基于熵权-集对分析的多级生态塘功效综合评价

借助熵权-集对分析法,以龙泓涧流域主流多级生态塘中具有代表性的8个断面为研究对象,针对其水质特点,选取溶解氧(DO)、COD、TN、NH3-N和TP等5项指标,对多级生态塘系统的净化功效进行了综合评价,并对多级生态塘系统内不同形态氮的去除效率进行了分析。结果表明,氮污染物是引起本流域内水质较差的主要污染物,通过多级生态塘系统的净化,本流域内水质由Ⅴ类提升至Ⅲ类,并对氮污染负荷的削减具有比较明显的功效。最后,对本系统的进一步优化提出建议,为龙泓涧流域的水资源管理提供了理论指导。     

北运河流域(北京段)主要污染物减排措施效果评估

基于MIKE11模型构建了北运河干流(北京段)一维河流水动力、水质模型。以2010年为基准年,综合考虑"十二五"期间人口增长、经济发展及农业规模和布局情况,设置3套减排方案。选择北京市榆林庄断面为主控监测断面,以氨氮低于5mg/L、COD低于40mg/L为水质控制目标,开展不同减排措施效果评估。结果表明,污水处理厂提标改造是改善北运河流域(北京段)水质的最有效手段,能使榆林庄断面COD和氨氮相比2010年分别下降27.2%、60.6%,COD达到水质控制目标。氨氮减排难度较大,除了实施污水处理厂提标改造外,应同步提高综合排放标准,使氨氮排放相对2010年下降73.5%,达到水质控制目标。同时,还应加强对城市暴雨径流污染的控制,以有效降低前汛期水体污染物峰值浓度。     

基于模型法的松花江流域“十一五”总量减排水质改善效益分析研究

定量评估"十一五"期间总量减排的水质改善效益,科学真实反映减排成效,是重点流域总量减排工作持续进行的关键。以松花江流域为例,核算不实施总量减排情景下松花江流域的COD排放量,基于流域一维水质模型、SPARROW模型、GBNP模型等建立松花江流域COD排放总量与水质的对应关系,模拟预测不减排情景下各断面的COD浓度。研究结果表明,流域一维水质模型的模拟结果相对合理,根据模型预测,若不实施减排,2010年松花江流域总体COD将增幅20.5%,其中干流COD浓度增幅4.2%,支流COD浓度增幅36.0%。     

中小流域总磷污染模拟及控制对策研究

利用QUAL2K水质模型模拟四川省北部某中小流域主要污染物总磷的沿程变化情况,根据该流域污染特征,提出调整工业布局、补充河流源头水量、生活污水处理设施提标升级及农业畜禽养殖废水截污4种水污染治理措施,并在上述措施实施的基础上进行优化,从而为该流域水质改善制定合理的方案。研究结果显示,QUAL2K水质模型具有较好的模拟精度,模拟值与实测值的相对误差保持在15%以内。4种水污染治理措施的效果为补充河流源头水量农业畜禽养殖废水截污生活污水处理设施提标升级调整工业布局。在上述措施综合实施的基础上进一步优化,5个工业园区总磷入河量共削减32.8t/a时,该河流下游断面的总磷质量浓度降低至196μg/L,可以达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅲ类标准。     

基于北京清河流域水质提升的入河排污口排放要求确定策略研究

为探究基于流域水质目标的入河排污口排放标准与排污许可的实施路径,以北京清河为例,通过入河排污口实地摸排,确定了22个入河排污口和5个河道断面,并于2019年3—10月对27个采样点进行12次水样采集,对水样COD、氨氮、TN和TP进行检测。基于研究河段实测数据,应用MIKE11模型构建流域水动力水质模型,分析3种情景组合的截污纳管方案(方案1)、截污减排方案(方案2)对河段水质的改善效果,以及减排方案在雨期、非雨期对河段水质的污染影响。结果表明:(1)与方案1相比,方案2下研究河段水质状况明显改善,下游出水断面(Q5断面)的COD、氨氮、TN和TP模拟值分别降低49.08%、61.27%、65.80%、63.86%;COD、氨氮、TN和TP排放总量分别削减了541.95、46.13、216.79、8.30t/a。(2)雨期雨水汇入河段后,各污染物达标情况反而恶化,因此应做好入河排污口的污染管控,科学控制入河排污口雨期污染。     

陆海统筹的南流江流域污染物总量分配研究

综合考虑广西南流江流域陆域和廉州湾海域水质目标,遵循南流江流域、南流江河口、廉州湾近岸海域的污染路径,构建了基于陆海统筹的南流江流域污染物总量分配技术体系。首先,以廉州湾近岸海域环境功能区水质目标为约束条件,计算入海化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)的最大允许排放量,分别为24 494、3 425、10 052、776 t/a。然后以南流江河口最大允许排放量和南流江流域水功能区水质目标为约束条件,计算南流江流域陆域COD、氨氮、TN和TP的最大允许排放量,分别为126 365、5 403、8 939、1 127 t/a。为实现入海总量的控制目标要求,重点应在南流江流域削减污染物排放量,到2020年,南流江流域主要污染控制工程项目的削减能力已超过2020年污染物总量控制削减量,因此2030年实现南流江和廉州湾控制断面全面稳定达到相应功能区水质目标压力不大。     

清河许昌段水质改善效果及驱动因素分析

通过分析清潩河许昌段5个断面2013—2016年水质类别及COD、氨氮的变化情况,评估《清潩河流域水环境综合整治行动计划》实施前(2011年)、后(2016年)的水质改善效果,并识别水质改善的驱动因素。结果表明:水质类别由2011年的《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)中劣Ⅴ类提升至2016年达到或优于Ⅴ类,其中5个断面平均COD年均值由2011年的49mg/L降至2016年的23mg/L,平均氨氮年均值由2011年的6.1mg/L降至2016年的0.5mg/L;外源排放量降低、内源污染负荷削减与修复、流域水生态系统构建及水资源调度加强是水质显著改善的主要驱动因素。     

陕北能源化工基地某工业园区水污染物排放总量控制研究

基于水污染物总量控制思路,以陕北能源化工基地某工业园区为研究对象,分析工业园区主要水环境问题及原因,分别对园区企业和集中污水处理厂提出排水水量、水质控制要求,从工程技术措施和管理手段上提出了明确的解决方案和要求。结果表明,各项减排措施实施后,COD、氨氮、石油类物质分别削减49.4%、71.0%、72.6%,园区排水总量控制在1.18万t/d,最终保证园区水污染物总量控制目标的实现。     

承德市武烈河水环境容量核算与减排效益评估研究

水环境容量核算能为水污染防治提供科学依据,而工程减排效益分析能为水污染防治提供优先顺序,两者都直接关系到流域总量减排任务的完成和水质目标的实现。以承德市武烈河为例,根据水环境容量核算的基本原理,结合污染状况、水质现状和水环境功能区划,对COD和氨氮的水环境容量进行核算;结合流域污染防治规划,以输入响应关系为基础,对两类主要污染防治工程的水环境质量减排效益进行评价。结果表明,武烈河COD、氨氮水环境容量分别为1 519.7、159.6t/a,水环境容量处于超载状态;主要污染防治工程能大幅削减污染物排放量,对改善水环境质量贡献明显,工程的落实将有利于改善武烈河水环境现状。     

承德市滦河流域输入响应模型应用研究

以承德滦河流域为案例研究区域,初步构建了流域输入响应模型。基于规划污染治理情景,分析了污染治理项目对流域水质改善效益。结果表明,污染源全部治理后,控制断面COD下降幅度为7.84mg/L,水质由《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)中Ⅲ类改善为Ⅱ类,污染源治理效果明显。各治理项目产生的环境效益能为项目的优选提供一定的科学依据。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.