外环境温度对污泥堆肥过程中抗生素抗性基因的影响

为研究外环境温度对污泥堆肥过程中抗生素抗性基因的影响,选取市政污水处理厂脱水污泥、花生壳和堆肥返混料作为堆肥材料,采用室内静态堆肥加翻堆方式,通过测定30,50,55℃下堆肥过程中堆体理化性质和抗性基因（tetA、tetQ、sul2、sul3）及一类整合子丰度,分析3种外环境温度对污泥堆肥过程中抗生素抗性基因变化的影响。结果表明:50,55℃外环境温度堆肥条件可有效降解污泥堆肥过程中tetA、tetQ、sul2、sul3抗性基因丰度,在堆肥结束时总ARGs降解率达到66%~83%,而30℃外环境堆肥结束时,总ARGs降解率为30%左右。移动遗传元件IntI1的丰度变化与ARGs的丰度变化趋势相似,堆肥结束时50℃和55℃的外环境温度对堆体中IntI1的降解率达到92%以上,高于30℃条件71.9%的降解率,其原因可能是适当高的外环境温度会抑制堆体中部分微生物的生长代谢,减少了IntI1的传播,进而影响ARGs的传播。30℃外环境温度堆肥条件下,堆体在第36天达到腐熟,发芽指数为59.80%;而50℃和55℃堆肥条件下,在第28天即可达到腐熟,发芽指数达到60%,腐熟速度明显高于30℃条件。研究表明,50℃和55℃的外环境温度堆肥条件和30℃相比可以缩短腐熟所需时间,且对tetA、tetQ、sul2、sul3抗性基因及IntI1丰度有很好的降解效果。因此,堆肥时适当提高外环境温度对污泥发酵和其中ARGs有一定的影响,理论上具有一定的可行性。     

秸秆与污泥混合好氧堆肥研究

将污泥与秸秆进行混合好氧堆肥研究,对堆肥过程中堆料的温度、pH值、含水率及堆肥前后重金属各形态的变化进行了分析．结果表明堆肥处理可以实现顺利升温并在50-55℃维持5d以上,达到杀灭致病菌要求的条件;pH值稳定在7．5-9．0之间,含水率不断减小,堆肥过程可以顺利进行;重金属有效态有一定程度的降低,减小了污泥土地利用时重金属的环境危害。     

初始环境温度对餐厨垃圾好氧堆肥过程的影响

为了探索不同初始环境温度对餐厨垃圾堆肥过程和堆肥效率的影响,利用3组卧式可控温堆肥反应器进行了小规模模拟试验.通过测定堆料中水溶性碳氮比、pH值、温度和总有机碳下降率来推断反应进行的程度.试验表明,在堆料初始含水率约55%,水溶性C/N约38∶1,粗灰分质量分数为4%的反应条件下,初始环境温度控制在30℃时,堆料高温期持续时间较短,不能满足堆肥无害化要求;初试环境温度控制在40℃时,能最有效地加快堆料分解时间,缩短堆腐时间,并满足堆肥产品无害化要求;初始环境温度超过50℃,将导致堆肥pH值过低不利于好氧堆肥反应的进行.     

翻堆对强制通风静态垛混合堆肥过程及其理化性质的影响

为了了解翻堆对堆肥过程及理化性质的影响,开展了城市污泥、猪粪强制通风静态垛堆肥试验,试验共设4个处理,分别为升温期(3d)、高温期(10d)、降温期(20d)翻堆处理和不翻堆的对照处理.结果表明:翻堆处理能降低堆肥的挥发性固体含量,减轻其在堆体剖面的差异.升温期翻堆不利于堆体DOC含量的降低及腐熟度的提高.降温期翻堆会减小再次升温速率及其所达到的最高温度.升温期和降温期翻堆,虽然有利于堆体内湿度的均匀分布,但却会缩短高温持续时间、降低堆肥的减容率和脱水率.不同时期翻堆,堆肥的pH和EC有降低的趋势,但总体而言其影响并不是特别明显.在高温期翻堆的处理中高温期持续时间长达15d,堆体减容率高达29%,再次升温的升温速率和所达到的最高温度分别为4℃·d-1和60 5℃,且与其它处理相比,其堆肥的VS、DOC和湿度都较低,GI较大.由此试验表明,高温期翻堆的堆肥处理能提高强制通风静态垛堆肥的堆肥效率和质量.     

污泥堆肥处理过程中氧气消耗的动态变化与分布特征

对城市污水污泥、粪渣污泥和造纸污泥进行好氧堆肥试验,以研究不同物料堆肥过程中氧气消耗的动态变化、分布特征及其差异.结果表明.不同污泥堆肥时,耗氧速率和温度具有相似的动态变化阶段.在堆体刚进入高温阶段时,耗氧速率不断升高并达到峰值,之后则逐渐减小并趋于稳定,堆肥结束时的耗氧速率只相当于最大值的1/3～1/15.物料组成影响升温速率,耗氧速率的最大值及达到最大值的时间.有机物含量高时,堆体温度上升快、维持持续高温的时间长.堆体各部位耗氧速率存在差异;中间部位的耗氧速率始终较高,在升温期,上层的耗氧速率略高于下层,此后下层的耗氧速率高于上层.堆体上层和下层的氧气含量在堆肥过程中波动较小(>18%),而中间部位的氧气含量波动较大,在高温阶段其含量较低(约12%).使用无机调理剂(CTB调理剂)时,耗氧速率明显小于使用有机调理剂的处理,供氧所需的通风量减少35.9%;堆体升温较慢,温度变化较平缓.根据研究结果提出了优化通风控制的建议.     

高温菌剂的添加时间对污泥堆肥指标影响研究

为研究高温菌剂对堆肥指标的影响,实验采用对照方法,分别设计了不加菌剂(1号)、在堆肥开始时加入常温菌(2号)和高温菌剂(3号)、在堆肥物料升温至45℃左右加入高温菌剂(4号)四种处理方式,探讨发酵过程中堆肥温度、水分、pH值、NH4+-N、总氮和有机质含量变化。结果显示:4号堆体升温是最快的,且4号堆体在各项堆肥指标上均明显优于其他三组。说明后加高温菌剂能够加快堆肥的升温速度,更好地促进有机物的降解,提高堆肥的最高温度,延长堆肥高温期,且能在一定程度上控制高温阶段pH,减少氮素流失,提高污泥堆肥效果。     

酵母生产剩余污泥和糖渣混合堆肥试验研究

堆肥是世界范围内处理有机固体废弃物的一种普遍工艺,本试验以酵母生产副产物糖渣和污泥为原料,以谷糠为填充料,以RW促腐剂为发酵菌剂,按一定比例混合后堆肥,研究了污泥和糖渣混合堆肥的可行性以及处理过程中温度、含水率、pH、有机质、重金属、卫生学等指标的变化规律。试验结果表明,污泥和糖渣混合堆肥具有可行性,初始含水率控制在60%左右,添加一定量的发酵菌种和填充料,并控制合适的翻堆频率,可以顺利实现堆体升温发酵腐熟,并最终满足污泥糖渣无害化、减量化要求。     

城市污泥生物快速干化技术研究

研发了城市污水厂污泥好氧堆肥过程中的快速升温与生物快速干化技术。当蘑菇渣、磷矿粉、鸡粪、高温菌种与城市污泥以合适比例调配时,试验堆体温度第1天可达到66℃,第2天达到73℃,第5天可达到79℃。试验堆体含水率第5天降到51.4%,第7天降到47%,第11天降到40%以下,第22天降到30%以下。生成的有机肥营养成分指标及重金属含量均符合相关标准,有机肥已在园林绿化中进行了应用。     

城市污泥堆肥过程中H2S的释放动态及其控制策略

以城市污泥为对象，研究了不同堆肥原料配比对H2S释放的影响．结果表明，在堆肥过程中，尽管从释放H2S浓度的动态变化来看存在一定的波动，但总体趋势是：降温期〉高温期〉升温期．采用堆肥物料上、下分层的处理，堆肥所需时问较短，堆体腐熟时H2S的总释放量也最少；同时，采用大功率风机进行鼓风，堆体释放H2S浓度的最大值降低．因此，在城市污泥的堆肥中，采用堆肥物料上下分层与大功率风机相结合的措施，既可以减少H2S的释放量，又可以缩短堆肥时间，是一种有潜在应用价值的堆肥技术．     

不同通风方式对污泥堆肥的影响

采用2种通风方式和5种调理剂进行污泥堆肥,堆温均能顺利达到设定温度(60℃),并能保持一段高温期,堆肥产品的卫生学指标达到了无害化国家标准.同采用正压强制通风相比,采用自然通风与正压强制通风相结合方式,堆温上升迅速,能耗更低.但正压强制通风能加快堆料含水率的降低和有机质的降解.堆料含水率能极大地影响污泥堆肥过程,堆料的含水率不宜超过80%,在污泥堆肥过程中不必对堆料的pH值进行调整.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.