中国居民生活能源消费CO2排放的影响因素研究

居民生活对能源的需求或温室气体排放的影响研究逐渐成为了全球关注的热点.但已有的研究对中国居民生活能源消费CO2排放的长期动态变化特征缺少较为深入的分析,并且在探讨CO2排放变化的影响因素时过于宽泛,没有深入探讨每个具体影响因素长期的动态变化规律.根据《IPCC国家温室气体排放清单指南2006》,研究了1991-2009年中国城镇居民和农村居民生活能源消费CO2排放的变化趋势,并且利用对数平均迪氏指数法定量研究了居民生活能源消费CO2排放的变化特征及影响因素,深入剖析了每个影响因素长期的动态变化规律.最后,提出了居民生活能源消费CO2减排措施.     

基于IPCC排放清单和LEAP模型的山西省CO_2排放研究

山西省是中国重要的重工业能源基地,温室气体排放量位居中国前列,减排压力巨大。采用《2006年IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》的修正性方法,测算并分析了近年来山西省能源消费的CO2排放情况,并以山西省CO2排放大户——火电行业为例,构建长期能源替代规划系统(LEAP)模型,研究了火电行业实施CO2减排的技术措施。结果表明:(1)2001—2011年,山西省CO2排放呈现出持续快速增长态势,在中国占比较大;(2)能源消费构成不合理与产业结构不均衡是山西省CO2低排放缺陷正在快速加剧的主要原因;(3)火电行业短期内较有效的减排措施主要为提高管理水平以及传统火电机组改造扩容,从中长期看,则更多需要依靠技术进步。同时,针对山西省CO2排放特点提出了相关的应对措施与建议,以期为有关部门制定山西省低碳经济发展策略提供参考。     

中国钢铁产品出口隐含环境影响研究

研究了中国钢铁产品出口隐含的环境影响,核算了钢铁产品出口隐含的工业SO2、CO2、废水排放量和能源消耗量,并分析了产生环境影响的主要贡献因素.分析表明,钢铁产品出口隐含的环境影响巨大,且呈增长趋势,其中出口规模是环境影响大的主要原因,技术清洁程度对降低环境影响有积极作用但尚未充分发挥,出口产品结构调整对降低环境影响不显著,出口产品结构调整对出口单位价值量隐含的环境影响显著.在此基础上,对既有的相关政策进行评述,并建议提高钢铁行业排放和能源消耗标准以促进钢铁行业的绿色贸易和发展.     

世界化石能源部门CO2排放源状况及案例分析

能源部门是CO2排放的主要来源,1990-2005年,电力和热力是能源部门CO2排放的主要排放源,其次是交通运输业.从2005年经济合作与发展组织(OECD)和非OECD国家主要地区的能源部门各排放源对人均CO2排放的贡献率的情况看,北美OECD地区是电力和热力人均CO2排放量最高的地区,其他各排放源不同程度地高出世界平均水平;整体上,非OECD国家主要地区的能源部门各排放源对人均CO2排放的贡献率差异较大,各地区的经济结构、能源结构和生活水平影响能源部门各排放源对人均CO2排放的贡献率.从2005年主要国家的能源部门各排放源对人均CO2排放的贡献率的情况看,除印度外,电力和热力是大多数国家能源部门的CO2主要排放源.中国的电力和热力对能源部门人均CO2排放的贡献率最大.各国对能源部门人均CO2排放的贡献率的次排放源情况相差较大,美国和欧盟(27)主要是交通运输业等服务型产业,中国主要是制造业和建筑业等第二产业,其他国家的次排放源分布相对均衡.     

外商直接投资对中国能源消费CO_2排放影响的实证研究

通过估算中国29个省、自治区和直辖市1984—2013年共30 a的数据,对外商直接投资(FDI)与能源消费CO_2排放进行了实证分析,构造了包含FDI以及CO_2排放的规模、结构、技术和政策效应的联立方程。结果表明:FDI通过规模效应和结构效应显著地增加了中国各省、自治区和直辖市的CO_2排放量,其系数分别为0.584和0.058;技术效应和政策效应则有效地降低了各省、自治区和直辖市的CO_2排放量,系数分别为-0.559和-0.581。总效应系数为-0.498。在中国目前的经济发展水平下,FDI技术效应和政策效应超过了规模效应和结构效应,能使中国CO_2排放问题得到有效缓解。中国目前仍处在环境库兹涅茨曲线倒"U"形的左侧,节能减排更应该在技术效应和政策效应上下功夫。     

四川省能源消费的CO2排放状况及减排对策

根据中提供的碳排放计量方法,计算了四川省1999-2008年能源消费的CO2排放量、CO2排放强度以及能源消费各部门的CO2排放量,并根据结果分析了影响CO2排放量变化的主要因素.结果表明,1999-2008年,四川省能源消费CO2排放量总体呈上升趋势;CO2排放量受能源消费...     

燃煤发电厂CO2排放强度计算方法解析与应用

在分析IPCC推荐的碳排放量计算方法的基础上,通过对燃煤发电厂固定源排放的解析,对发电厂特定的活动数据如机组发电量,标煤耗和燃料特性数据的分析,提出了发电厂固定源基于燃料燃烧的碳平衡CO2排放的计算方法,并应用该方法对某电力公司旗下的11个燃煤电厂40台不同容量机组CO2排放强度进行了计算。为CO2减排政策的制定提供了参考。     

基于经济投入产出生命周期评价模型的广东省能源消费CO2排放分析

基于经济投入产出生命周期评价(EIO-LCA)模型构建了2007年广东省部门能源消费CO2排放矩阵,从生产及最终需求的角度分析了不同部门能源消费CO2排放的分布特点.结果表明,不论是从部门的生产视角,还是从最终需求视角看,广东省能源消费CO2排放都集中于第二产业,其中CO2直接排放量集中于电力、热力的生产和供应业,而CO2隐含排放量最大部门为建筑业;从部门生产的CO2排放分析看,电力、热力的生产和供应业是单位产值CO2直接排放量(简称CO2直接排放强度)最高的部门,直接排放强度达4.98 t/万元;从部门最终需求的CO2排放分析看,该省能源消费CO2排放主要是由省外的需求引起,占排放总量的64.79％;不同最终需求对各部门的CO2隐含排放量的贡献表现出明显的差异,建筑业的CO2隐含排放主要由省内资本形成引起;通信设备、计算机及其他电子设备制造业,电气、机械及器材制造业,纺织服装、鞋、帽制造业,非金属矿物制品业,黑色金属冶炼及压延加工业这些部门的CO2隐含排放主要由省外需求引起;电力、热力的生产和供应业以及属第三产业部门的CO2隐含排放则主要由省内消费需求引起.对于不同的部门,应当针对其CO2隐含排放的特点,制定相关的CO2减排策略.     

基于灰色关联分析的天津市碳排放驱动因素研究

天津市拥有中国重要老工业基地和低碳城市试点的“双重身份”,当前面临城市化工业化阶段的能源刚性需求巨大和减排压力日渐增大的双重压力,因此制定适宜天津市现阶段发展特征的碳排放政策追在眉睫.采用政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)推荐的碳排放核算方法对天津市2001-2010年的CO2排放进行了估算,结合低碳城市试点指标剖析了天津市面临的减排困境;为找出解决办法,采用灰色关联分析法对天津市碳排放的驱动因素进行了识别.结果表明,能源消耗总量、人口指标、经济增长速度和产业结构指标等是CO2排放的关键因素,并由此得出结论,天津市碳减排的工作重心应集中于优化产业结构和能源利用结构、提高能效、倡导低碳消费等方面.     

中国合成氨工业CO2排放现状及点源分布特征分析

控制CO2的排放已成为当前人类面临的重大问题,而对合成氨工业实施节能减排是实现中国CO2减排目标的重要手段之一.在对中国合成氨企业的产能、产量数据进行调研的基础上,对合成氨工业的CO2排放现状和点源分布进行了分析,并对中国合成氨工业CO2封存与捕获的前景进行了探讨.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

Phytoextraction of lead-contaminated soil using vetivergrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vetiveria zizanioides</Emphasis> L.), cogongrass (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Imperata cylindrica</Emphasis> L.) and carabaograss (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Paspalum conjugatum</Emphasis> L.)

Background, Aims and Scope The global problem concerning contamination of the environment as a consequence of human activities is increasing. Most of the environmental contaminants are chemical by-products and heavy metals such as lead (Pb). Lead released into the environment makes its way into the air, soil and water. Lead contributes to a variety of health effects such as decline in mental, cognitive and physical health of the individual. An alternative way of reducing Pb concentration from the soil is through phytoremediation. Phytoremediation is an alternative method that uses plants to clean up a contaminated area. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the survival rate and vegetative characteristics of three grass species such as vetivergrass, cogongrass and carabaograss grown in soils with different Pb levels; and (2) to determine and compare the ability of the three grass species as potential phytoremediators in terms of Pb accumulation by plants. Methods The three test plants: vetivergrass (Vetiveria zizanioides L.); cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica L.); and carabaograss (Paspalum conjugatum L.) were grown in individual plastic bags containing soils with 75 mg kg⁻¹ (37.5 kg ha⁻¹) and 150 mg kg⁻¹ (75 kg ha⁻¹) of Pb, respectively. The Pb contents of the test plants and the soil were analyzed before and after experimental treatments using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. This study was laid out following a 3 × 2 factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. Results On the vegetative characteristics of the test plants, vetivergrass registered the highest whole plant dry matter weight (33.85–39.39 Mg ha⁻¹). Carabaograss had the lowest herbage mass production of 4.12 Mg ha⁻¹ and 5.72 Mg ha⁻¹ from soils added with 75 and 150 mg Pb kg⁻¹, respectively. Vetivergrass also had the highest percent plant survival which meant it best tolerated the Pb contamination in soils. Vetivergrass registered the highest rate of Pb absorption (10.16 ± 2.81 mg kg⁻¹). This was followed by cogongrass (2.34 ± 0.52 mg kg⁻¹) and carabaograss with a mean Pb level of 0.49 ± 0.56 mg kg⁻¹. Levels of Pb among the three grasses (shoots + roots) did not vary significantly with the amount of Pb added (75 and 150 mg kg⁻¹) to the soil. Discussion Vetivergrass yielded the highest biomass; it also has the greatest amount of Pb absorbed (roots + shoots). This can be attributed to the highly extensive root system of vetivergrass with the presence of an enormous amount of root hairs. Extensive root system denotes more contact to nutrients in soils, therefore more likelihood of nutrient absorption and Pb uptake. The efficiency of plants as phytoremediators could be correlated with the plants’ total biomass. This implies that the higher the biomass, the greater the Pb uptake. Plants characteristically exhibit remarkable capacity to absorb what they need and exclude what they do not need. Some plants utilize exclusion mechanisms, where there is a reduced uptake by the roots or a restricted transport of the metals from root to shoots. Combination of high metal accumulation and high biomass production results in the most metal removal from the soil. Conclusions The present study indicated that vetivergrass possessed many beneficial characteristics to uptake Pb from contaminated soil. It was the most tolerant and could grow in soil contaminated with high Pb concentration. Cogongrass and carabaograss are also potential phytoremediators since they can absorb small amount of Pb in soils, although cogongrass is more tolerant to Pb-contaminated soil compared with carabaograss. The important implication of our findings is that vetivergrass can be used for phytoextraction on sites contaminated with high levels of heavy metals; particularly Pb. Recommendations and Perspectives High levels of Pb in localized areas are still a concern especially in urban areas with high levels of traffic, near Pb smelters, battery plants, or industrial facilities that burn fuel ending up in water and soils. The grasses used in the study, and particularly vetivergrass, can be used to phytoremediate urban soil with various contaminations by planting these grasses in lawns and public parks. ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. Willie Peijnenburg (wjgm.peijnenburg@rivm.nl)