模拟酸雨和Pb复合污染对芥菜型油菜的生理特性和Pb富集的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了模拟酸雨（pH分别为3.5、4.5、5.6）和Pb(0~2000 mg·kg-1）复合污染对芥菜型油菜紫叶芥的生理特性和Pb富集的影响.结果表明,在酸雨和Pb复合污染下,紫叶芥生物量和叶绿素含量均有不同程度的下降,叶和根中的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性随着Pb含量和酸雨强度的增加是先升后降,脯氨酸含量随着Pb含量和酸雨强度的增加而升高.芥菜型油菜以通过调节抗氧化酶系统和提高脯氨酸含量来应对酸雨和重金属胁迫,芥菜型油菜对酸雨和Pb的复合污染有很强的耐受能力.芥菜型油菜根和地上部分Pb含量随Pb处理含量水平的增大而增加,其中,根对Pb的富集能力大于地上部分,酸雨能够促进芥菜型油菜对Pb的吸收.因此,在酸雨地区可以选用芥菜型油菜作为Pb污染土壤的修复植物.     

EDTA对2种芥菜型油菜幼苗富集Pb的效应

采用水培试验,研究了乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)对Pb胁迫下2种芥菜型油菜(BrassicajunceaCzern.etCoss.)幼苗生长及富集Pb的效应.结果表明,单独用0.5和1.0mmol/LPb或EDTA处理可显著抑制植株的生长.与单独处理相比,Pb和EDTA复合处理可以降低各自的生物毒性.当Pb和EDTA等浓度复合处理时,植株生物量与对照植株无明显差异,说明游离态Pb或EDTA对幼苗具有毒害作用,而螯合态Pb-EDTA基本不具有生物毒性.EDTA处理促进Pb从根系向地上部运输,促进Pb在地上部积累.当c(EDTA)/c(Pb)为1/2时,地上部铅积累总量达到最高.随c(EDTA)的增加,根系铅积累总量反而下降.2个芥菜型油菜品种对EDTA的处理效应表现极为相似,生物量大的品种具有较高的Pb积累总量.      

不同养分对磷酸盐固定的污染土壤中铜锌生物有效性的影响

采用盆栽试验,在磷酸盐固定铜、锌单一及复合的三级污染(Cu 200 mg·kg^-1、Zn 400 mg·kg^-1)红壤和水稻土中,种植黑麦草40　d,测定不加养分、加入KCl和NH₄Cl、K₂SO₄和(NH₄)₂SO₄后土壤中有效态铜锌含量、黑麦草生物量及其铜锌吸收量,以讨论养分对污染土壤中磷酸盐固定态铜锌的活化作用.结果表明,磷酸盐固定的铜单一、锌单一和铜锌复合污染红壤中,增加养分,有效态铜锌的含量都较未加入养分的增高,并且养分KCl和NH₄Cl的增高幅度大于K₂SO₄和(NH₄)₂SO₄,其中在磷酸盐固定的锌单一污染红壤中,有效态锌含量较未加入养分时增幅高达133.4%.虽然加入K₂SO₄和(NH₄)₂SO₄,促进了红壤中黑麦草植株的生长,最大增幅达22.2%,但同时也增加了植株21.5%～112.6%的铜锌吸收量.调节养分对水稻土中铜锌的生物有效性没有显著影响.施入氮钾等养分能够改变磷酸盐固定的污染红壤中铜锌的生物有效性,对固定的铜锌都有活化作用.因此,在重金属污染土壤的修复中要充分考虑施肥等养分条件对固定钝化的重金属活性的影响.     

Accumulation of heavy metals in four grasses grown on lead and zinc mine tailings

A field experiment was conducted to compare the growth and metal accumulation of Vetiveria zizanioides, Paspalum notatum, Cynodon dactylon and Imperata cylindraca var. major on the tailings, amended with 10 cm domestic refuse complex NPK fertilizer(Treatment A), 10 cm domestic refuse(Treatment B) and complex NPK fertilizer(Treatment C) respectively, and without any amendment used as control (Treatment D). The results indicated that V. zizanioides was a typical heavy metal excluder, because the concentrations in shoots of the plants were the lowest among the four plants tested. The most of metal accumulated in V. zizanioides distributed in its root, and transportation of metal in this plant from root to shoot was restricted. Therefore, V. zizanioides was more suitable for phytostabilization of toxic mined lands than P. notatum and C. dactylon, which accumulated a relatively high level of metals in their shoots and roots. It was also found that I. cylindraca var. major accumulated lower amounts of Pb, Zn and Cu than C. dactylon and P. notatum, and could also be considered for phytostaliUsaton of tailings. Although the metal(Pb, Zn and Cu) concentrations in shoots and roots of V. zizanioides were the lowest, the total amounts of heavy metals accumulated in shoots of V. zizanioides were the highest among the four tested plants due to the highest dry weight yield of it. The results indicated that V. zizanioides was the best choice among the four species used for phytoremediation (for both phytostabilization and phytoextraction) of metal contaminated soils.     

印度芥菜和香根草对Pb污染土壤的修复效能及作用途径

为探究印度芥菜(Brassica juncea)和香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides L.)对Pb污染土壤的修复效能和作用途径,采用Pb污染土壤〔w(Pb)为400~2 000 mg/kg〕进行为期30 d的盆栽试验,分析植物对Pb的耐受性、积累能力和固定效果.结果表明:① 印度芥菜和香根草对Pb的积累主要集中在根部,两种植物根部累积的w(Pb)分别为206.62~902.40和288.42~1 102.47 mg/kg,单株植物的Pb积累量分别为70.75~138.31和99.09~220.49 μg,香根草对Pb污染土壤的修复效能高于印度芥菜. ② 印度芥菜和香根草对Pb的去除率随土壤中w(Pb)的增加而降低,对Pb的固定率则随土壤中w(Pb)的增加而增加,二者对Pb的去除率最大值分别为1.02%和1.78%,对Pb的固定率可达11.22%和16.78%,两种植物对Pb污染土壤修复的主要途径为植物固定. ③ 主成分分析表明,w(脯氨酸)对植物Pb积累过程具有重要作用.研究显示,相比于印度芥菜,香根草更适用于Pb污染土壤的植物修复.      

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

EDTA和BR对黑麦草铅积累与耐性的调控作用

通过盆栽试验研究了乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)与植物生长调节剂芸苔素内酯(BR)单施或配施对Pb胁迫条件下黑麦草生长、生理特性及铅富集与转运特征的影响.结果表明,叶面喷施0.05~0.1 mg·L~(-1)的BR提高了黑麦草地上部Pb含量与积累量、植株干重、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、酸溶性巯基(SH)和络合素(PCs)含量.单施2.5 mmol·kg-1EDTA对黑麦草生长没有显著影响,但显著提高了植株Pb含量和积累量;EDTA与BR配施处理中,随着BR浓度的升高,地上部Pb含量与积累量、转移系数和富集系数随之提高,生物量则没有显著变化;叶面喷施0.1 mg·L~(-1)的BR配合根施2.5 mmol·kg~(-1)的EDTA,可使地上部Pb积累量提高8.79倍.BR单施在提高Pb积累的同时,通过提高SH和PCs含量来提高其对Pb的耐性;BR与EDTA配施处理则在进一步提高黑麦草对Pb的富集与转移能力的同时,通过提高As A含量来提高其对Pb胁迫的耐性.     

不同栽培条件下印度芥菜对重金属的吸收比较

分别以石英砂(砂培)和潮褐土(土培)为栽培基质,以印度芥菜为供试植物,以巨大芽胞杆菌和胶质芽胞杆菌为强化微生物,开展盆栽模拟试验,探讨印度芥菜在不同栽培基质条件下对土壤中重金属的吸收规律以及微生物对印度芥菜吸收重金属能力的增效. 结果表明:砂培条件下印度芥菜对重金属的吸收量远大于土培基质,其中Cd表现最为明显;砂培条件下印度芥菜地上部w(Cd)为土培基质中的10.99倍,w(Pb)为6.19倍,w(Zn)为1.72倍;地下部w(Cd)为土培基质中的33.95倍,w(Pb)为28.04倍,w(Zn)为10.61倍. 印度芥菜地下部对重金属的吸收富集能力远高于地上部,约为地上部的1~3倍. 经微生物强化处理后,印度芥菜对重金属Cd、Pb、Zn的富集系数分别增加了0.09、0.09和0.12,说明微生物可强化植物对重金属的吸收. 印度芥菜对重金属吸收潜力较大,但土壤中重金属的生物有效性限制了植物吸收的效率,因此采用微生物强化植物修复土壤重金属污染意义很大.      

EDTA在植物修复复合污染河道疏浚底泥中的调控作用

通过温室盆栽试验,在黑麦草修复重金属(Zn,Pb,Cu,Cd,Ni)-有机物复合污染的城市排污河道疏浚底泥的过程中投加3mmol·kg^-1EDTA(分1次、2次、3次投加),研究了对黑麦草生长及重金属积累、底泥特性和TOC的影响.结果表明,投加EDTA:①增加了黑麦草体内积累的重金属数量,其中分3次投加的效果最为显著,Pb,Zn,Cu,Ni,Cd在地上部分的积累量分别较对照增加了2.74、1.99、1.59、1.55和7.78倍;分3次投加明显降低了黑麦草的叶绿素含量,1次投加叶绿素含量没有明显变化.②对底泥的pH没有明显的影响,但显著增加了底泥中NH₄OAc提取态和DTPA提取态的重金属量.③底泥大颗粒体积百分比变大;其中分3次投加底泥颗粒体均粒径增大、比表面积减小、晶格强度减小,有助于底泥颗粒释放吸附的重金属.④提高了底泥中微生物的数量,其中分2次、3次投加,微生物数量是对照试验的1.33和1.47倍;明显降低了底泥的脲酶活性,但对过氧化氢酶活性的影响不明显.⑤增加了底泥的TOC含量.     

Paper sludge as a feasible soil amendment for the immobilization of Pb^2＋

The possibility of amending Pb 2+ contaminated soil (S) with paper sludge (P) was investigated through adsorption and desorption experiments. The adsorption process of Pb 2+ in soil containing paper sludge (SP) could be well described by pseudo second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model. After P addition, the equilibrium time decreased greatly (from 28 to 8 hr) and the Pb 2+ maximum adsorbed amount (Q max ) increased by a factor of more than three to 102.04 mg/g. Q max reached its maximum as...     

Joint effects of cadmium and lead on seedlings of four Chinese cabbage cultivars in northeastern China

In northeastern China, large area of vegetable land has been simultaneously polluted by cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). Joint e ects of Cd and Pb on Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis L.) were investigated using the seed germination and sand culture method. Four Chinese cabbage cultivars including Kangbingjinchun (KB), Dongyangchunxia (DY), Qinglvwang (QL) and Qiangshi (QS) from Shenyang in northeastern China were adopted in this study. The results showed that there were positive linear relationships between the inhibitory rate of biomass, root and shoot elongation and the concentrations of Cd and Pb. In particular, root elongation was more sensitive to joint stress of Cd and Pb. The activity of superoxide dismutase and the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble protein (SP) and proline (PRO) changed significantly with increasing exposure concentration of Cd and Pb. The decrement in the activity of antioxidative enzymes, the content of SP and accumulation of MDA were relatively low in KB and QS. PRO played an important role in resisting Cd and Pb stress.     

A feasibility study on cleaning Pb-contaminated soil with chelating agents

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玉米对受污染河道复合沉积物的修复

为减轻城市河道沉积物的受污染程度,利用温室盆栽玉米对其中的污染物进行了修复研究试验.结果表明,玉米体内累积最多的重金属是zn,占沉积物中Zn总量的56.69%,其中地上部分为1 985.56 mg·kg-1,占沉积物中Zn总量的30.16%,其余重金属(Pb、Cu、Ni、Cd)均为地上部分小于地下部分;Cd在玉米地上部分的累积量为2.33 mg·kg-1,为沉积物中Cd总量的40.10%;地上部累积的Zn、Pb、Cu和Ni等重金属数量与其离子交换态量显著相关,与重金属总量相关性不明显.种植玉米后沉积物中大分子有机物逐渐向小分子过渡,有效降低了有机物的污染.玉米的根际作用增加了沉积物中的微生物和酶活性.种植玉米较好地修复了受污染河道复合沉积物.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils. Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator, which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb. The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues. The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was: leaf > stem > root. The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied. The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application. Compared with CK (control check), EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant. The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23–680.56 mg/kg to 29.07–1905.57 mg/kg. This research demonstrated that B. maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil, especially, combination with EDTA.     

化学萃取技术在重金属污染土壤修复中应用的研究

用HCl、Na2 EDTA、柠檬酸作为萃取剂在不同的萃取条件下对湘潭锰矿污染土壤进行萃取实验 ,研究 3种萃取剂对土壤中 3种重金属Mn、Pb和Cd的萃取效率。该研究表明 ,浓度是影响重金属萃取效率的主要因素     

Removal of metals by sorghum plants from contaminated land

The growth of high biomass crops facilitated by optimal of agronomic practices has been considered as an alternative to phytoremediation of soils contaminated by heavy metals. A field trial was carried out to evaluate the phytoextraction efficiency of heavy metals by three varieties of sweet sorghum (Sorghum biocolor L.), a high biomass energy plant. Ethylene diamine tetraacetate (EDTA), ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) and ammonium sulphate ((NH₄)₂SO₄) were tested for their abilities to enhance the removal of heavy metals Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu by sweet sorghum from a contaminated agricultural soil. Sorghum plants always achieved the greatest removal of Pb by leaves and the greatest removal of Cd, Zn and Cu by stems. There was no significant difference among the Keller, Rio and Mray varieties of sweet sorghums in accumulating heavy metals. EDTA treatment was more efficient than ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate in promoting Pb accumulation in sweet sorghum from the contaminated agricultural soil. The application of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate increased the accumulation of both Zn and Cd in roots of sorghum plants. Results from this study suggest that cropping of sorghum plants facilitated by agronomic practices may be a sustainable technique for partial decontamination of heavy metal contaminated soils.     

磷酸盐对铅镉复合污染土壤的钝化修复研究

通过模拟实验,研究磷酸二氢钾、磷酸二氢钙和磷酸二氢铵3种磷酸盐对铅镉复合污染土壤的钝化效果,采用重金属形态分析和X-射线衍射法(XRD)探讨了钝化剂的修复机制。结果表明:3种磷酸盐处理可使土壤TCLP提取态Pb、Cd含量显著降低,其中磷酸二氢钙钝化效果最好,且随着投加量的增加,在n(P)/n(Pb+Cd)=5∶1时,钝化效率最高,对Pb、Cd的钝化率分别达到69.81%、35.18%。施加磷酸盐可使污染土壤中Pb、Cd从可交换态和碳酸盐结合态向残渣态转化,显著降低Pb、Cd的生物可利用性。X-射线衍射仪(XRD)检测发现,钝化后的土壤中有羟基磷铅矿、磷酸铅、磷酸镉等矿物晶体生成,表明3种磷酸盐对土壤中铅镉的钝化机理主要是生成难溶性磷酸盐沉淀和羟基磷铅镉矿物。     

Elemental sulfur effects on Pb and Zn uptake by Indian mustard and winter wheat

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of elemental sulfur to contaminated soil on plant uptake by a heavy metal hyperaccumulator, Indian mustard( Brassica juncea ) and a field crop, winter wheat( Triticum. aestivum). Elemental sulfur(S) with different rates was carried out, they were 0(S0 ), 20(S20 ), 40(S40 ), 80(S80 ), and 160(S160 ) mmol/kg respectively. Extra pots with the same rates of S but without plants were used for soil sampling to monitor pH and CaCl2-extractable heavy metal changes. The results showed that S enhanced phytoextraction of Pb and Zn from contaminated soil. Application S effectively decreased soil pH down to 1.1 as the most at the rate of Sl60. The concentrations of CaCl2-extractable Pb and Zn in soil and uptake of Pb and Zn by the plants were increased with soil pH decreased. A good correlation between CaCl2-extractable Pb/Zn and soil pH was found( Rpb^2 = 0.847 and RZn^2 = 0,991, n = 25). With S application, soil CaCl2-extractable Pb and Zn concentrations, concentration of Pb and Zn in plants and the amount of removal by plant uptake were significanfly higher than those without S. Under the treatment of S160, the highest CaCl2-extmctable Pb and Zn were observed, they were 4.23 mg/kg and 0.40 mg/kg, 2.7 and 2.0 times as that of the control(So ) respectively. At the highest rates of S( Sl~0 ), both Indian mustard and winter wheat reached the highest uptake of Pb and Zn. The highest Pb concentrations in wheat and Indian mustard were 32.8 mg/kg and 537.0 mg/kg, all 1.8 times as that of the control, and the highest Zn concentrations in wheat and Indian mustard were 215.5 mg/kg and 404.0 mg/kg, 2.4 and 2.0 times as that of the control respectively. The highest removals of Pb and Zn from the contaminated soil were 0.41 rag/pot and 0.31 nag/pot by Indian mustard in the treatment of S160 through 50 days growth.     

不同钾肥对土壤铅植物有效性的影响及其机制

采用盆栽试验,观测了水稻土上钾常规用量(K,0.11 g·kg-1)下施用4种钾肥(KH2PO4、K2SO4、KNO3、KCl)后小油菜对铅的吸收量及土壤铅的形态转化.结果表明,与不施钾肥的对照相比,施用KH2PO4和K2SO4能够抑制植株吸收铅,其中施用KH2PO4作物生长第2季在铅低污染(Pb1=300 mg·kg-1)和高污染水平(Pb2=500 mg·kg-1)下植株体内铅含量分别降低了35.6%和45.4%;KNO3对植物铅吸收也有一定的抑制作用,KCl则促进了植株的铅吸收.在铅低污染水平时,施用KH2PO4和K2SO4降低了水溶交换态和碳酸盐结合态的铅,而铁锰氧化态、有机结合态和残渣态则显著增高;对于铅高污染土壤,仅在施用KH2PO4时表现出和铅低污染水平下相似的效果.在2种铅污染水平下,施用KCl的土壤水溶交换态或碳酸盐结合态铅都明显提高,说明其能增加铅的植物有效性.钾肥影响铅植物有效性的机制之一是改变了土壤中铅的赋存形态.     

铁肥形态及施用方式对印度芥菜镉积累的影响

利用实际镉污染土壤(含镉0.08~1.89 mg/kg)进行盆栽试验,研究FeSO4、Fe(2SO4)3、EDTA.Na2Fe 3种铁肥和底施、追施2种施肥方式对印度芥菜(Brassica juncea)镉积累的影响。结果表明:施用Fe(2SO4)3的印度芥菜生物量与对照非常接近,而施用FeSO4和EDTA.Na2Fe的印度芥菜生物量均明显高于对照;底施EDTA.Na2Fe时,印度芥菜地上部Cd含量最低,比对照低76%~85%;追施Fe(2SO4)3时,印度芥菜地上部Cd含量、吸Cd量、对土壤中Cd的净化率均最高,分别比对照提高48%~236%、52%~63%、110%~260%。研究认为底施EDTA.Na2Fe等络合态亚铁肥,可用于改善食用印度芥菜的品质;追施Fe(2SO4)3时,可用于强化印度芥菜对镉污染土壤的修复。为铁基复合肥生产及其在镉污染土壤修复和无公害农产品生产中的应用提供了依据。