Sources of PM10 and PM2.5 in Cairo’s ambient air

A source attribution study was performed to assess the contributions of specific pollutant source types to the observed particulate matter (PM) levels in the greater Cairo Area using the chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model. Three intensive ambient monitoring studies were carried out during the period of February 21–March 3, 1999, October 27–November 27, 1999, and June 8–June 26, 2002. PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured on a 24-h basis at six sampling stations during each of the intensive periods. The six intensive measurement sites represented background levels, mobile source impacts, industrial impacts, and residential exposure. Major contributors to PM₁₀ included geological material, mobile source emissions, and open burning. PM_2.5 tended to be dominated by mobile source emissions, open burning, and secondary species. This paper presents the results of the PM₁₀ and PM_2.5, source contribution estimates.     

Air Pollution Concentrations of PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 at Ambient and Kerbsite and Their Correlation in Metro City – Mumbai

Ambient concentrations of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ are of concern with respect to effects on human health and environment. Increased levels of mortality and morbidity have been associated with respirable particulate air pollution. In India, it is not yet mandatory to monitor PM_2.5 levels therefore very limited information is available on PM_2.5 levels. To understand the fine particle pollution and also correlate with PM₁₀ which are monitored regularly in compliance with ambient air quality standards. This study was carried out to monitor PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and NO₂ for about one year in a residential cum commercial area of Mumbai city with a view to understand their correlation. The average PM_2.5 concentration at ambient and Kerbsite was 43 and 69 μg/m³. The correlation coefficients between PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ at ambient and Kerbsite were 0.83 and 0.85 respectively thus indicating that most of the PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ are from similar sources. TSP, PM₁₀ levels exceeded Central Pollution Control Board(CPCB) standard during winter season. PM_2.5 levels also exceeded 24 hourly average USEPA standard during winter season indicating unhealthy air quality.     

Source identification and apportionment of PM2.5 and PM2.5−10 in iron and steel scrap smelting factory environment using PMF,PCFA and UNMIX receptor models

To identify the potential sources responsible for the particulate matter emission from secondary iron and steel smelting factory environment, PM_2.5 and PM_2.5?10 particles were collected using the low-volume air samplers twice a week for a year. The samples were analyzed for the elemental and black carbon content using x-ray fluorescence spectrometer and optical transmissometer, respectively. The average mass concentrations were 216.26, 151.68, and 138. 62 μg/m³ for PM_2.5 and 331.36, 190.01, and 184.60 μg/m³ for PM_2.5?10 for the production, outside M1 and outside M2 sites, respectively. The same size resolved data set were used as input for the positive matrix factorization (PMF), principal component factor analysis (PCFA), and Unmix (UNMIX) receptor modeling in order to identify the possible sources of particulate matter and their contribution. The PMF resolved four sources with their respective contributions were metal processing (33 %), e-waste (33 %), diesel emission (22 %) and soil (12 %) for PM_2.5, and coking (50 %), soil (29 %), metal processing (16 %) and diesel combustion (5 %) for PM_2.5?10. PCFA identified soil, metal processing, Pb source, and diesel combustion contributing 45, 41, 9, and 5 %, respectively to PM_2.5 while metal processing, soil, coal combustion and open burning contributed 43, 38, 12, and 7 %, respectively to the PM_2.5?10. Also, UNMIX identified metal processing, soil, and diesel emission with 43, 42 and 15 % contributions, respectively for the fine fraction, and metal processing (71 %), soil (21 %) and unidentified source (1 %) for the coarse fraction. The study concluded that metal processing and e-waste are the major sources contributing to the fine fraction while coking and soil contributed to the coarse fraction within the factory environment. The application of PMF, PCFA and UNMIX receptor models improved the source identification and apportionment of particulate matter drive in the study area.     

平顶山市大气PM10、PM2.5 污染调查

于2003年12月-2004年11月对平顶山市城区大气PM10、PM2.5污染进行了调查.结果表明,2004年大气PM10、PM2.5质量浓度分别为0.031 mg/m3～0.862 mg/m3、0.019 mg/m3～0.438 mg/m3;年均值分别为0.174 mg/m3、0.114 mg/m3,超标0.74倍、6.60倍.PM10、PM2.5污染的季节变化趋势是以冬季、春季高,秋季次之,夏季最低,细颗粒(PM2.5)约占PM10 65%;As、Pb、Cd、S、Zn、Cu、Mn、Ca等元素是颗粒物中主要污染元素,易在PM2.5中富集.平顶山市大气颗粒物污染的主要来源有煤炭燃烧、汽车尾气、城市基础建设和有色金属冶炼行业.     

大中型商场PM10、PM2.5污染水平与来源分析

利用便携式气溶胶监测仪,对平顶山市区的中原商场、商业大楼、食品城总店三家大型商场不同楼层空气PM10和PM2.5进行了现场测定。结果显示,平顶山市大中型商场可吸入颗粒物污染严重,PM10、PM2.5污染平均超标率分别为13.7%和48.0%;PM10、PM2.5的质量浓度在时间和空间分布上存在很大差异;PM10中PM2.5所占比例为83%。     

郑州市 PM2．5和 PM10质量浓度变化特征分析

根据郑州市2013年PM2．5和PM10颗粒物连续自动监测数据,对郑州市各国控站点的PM2．5和PM10的达标情况、变化趋势等进行探讨分析。结果表明：2013年郑州市PM10和PM2．5的年均质量浓度均超过了新标准规定的年均值二级标准限值。 PM10和PM2．5月均值峰值出现在1月和10月,谷值出现在8月,各月PM2．5的超标天数都大于PM10。PM10和PM2．5冬季的日均值浓度明显高于其他季节,呈双峰型,夜晚浓度整体高于白天;PM2．5春、夏、秋三季日变化呈单峰型,PM10夏季和秋季呈单峰型,春季呈双峰型。 PM2．5和PM10日均值有着非常显著的线性相关关系,PM2．5和PM10浓度的比值（p）10月最高。     

杭州市大气PM2.5和PM10污染特征及来源解析

2006年在杭州市两个环境受体点位采集不同季节大气中PM2.5和PM10样品,同时采集了多种颗粒物源类样品,分析了其质量浓度和多种化学成分,包括21种无机元素、5种无机水溶性离子以及有机碳和元素碳等,并据此构建了杭州市PM2.5和PM10的源与受体化学成分谱;用化学质量平衡(CMB)受体模型解析其来源。结果表明,杭州市PM2.5和PM10污染较严重,其年均浓度分别为77.5μg/m3和111.0μg/m3;各主要源类对PM2.5的贡献率依次为机动车尾气尘21.6%、硫酸盐18.8%、煤烟尘16.7%、燃油尘10.2%、硝酸盐9.9%、土壤尘8.2%、建筑水泥尘4.0%、海盐粒子1.5%。各主要源类对PM10贡献率依次为土壤尘17.0%、机动车尾气尘16.9%、硫酸盐14.3%、煤烟尘13.9%、硝酸盐粒8.2%、建筑水泥尘8.0%、燃油尘5.5%、海盐粒子3.4%、冶金尘3.2%。     

基于GIS的石家庄市PM10和PM2.5时空分布研究

利用2018年261个乡镇环境空气自动监测站监测数据,结合GIS空间分析技术,对石家庄市PM10和PM2.5的时空污染特征进行了研究。结果表明,石家庄地区PM10和PM2.5污染的空间分布整体表现为西北部山区好于东南部的平原地区,主城区好于周边县(市、区)的特征。采暖期PM10和PM2.5的污染程度明显重于非采暖期。PM2.5稳定性差于PM10,PM10和PM2.5的稳定性与污染程度具有一定的负相关性,表现出污染越轻的区域稳定性越差。两者的日均值浓度变化在时间序列上呈极强正相关,且污染越重的区域时间相关性越强。与日均值相关性不同,污染程度越轻的区域PM10和PM2.5年均值的线性相关性越强。     

合肥市春季大气PM10和PM2.5中碳组分的污染特征

选取桂林市5个代表性监测点,采用单颗粒气溶胶飞行时间质谱仪在线分析该市夏季大气PM2.5的化学组成及化学成分分布。结果表明： 5个监测点,＞80%的PM2.5分布在0.2 μm～1.0 μm的小粒径范围,＜20%的PM2.5分布在1.0 μm～2.5 μm大粒径范围; 大气PM2.5中离子成分包含Na+、K+、NH+4、C2H3+/Al+、Fe+、HSO-4、NO-3、NO-2、CNO-、CN-、SO-3、O-和元素碳离子; PM2.5中离子按成分特征可分为元素碳、有机碳、元素碳有机碳混合颗粒、富锰颗粒、富铁颗粒、富钾颗粒、矿物质、左旋葡聚糖以及其他金属等9类,各监测点元素碳占比均超过50%; 元素碳与硫酸盐、铵盐、硝酸盐发生内混合的程度极高,其中各监测点元素碳与硫酸盐混合程度最高,均达到90%左右。     

合肥市春季大气PM10和PM2.5中碳组分的污染特征

2014年4月,应用热/光碳分析仪测定合肥市春季大气PM10和PM2.5中的有机碳（OC）、元素碳（EC）。结果显示,PM10、PM2.5的平均质量浓度分别为(124.0±34.3)μg/m3和(96.3±29.2) μg/m3,PM10中OC、EC的平均质量浓度分别为(15.1±5.5)μg/m3和(6.0±2.1) μg/m3,PM2.5中OC、EC的平均质量浓度分别为(12.1±3.5）μg/m3和(5.5±2.1) μg/m3。OC、EC在PM2.5中所占的比例均高于在PM10中的比例,说明合肥市春季PM2.5中碳的含量更高。通过分析8个碳组分及OC/EC比值,发现燃煤、机动车尾气和生物质燃烧是主要贡献源; OC易形成二次污染,EC排放以焦炭为主。     

上海市城区典型居民住宅区PM2.5和PM10监测结果比较研究

在上海市环境空气质量连续自动监测网络中的一个城市居民住宅区监测点进行了为期一年的PM2.5和PM10的同步监测，监测结果表明：PM2.5和PM10日平均浓度之间的比值范围为0．194～0．889，月平均浓度之间的比值范围为0．420～0．667；冬季颗粒物中小粒径颗粒物PM2.5的比例较高，春季则较低；随着相对湿度的上升；颗粒物中小粒径颗粒物PM2.5的比例缓慢升高；比值变化的风向特征与监测点周围环境情况有关；PM2.5和PM10监测结果月均值之间和各月的日均值之间均线性相关，回归直线关系存在。     

Can we infer about ecosystem services from EIA and SEA practice? A framework for analysis and examples from Portugal

Biodiversity, soil, water, air, climate, landscape and other components are typically analyzed in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) when looking for the effects of a given project on the biological and ecological components of the environment. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) tends to follow the same general pattern, when looking for the environmental effects of plans and programs. In both cases, ecosystem services are often not explicitly considered. We developed a framework to analyze environmental assessment (EA) practice and infer about ecosystem services based on existing evidence from EIA and SEA reports and supporting information. Our framework addresses the relations between ecosystem services and the environmental factors assessed in EIA and SEA, considering the relevant conceptual frameworks such as the ES cascade model and the DPSIR framework applied to ES provision. We base our proposals on results from a preliminary meta-analysis of recent EIA and SEA reports from several types of plans and projects in Portugal, in which implicit assessments of ES were clearly predominant. We discuss the implications of those results and the opportunities to infer about ecosystem services, and conclude on the need for more dedicated and explicit efforts to ecosystem services assessment in EIA and SEA.     

宁波市PM10、PM2.5中水溶性无机阴离子浓度水平及分布特征

研究了宁波市PM10、PM2.5中无机阴离子浓度水平及分布特征。结果表明,PM10中Cl-为1.00μg/m3,具有较明显的海洋特征,SO24-、NO3-离子浓度为9.90、3.70μg/m3;Cl-主要存在于粒径为2.5-10μm的颗粒物中,而NO3-、SO42-主要存在于PM2.5中,成为PM2.5的重要组成部分。PM10中水溶性无机阴离子季节变化明显,呈冬天高,夏天低的趋势。     

The validation analysis of the INSHORE system��a precise and efficient coastal survey system

Government and environmental entities are becoming increasingly concerned with qualifying and quantifying the erosion effects that are observed in sandy shores. Correspondingly, survey methodologies that gather data for such erosion studies are increasingly being demanded. The responsible entities are continually broadening their areas of interest, are concerned in the establishment of regular monitoring programmes and are demanding high accuracy from the geo-spatial data that is collected. The budget available for such monitoring activities, however, does not parallel the trend in the increasing demand for quality specifications. Survey methodologies need improvement to meet these requirements. We have developed a new land-based survey system--the INSHORE system--that is ideal for low cost, highly efficient and highly precise coastal surveys. The INSHORE system uses hi-tech hardware that is based on high-grade global positioning system (GPS) receivers and a laser distance sensor combined with advanced software algorithms. This system enables the determination of the ground coordinates of the surveyed areas with a precision of 1 to 2 cm, without having a sensor in contact with the ground surface. The absence of physical contact with the ground makes this system suitable for high-efficiency surveys. The accuracy of the positioning, which is based on advanced differential GPS processing, is enhanced by considering the estimated attitude of the GPS receiver holding structure and eliminates undesirable offsets. This paper describes the INSHORE survey system and presents the results of validation tests that were performed in a sandy shore environment.     

Distribution and source analysis of aluminum in rivers near Xi’an City, China

To study the status and source of aluminum (Al) contamination, a total of 21 sampling sites along six rivers near Xi’an City (Shaanxi province, China) were investigated during 2008–2010. The results indicated that the average concentration of total Al (Al_t) in the six rivers increased by 1.6 times from 2008 to 2010. The spatial distribution of Al_t concentrations in the rivers near Xi’an City was significantly different, ranged from 367 μg/L (Bahe River) to 1,978 μg/L (Taiping River). The Al_t concentration was highest near an industrial area for pulp and paper-making (2,773 μg/L), where the Al level greatly exceeded the water quality criteria of both the USA (Criterion Continuous Concentration, 87 μg/L) and Canada (100 μg/L). The average concentration of inorganic monometric aluminum (Al_im) was 72 μg/L which would pose threats to fishes and other aquatic lives in the rivers. The concentrations of exchangeable Al (Al_ex) in the sediment of the Taiping River sampled were relatively high, making it to be an alternative explanation of increasing Al concentrations in the rivers near Xi’an City. Furthermore, an increasing Al level has been detected in the upstream watershed near Xi’an City in recent years, which might indicate another notable pollution source of Al.     

Processing and analysis of roadway runoff micro (< 20 μm) particles

This study was performed to compare paper and sieving filtration methods for processing micro particles (< 20 μm) in roadway runoff for water quality evaluation. The consequence of a lack of reliable particle processing on particle number, particle concentration and particulate elemental composition, as well as their influence on particle mass and pollutant load calculations, is discussed. Results show that the paper filtering method can affect the measurement of particle size distributions of highway runoff samples. Contrary to common practice, it is not always correct to assume that the number and concentration of particles < 38 μm is the same as the number and concentration of particles < 20 μm. Processed samples for micro particles were most similar to unprocessed samples when nylon sieves were used. Samples filtered by paper deviated significantly from unprocessed samples. These deviations can cause inaccuracies up to 90 percent, in particle count and concentration, TSS calculations, elemental mass composition, and particle and elemental mass loading.     

Assessment of water quality in the Messolonghi�CEtoliko and Neochorio region (West Greece) using hydrochemical and statistical analysis methods

Assessment of the water quality can enhance understanding of the hydrochemical system and effective management of water resources. To this end, an assessment of water quality was conducted in the Messolonghi-Etoliko and Neochorio region. Surface water and groundwater samples have been collected, treated, and subjected to chemical analysis for the following parameters: Br?, Cl?, F?, NO??, NO??, PO?3?, SO?2?, Li?, Na?, NH??, K?, Mg2?, Ca2?, HCO??, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn. A characterization has been carried out using the Piper trilinear diagram, the United States Salinity Laboratory diagram, and the Wilcox diagram. Assessment of water samples by comparing the recorded values of the water quality parameters with the parametric values established by European Community indicated that the 50% of the surface water samples and 67% of the groundwater samples in the study area are chemically suitable for drinking use. Assessment of water samples from calculation of chemical indexes like sodium adsorption ratio, sodium percentage, residual sodium carbonate, and by comparing the values of the water quality parameters with the water quality limits established by Canadian Council of Minister of the Environment indicated that 75% of the surface water and that all the groundwater samples are chemically suitable for irrigation use.     

An analysis framework for characterizing and explaining development of EIA legislation in developing countries—Illustrated for Georgia,Ghana and Yemen

Actors in the field of international development co-operation supporting the development of EIA legislation in developing countries often do not achieve the results envisaged. The performance of EIA in these countries often remains weak. One reason, we assume, is that often those actors support the establishment of overly ambitious EIA legislation that cannot achieve its objectives in the light of constraining contexts. To provide more effective support we need to better understand the enabling and constraining contextual factors that influence the development of EIA legislation and to which support actors should align itself. In this article a new analysis framework for classifying, characterizing and explaining the development of EIA legislation is described, measured in terms of ambition levels. Ambitions are defined as intentions the EIA authorities aim to fulfill, expressed in formal EIA legislation. Three country cases, Yemen, Georgia and Ghana are used to illustrate the usefulness of our framework and as a first test to refine the framework. We have formulated the following five hypotheses that complement and refine our analysis framework. One, EIA legislation may develop multilinearly in terms of ambition levels. Two, ambitions in EIA legislation seem to be influenced to a great extent by the power and capacity of, on the one hand, the environmental authorities supporting EIA and, on the other hand, the sector authorities hindering the development of EIA. Three, the political system is the most important context factor influencing the rules of policy-making and the power of the different actors involved. Four, the importance of context factors on the development of ambitions is dependent on the phase of EIA system development. Five, some ambitions seem to be influenced by particular factors; for instance the ambitions for the object of study seem to be influenced by the level of environmental awareness of the sector ministries and parliament.The analysis framework may also assist actors involved in the development of EIA legislation in setting ambitions for EIA legislation that are feasible within the context in which it will be developed and implemented. Application of a country-specific EIA model would seem to be the preferred model to develop EIA legislation because by taking capacities of actors and context factors as a starting point, it offers more potential to well-performing EIA systems.     

百色市PM10和PM2.5中有机碳和元素碳污染特征及来源解析

2015—2016年在百色市布设3个采样点采集PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)样品,分析其中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的含量。结果表明,PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中OC、EC四季均值分别为15.0μg/m~3、5.55μg/m~3和11.7μg/m~3、4.72μg/m~3;OC与EC相关性不显著,存在不同的污染来源;OC/EC值多数2,存在二次污染,主要来源于柴油、汽油车尾气和燃煤的排放。由总碳质气溶胶(TCA)和8个碳组分丰度分析可知,百色市碳气溶胶(CA)来源于汽车尾气、道路扬尘、燃煤的排放。二次有机碳(SOC)在OC中的占比均75%,表明百色市大气颗粒物中OC以SOC为主,夜间污染重于昼间。