of cucumber phyllosphere using biochemical and genetic approaches.Phospholipid fatty ac...     

重金属对厌氧污泥电子传递体系活性影响研究

以2-氯酚（2-CP）厌氧降解污泥电子传递体系(ETS)活性为考察对象,研究了3种典型重金属元素Cu²⁺、Cd²⁺、Ni²⁺对ETS活性的影响,并比较了驯化过程对提高厌氧微生物抗重金属毒性的作用.重金属离子对厌氧污泥呼吸活性的抑制作用发生很快,在0.25 h内就已表现出来,并随金属浓度的增加而加剧.驯化前,3种金属的作用均表现为抑制,抑制作用的强弱顺序为Ni²⁺>Cd²⁺>Cu²⁺,抑制强度与金属离子在水溶液中的含量成正相关关系.采用低浓度金属离子驯化的方法可以有效改善重金属毒性.驯化后,Cu²⁺毒性的降幅约为10%,Cd²⁺毒性的最大降幅超过40%,Ni²⁺对污泥ETS活性的作用则基本表现为促进,最佳促进浓度约为70　mg/L.Ni²⁺对ETS活性的特殊激活作用可能与其能形成正四面体结构的络合物有关.驯化作用对改善金属毒性的效果：Ni²⁺>Cd²⁺> Cu²⁺.     

不同电子供体下三氯苯酚的还原脱氯机制研究

研究了葡萄糖、乳酸钠、丙酮酸钠、乙酸钠这4种电子供体条件下,2,4,6-三氯苯酚(2,4,6-trichlorophenol,2,4,6-TCP)的降解效果及其还原脱氯途径.结果表明,与葡萄糖的作用相比,乳酸钠、丙酮酸钠、乙酸钠均可有效提高2,4,6-TCP的脱氯效果,其中乳酸钠能作为一类缓释氢物质持续供给2,4,6-TCP还原脱氯所需电子.外加电子供体可提高微生物体内基质代谢脱氢酶活性,反应240 h后,4种电子供体体系中脱氢酶活性增长依次为21.49%、25.78%、136.85%和139.3%.2,4,6-TCP还原脱氯的主要产物包括2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-dichlorophenol,2,4-DCP)、4-氯苯酚(4-chlorophenol,4-CP)和苯酚,其中乙酸钠作为电子供体时,4-CP为其主要降解产物,转化率达到22%以上.     

磷对降低土壤中铅的生物有效性的X-衍射及电镜分析

通过盆栽实验,对不同磷化合物处理的铅污染土壤和植物分别进行X-衍射(XRD)、能谱扫描电镜(SEM-EDS)及能谱透射电镜(TEM-EDS)分析.结果显示,不同磷化合物处理土样的X-衍射图在0.288 nm、0.296 nm及0.321 nm处有明显衍射峰生成,以SSP5、HA5及HASSP2处理土样的X-衍射谱图中生成的衍射峰比较明显,而PR5处理的衍射峰相对较弱,其原因可能与磷矿粉的弱溶解特性有关.这显示了土壤经不同磷化合物处理后,土壤中新生成了较多的磷酸铅及Ca-Pb磷酸铅盐的沉淀,不同程度地降低了土壤中铅的迁移和转化特性.对植株根系的SEM分析结果表明,土壤中加入不同的磷化合物处理后,磷酸铅类化合物在植株根表细胞有明显的晶体沉淀物.对植物根细胞的透射电镜分析结果发现,在不同磷处理土壤中,铅以不同的磷酸盐化合物的形式沉淀在植物的细胞壁及细胞间隙,从而有效地阻止了铅离子向原生质细胞及植物中柱内的迁移,不同程度地降低了污染土壤中铅的蓄积毒性.     

污泥电子传递体系(ETS)活性测定中萃取剂的选择

比较了丙酮、乙醇、正丁醇、磷酸三丁酯、乙酸乙酯、甲苯和三氯甲烷等7种萃取剂检测活性污泥电子传递体系(ETS)活性的特性.结果表明,这7种萃取剂制作标准曲线的性能相近;在实际污泥样品检测中,37℃下丙酮的萃取时间仅需10min,待测样品量相同时,其萃取速度约是其它萃取剂的4～22倍,37℃下丙酮萃取污泥样品中三苯基甲脂(TF)的能力大于其它萃取剂在37℃或90℃下的萃取能力,同时以丙酮作萃取剂测定的污泥电子传递体系活性也最大,说明丙酮是污泥电子传递体系活性测定中萃取剂的最佳选择.     

Colonization of Penicillium oxalicum SL2 in Pb-contaminated paddy soil and its immobilization effect on soil Pb

Penicillium oxalicum SL2 (SL2) is a previously screened Pb-tolerant fungus that can promote crops growth. The relationship between SL2 colonization and Pb immobilization was studied to provide a theoretical basis for microbial remediation of Pb-contaminated paddy soil. In this study, green fluorescent protein (GFP) labeled SL2 was inoculated into different Pb-contaminated paddy soils (S1-S6). The Pb extracted from the soil by HNO₃, EDTA and CaCl₂ were used to characterize the available Pb. The results showed that the colonization of SL2 was divided into lag phase (0-7 days), growth phase (7-30 days), and mortality phase (30-90 days). SL2 colonized well in sandy soils rich in clay and total phosphorus with initial pH of 4.5-7.0. In addition, SL2 increased soil pH and decreased soil Eh, which was beneficial to immobilize Pb. In different soils, the highest percentages of CaCl₂-Pb, EDTA-Pb, and HNO₃-Pb immobilized by SL2 were 34.34%-40.53%, 17.05%-20.11%, and 7.39%-15.62%, respectively. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the percentages of CaCl₂-Pb and EDTA-Pb immobilized by SL2 were significantly positively correlated with the number of SL2 during the growth phase. SL2 mainly immobilized Pb in the growth phase and a higher peak number of SL2 was beneficial to the immobilization of Pb.     

用TTC与INT-电子传递体系活性表征重金属对污泥活性的影响

研究了不同浓度的Cu²⁺、Zn²⁺、Cd²⁺、Hg²⁺、Ni²⁺、Pb²⁺和Ag⁺对污泥TTC和INT 电子传递体系活性产生的影响 ,比较了这 2个参数在表征污泥活性受重金属抑制时的灵敏性 .结果表明 ,各种重金属抑制污泥TTC 电子传递体系活性的IC₅₀小于抑制INT 电子传递体系活性的IC₅₀,TTC 电子传递体系活性反映重金属毒性作用的灵敏性大于INT 电子传递体系活性 .实验的重金属离子呈现出不同的毒性作用 ,以TTC 电子传递体系活性为评价参数 ,毒性顺序为 :Hg²⁺>Cd²⁺>Cu²⁺>Ag⁺>Zn²⁺>Ni²⁺>Pb²⁺,以INT 电子传递体系活性为评价参数 ,毒性顺序为 :Hg²⁺>Ag⁺>Cu²⁺>Cd²⁺>Zn²⁺>Ni²⁺>Pb²⁺.     

沙尘气溶胶的跨亚欧大陆传输对东亚地区大气环境的影响

基于全球大气环流模式CAM3.1对2002—2003年模拟的全球沙尘气溶胶分布及其变化的评估,通过去除东亚沙漠(局地源)的敏感性模拟试验来分析北非、阿拉伯和中亚地区沙漠区(外部源)的沙尘气溶胶跨亚欧大陆传输对东亚地区大气沙尘气溶胶的贡献.结果表明,受到大气沙尘气溶胶的跨亚欧大陆传输的影响,东亚以外沙尘源对青藏高原大气贡献率最大,对我国北方干旱半干旱地区大气贡献率最小,对中国南方地区和日韩及邻近的西北太平洋地区大气贡献率基本相当.东亚地区秋(冬)季大气受到东亚以外沙尘源的影响最弱(强).我国北方干旱半干旱地区近地层大气沙尘气溶胶的外源贡献率秋季最小(约5%),冬季最大(约30%).青藏高原冬季60%~80%的近地面大气沙尘气溶胶来自东亚以外的沙漠区,而在秋季则只有约20%~60%.外源对东亚大气沙尘气溶胶柱浓度和对近地面大气沙尘气溶胶的影响具有基本一致的季节特征,但对柱浓度的贡献率一般偏大10%~40%.沙尘气溶胶跨亚欧大陆传输对东亚地区的影响主要集中在2~6 km的自由对流层.随对流层高度的增加东亚各地区外源贡献率均增加.青藏高原地区以年平均对流层沙尘气溶胶外源贡献率62%~81%成为东亚地区最大的影响区域.     

多元复合调理剂对镉砷污染农田土壤微生物群落结构的影响

通过温室盆栽试验,研究多元复合调理剂(石灰石、铁粉、硅肥和钙镁磷肥,简称LISP)对土壤基本理化性质、Cd和As的生物有效性和微生物群落结构的影响.结果 表明,LISP可改变土壤基本理化性质,降低土壤有效态Cd和As含量,并改变土壤微生物群落结构.在0.4％的LISP添加下,土壤pH值、有效磷和总磷含量较CK处理分别显...     

初始浓度分布对一维含水层中溶质运移的影响

为了研究含水层中任意初始浓度分布条件下一维含水层介质中的溶质运移规律,采用对流-弥散方程构建考虑任意初始浓度分布条件下一维含水层介质中溶质运移动力学数学模型,模型采用持续注入示踪剂、瞬时注入示踪剂和脉冲注入示踪剂3种不同的边界条件,数学模型的求解采用格林函数法.并通过开展室内一维砂柱实验进一步验证模型的科学性和适用性....     

Adsorption and desorption of Cu on paddy soil aggregates pretreated with different levels of phosphate

Interactions between anions and cations are important for understanding the behaviors of chemical pollutants and their potential risks in the environment. Here we prepared soil aggregates of a yellow paddy soil from the Taihu Lake region, and investigated the effects of phosphate (P) pretreatment on adsorption-desorption of Cu²⁺ of soil aggregates, free iron oxyhydrates-removed soil aggregates, goethite, and kaolinite with batch adsorption method. The results showed that Cu²⁺ adsorption was reduced on the aggregates pretreated with low concentrations of P, and promoted with high concentrations of P, showing a V-shaped change. Compared with the untreated aggregates, the adsorption capacity of Cu²⁺ was reduced when P application rates were lower than 260, 220, 130 and 110 mg/kg for coarse, clay, silt and fine sand fractions, respectively. On the contrary, the adsorption capacity of Cu²⁺ was higher on P-pretreated soil aggregates than on the control ones when P application rates were greater than those values. However, the desorption of Cu²⁺ was enhanced at low levels of P, but suppressed at high levels of P, displaying an inverted V-shaped change over P adsorption. The Cu²⁺ adsorption by the aggregate particles with and without P pretreatments was well described by the Freundlich equation. Similar results were obtained on P-pretreated goethite. However, such P effects on Cu²⁺ adsorption-desorption were not observed on kaolinite and free iron oxyhydrates-removed soil aggregates. The present results indicate that goethite is one of the main soil substances responsible for the P-induced promotion and inhibition of Cu²⁺ adsorption.     

Effect of microbial mediated iron plaque reduction on arsenic mobility in paddy soil

The potential of microbial mediated iron plaque reduction, and associated arsenic (As) mobility were examined by iron reducing bacteria enriched from As contaminated paddy soil. To our knowledge, this is the first time to report the impact of microbial iron plaque reduction on As mobility. Iron reduction occurred during the inoculation of iron reducing enrichment culture in the treatments with iron plaque and ferrihydrite as the electron acceptors, respectively. The Fe(II) concentration with the treatment of anthraquinone-2, 6-disulfonic acid (AQDS) and iron reducing bacteria increased much faster than the control. Arsenic released from iron plaque with the iron reduction, and a significant correlation between Fe(II) and total As in culture was observed. However, compared with control, the increasing rate of As was inhibited by iron reducing bacteria especially in the presence of AQDS. In addition, the concentrations of As(III) and As(V) in abiotic treatments were higher than those in the biotic treatments at day 30. These results indicated that both microbial and chemical reductions of iron plaque caused As release from iron plaque to aqueous phase, however, microbial iron reduction induced the formation of more crystalline iron minerals, leading to As sequestration. In addition, the presence of AQDS in solution can accelerate the iron reduction, the As release from iron plaque and subsequently the As retention in the crystalline iron mineral. Thus, our results suggested that it is possible to remediate As contaminated soils by utilizing iron reducing bacteria and AQDS.     

春运对广州火车站周边环境噪声的影响研究

在广州火车站及其周边不同功能区设8个监测点,利用AWA6291+A型噪声频谱分析仪测量了春运期间和非春运期间不同功能区的环境噪声水平.结果表明,春运对广州火车站及周边环境噪声影响较大;远离主要交通干道及火车站的小区和公园噪声比较低;测点的噪声值与其所处位置的交通流量和人为活动有关.     

施氮稻田温室气体排放的环境效益评价

基于对成都平原稻田生态系统CO2、CH4和N2O排放的原位观测,应用碳税法、工业制氧成本法和造林成本法对施氮情况下稻田生态系统气体调节的环境效益进行评价。研究表明,施氮情况下,稻田温室气体排放产生的环境负效益增加14.4%,但由于施氮提高了水稻生物量,使稻田生态系统固定CO2和释放O2的环境正效益提高26.2%,因而稻田生态系统通过自身气体调节功能产生的环境效益提高47.8%。所以,施氮通过提高稻田生态系统自身气体调节功能,能够降低大气中温室气体的浓度,抑制温室效应的发生,而水稻在调节稻田气体,减轻温室效应中起到主要作用。     

碳、氮物质对水稻田土壤甲烷氧化活性影响的研究

研究了碳素和氮素物质对黄松田土壤中甲烷氧化菌种群及其甲烷氧化活性的影响，结果表明，加入不同碳素或氮素物质对黄松田土中甲烷氧化菌种群的数量变化无显著性影响，但对土壤氧化外源甲烷烷尖性却具有显著性影响，且不同浓度的同一物质对黄松田土壤氧化外源甲烷速率的影响也不相同，甲烷氧化代谢途径中的中间产物（甲醇和甲酸）较非甲烷氧化代谢途径中的中间产物和能促进土壤产甲烷菌产甲烷活性的碳源物质（酵母膏，葡萄糖和乙酸）可更强烈地抑制土壤氧化外源甲烷的活性，有机氮素物质对黄松田土的甲烷氧化速率的影响要较无机氮素质质弱，在无机氮素物质中，硝酸盐对土壤氧化外源甲烷活性的抑制强度要强于铵盐类物质，NH3要比NH^ 4对甲烷氧化菌的甲烷氧化活性具有更强的抑制作用，一旦黄松田土的甲烷氧化活性受到碳，氮物质的抑制，恢复其氧化外源甲烷活性就需要较长时间，且受到抑制的过程越,恢复所需时间也越长。     

基于GD_CGE模型的广东省碳排放权交易政策评估

为了评估广东省碳排放权交易制度设计对控制二氧化碳排放及经济发展可能发挥的作用,本文建立GD_CGE模型研究了在碳强度约束目标下碳交易政策的实施效果.首先分析了无减排约束和有减排约束情景下广东宏观经济(GDP)、能源消费总量和碳排放总量的发展趋势;进一步扩展减排约束情景,考察了在全省碳强度减排目标约束下,把电力、水泥、石化、钢铁、造纸、纺织六大部门纳入碳交易体系,并分别按照历史法和潜力法确定行业碳排放约束上限时,实施碳交易政策对宏观经济和能源消费量的影响,模拟了碳市场的交易情况和碳价格.结果表明:在碳强度目标控制下,实施碳交易政策可显著降低部门的减排成本,减小控制碳排放可能对全省GDP的影响,起到了促进广东省低成本节能减排的作用.     

塔里木盆地南缘人类活动干扰下地下水的变化及其生态环境效应

人类活动是塔里木盆地南缘近几十年导致地下水及生态环境变化的主要因素,通过天然河道人工渠系化、平原水库建设以及枢纽工程上移,加速了地表水资源的时空再分配,从而引起了地下水空间补给变化。山前倾斜平原的补给量不断减少,而人工绿洲区地下水补给量则随地表引水量的提高不断增加。同时以天然河道渗漏补给为主转向以渠系、田间入渗为主。山前平原区地下水补给46年减少26.2%,泉水削减37.6%,溢出带下移0.5～1.2km,进入平原荒漠区的水量减少33%;并导致土地沙漠化及盐渍化面积不断扩大,小气候环境日趋恶劣。