近30年来黄河水质变化趋势及原因分析

根据我国水利部水文年鉴黄河监测站及全球水质监测计划中国济南站的水化学资料,对黄河流域４４个主要水文站自六十年代以来河水水质进行了分析研究。结果发现黄河流域河水各主要离子及离子总量有缓慢增长趋势。     

长江干流近三十年来水质变化探析

本文根据我国水利部水文年鉴中的水质监测资料和全球水质监测计划中长江站的水质监测资料,对长江干流六十至八十年代水质变化的三个问题：河水碱度降低及Ｃａ＾２＋和ＳＯ＾２－４含量增高与环境酸化的关系;     

小尺度流域河湖水质关联性分析

选取巢湖潜溪河流域和六叉河流域作为江淮农业小流域代表,采用灰色关联分析(GRA)方法,对比研究小尺度流域入湖河流对河湖交汇区水质的影响.河水及河湖交汇区水质周年变化状况监测结果表明,巢湖水质1 a中富营养化最为严重时段是10-12月,营养元素N、P和溶解性金属离子Mn、Fe、Al含量也达到年内最高.河湖水质灰色关联分析结果表明,2个流域河流水质与河湖交汇区水质高度关联,灰色关联度为0.687～0.896.对于小尺度流域而言,湖泊水质对于流域河流水质变化响应迅速,农业流域面源污染对湖泊水体污染的贡献明显.     

海绵城市改造对河流水质的影响评价 ——以重庆市万州龙宝河为例

为评价海绵城市改造对河流水质的改善作用,以重庆市万州海绵城市建设试点龙宝河流域为例,对龙宝河2018—2019年的水质进行监测与分析,采用水质指数法(water quality index,WQI)对海绵城市改造各阶段龙宝河水质情况进行评价.研究结果表明:龙宝河各监测点位的WQI值随相关工程的实施而呈现阶段变化特性.在...     

基于主成分分析和水质标识指数的天津地区主要河流水质评价

于2009年5月(枯水期)、8月(丰水期)、11月(平水期)对天津地区蓟运河、潮白新河、永定新河、金钟河、北塘排污河、黑猪河、海河、大沽排污河、独流减河、青静黄排水渠、子牙新河和北排水河12条主要河流的水质进行监测,并对监测数据进行主成分分析,构建水质评价指标体系,采用水质标识指数进行水质评价。结果表明,主成分分析与水质标识指数相结合的评价方法客观可靠。从时间分布来看,枯水期水质最差,58.3%的河流为劣Ⅴ类水质,部分河流已经黑臭,8月水质较好。从综合水质标识指数来看,海河以南河流污染较为严重。该地区河流NH3-N污染最为严重,其次是BOD5、CODMn和TP,属于有机型及富营养化污染。     

广东省跨市河流边界水质控制断面方案讨论

在对广东省主要跨市河流进行详细调查的基础上，分析现有跨市河流边界水质控制断面的存在问题；综合考虑跨市河段的地理位置、水体现状功能及水环境敏感性等因素，并兼顾上、下游地区社会经济发展现状及趋势，建议在新丰江、增江、韩江、灞江、绥江、西南涌、西江干流、榕江、枫江等河道新设边界水质控制断面13个，在全省共布设38个断面，构成广东省跨市河流边界水质达标管理的监测体系。文章还建议，要尽快制定广东省跨市河流边界水质保护条例，为加强广东跨市河流边界水质的达标管理，解决上下游地区之问的污染纠纷提供法律依据。     

小城镇河流水质数学模型参数估计

本文以(由页)塘河为例,研究了中小河流水质模型参数,提出了一整套更为简便易行的估计中、小河流模型参数的方法,分析了准确估计模型参数的影响因素,得到了适用于(由页)塘河水质模型参数K_1、K_2、K_3及D_L的估计结果.该结果可直接应用于(由页)塘河的水质数值模拟,对于其它中、小河流也有一定借鉴意义.     

黄河"断流”对该河段河水中主要离子化学特征的影响

根据全球水质监测计划（GEMS/WaterProgram)和我国水利部黄河流域的水质监测数据,对1970s-1990s期间黄河下游河水主要离子含量的变化趋势及其与“断流”现象之间的关系进行了研究,结果表明,近年来黄河下游“断流现象”的频频出现,主要与枯水期中、上游地区引水量急剧增加有关;黄河的“水质浓化”趋势也主要由中、上游地区大量引水灌溉农田引起,因此,黄河“断流”与“水质浓化”现象是同一人类活动的两个平行的生态后果。     

山地城市主要河流水质评价及预测研究——以四川省绵阳市为例

综合客观评价河流水质的健康及污染状况,科学分析预测水环境质量的变化趋势,对于河流水污染精准防治具有重要意义。选取绵阳市境内主要河流为研究对象,基于2014-2022年绵阳市12个水质监测断面的4项污染物指标监测数据,结合模糊综合评价法及主成分分析法对其断面水质进行评价并判断污染程度,建立带外源输入的非线性自回归（NARX）神经网络模型,预测研究区域内2025年和2030年的水质变化趋势。结果表明：1）综合不同水期来看,在枯水期,芙蓉溪仙鱼桥与梓潼垢家渡断面的水质级别分别在2015年和2016年都未能达到水质目标,满足水质功能标准的断面占12个监测断面的92%,而在平水期与丰水期各断面水质均能达到各自的标准;2）凯江老南桥、梓潼垢家渡及天仙镇大佛寺断面水质受水期影响较大,平武水文站在所选断面中总体水质较好,而芙蓉溪仙鱼桥较差;3）溶解氧（DO）、高锰酸盐指数（CODMn）、五日生化需氧量（BOD5）及氨氮（NH3-N）的实测值与预测值之间高度相关,均方误差均较小,满足水质预测的精度要求;4）从水质变化趋势来看,除天仙镇大佛寺断面2028-2030年的水质级别由2023-2027年的Ⅰ级降...     

四川省清平地区磷矿废渣对水体的影响研究

调查 拟建清平水库周围磷矿所排废渣的情况，弄清了废渣放量及分布。绵远可４个断而连续５个月水质监测的数据表明了该地废渣降雨淋溶对河流水质带来了严重的危害。河流沉 物分析表明，由于受磷矿渣的影响，沉积物中Ｃｄ、Ｐｂ、Ｐ、Ｆ超标严重，总磷含量平均高达９８９２ｍｇ／ｋｇ。若不控制磷矿废渣，新建的清平水库必将发生富营养化。     

流域生态系统服务研究进展与展望

在分析国内外流域生态系统服务研究动态的基础上,归纳全球流域(河流、湿地)尺度生态系统服务研究案例的分类和评估方法,重点阐述以水循环和水生态过程为纽带的流域生态系统产品和服务的特点和内涵,总结提出流域生态系统服务的研究重点是与水有关的水资源服务和水生态服务.强调今后要加强流域尺度上的科学研究与政策、管理的对接和应用,通过科学规范的流域生态系统服务评估,为流域生态补偿、生态修复机制的建立和流域水环境综合管理提供有力支撑.     

Defining and modelling the coastal zone affected by the Po river (Italy)

One of the most important sources of pollution in coastal zones (CZ) is certainly that one produced by human activities in the associated river basin. Understanding the linkage between water quality in CZ and river catchments is important in order to better assess CZ processes and to evaluate different management options aimed at improving the coastal ecosystem state. CZ water quality targets as identified by the Water Framework Directive (EC 2000/60) require an accurate study of the effects of pollutant loads coming from river discharge.In order to evaluate the impacts of human activities in river catchments on the associated coastal zone, a sound definition for this geographic area is needed. Many definitions for this area have been proposed in different contexts. The definition is generally built upon a particular goal, and is henceforth highly variable according to the different purposes. In this paper a general methodology allowing to discern those areas of the sea that are directly influenced by fluvial discharge is presented. The methodology is based on the variation pattern of sea water characteristics, and provides a numerical evaluation of this influence. In particular an analysis based on salinity as tracer, results in a sound definition of this area. The methodology has been applied on the case study of the Po river. Due to the significant nutrient loads discharged by the river, the CZ associated with Po is affected by severe eutrophication phenomena that have important consequences on the ecosystem and on the socio-economy of the area.In order to study the impacts of nutrients loads carried by the river, a water quality model (WASP6) has been implemented. The model simulates the seasonal variability of nutrient concentrations, phytoplankton biomass and dissolved oxygen. Using the CZ model is possible to compare the effects of variations of nutrient loads on the biochemical (short term) and ecological (long term) quality of the coastal environment. This is accomplished by feeding nutrients loads forecasted for different scenarios by the catchment model (MONERIS) as forcing functions to the CZ model. This way the effect of the different catchment management scenarios are propagated to the CZ model, and the trophic conditions of the coastal ecosystem evaluated using TRIX.This study has been developed in the context of the European project EUROCAT.     

水网区域的水质模拟预报及污染容量

本文研究了頔塘河震泽段的水质指标(BOD、DO)在水体中的迁移转化规律,建立起模拟頔塘河震泽段的水持数学模型。在以水环境规划为目标的水质数值模拟中,首次结合全面的水文分析及该河段的模型参数估计,给出頔塘河震泽段的水质模拟预报及全年污染容量的计算,作为水质管理规划的定量依据。     

特定小流域水质模型的选择

根据特定小流域的水文特点和实际要求，建立一个流域综合水质模型，它由三个子模型支持，即：河流水质模型、水库富养营化模型和非点源污染模型。本工作对河流水质模型（ＱＵＡＬ２ＥＵ）加以改进，使之适应Ｗ河的具体情况，并在ＱＵＡＬ２ＥＵ增加了模拟ＣＯＤ、网箱养鱼和底泥泛起的功能。完成了作了水源地的水库地的水库富营养化模型，解决了流域内农业耕作、污水灌溉等造成的非点源污染随降雨径流进入水体过程的模拟和计算，使之     

An integrated river basin-coast-sea modelling scenario for nitrogen management in coastal waters

Linked river basin and coastal water models were applied to analyse the effects of an optimal nitrogen management scenario in the Oder/Odra river basin on water quality in the Oder (Szczecin) Lagoon and the Pomeranian Bay (Baltic Sea). This scenario would reduce nitrogen loads into the coastal waters by about 35%, a level which is similar to the load of the late 1960’s. During summer the primary production and algae biomass in the Oder estuary is limited by nitrogen, which makes a nitrogen management reasonable. The comparison of the late 1960’s and the mid 1990’s shows that an optimal nitrogen management has positive effects on coastal water quality and algae biomass. However, this realistic nitrogen reduction scenario would not ensure a good coastal water quality according to the European Water Framework Directive. A good water quality in the river will not be sufficient to ensure a good water quality in the lagoon. Nitrogen load reductions bear the risk of increased potentially toxic, blue-green algae blooms, especially in the Baltic coastal sea. However, to reach water quality improvements in lagoons and inner coastal waters, nitrogen cuts are necessary. A mere focus on phosphorus is not sufficient.     

Eco-hydrological modelling in a highly regulated lowland catchment to find measures for improving water quality

Water quality modelling in the meso-scale Rhin catchment in the German federal state Brandenburg was done (1) to answer some specific questions concerning identification of point and diffuse sources of nutrient pollution in the catchment, (2) to assess the influences of possible climate and land use changes on water quantity and quality and (3) to evaluate potential measures to be done in order to achieve a “good ecological status” of the river and its lakes as required by the Water Framework Directive (WFD).The Rhin catchment is a typical highly regulated lowland river basin in Northern Germany. The regulations complicate water quantity and quality modelling in the catchment. The research was done by using the eco-hydrological model SWIM (Soil and Water Integrated Model), which simulates water and nutrient fluxes in soil and vegetation, as well as transport of water and nutrients to and within the river network. The modelling period was from 1981 until 2005. After calibrating the hydrological processes at different gauges within the basin with satisfactory results, water quality (nitrogen and phosphorus) modelling was done taking into account the emissions of different point sources (sewage treatment plants, etc.) and identifying the amount of diffuse pollution caused mainly by agriculture.For suggesting some feasible measures to improve water quality and to reduce diffuse pollution considering possible climate and land use changes, different reasonable scenarios were applied in consultation with the Environmental Agency of Brandenburg (LUA). The study revealed that the amount of water discharge has significant influence on the concentration of nutrients in the river network, and that nitrogen pollution, caused mainly by diffuse sources, could be notably reduced by application of agricultural measures, whereas the pollution by phosphorus could be diminished most effectively by the reduction of point source emissions.     

River water quality management model using genetic algorithm

Conventional mathematical programming methods, such as linear programming, non linear programming, dynamic programming and integer programming have been used to solve the cost optimization problem for regional wastewater treatment systems. In this study, a river water quality management model was developed through the integration of a genetic algorithm (GA). This model was applied to a river system contaminated by three determined discharge sources to achieve the water quality goals and wastewater treatment cost optimization in the river basin. The genetic algorithm solution, described the treatment plant efficiency, such that the cost of wastewater treatment for the entire river basin is minimized while the water quality constraints in each reach are satisfied. This study showed that genetic algorithm can be applied for river water quality modeling studies as an alternative to the present methods.     

Impact of drought on the ecological and chemical status of surface water and on the content of arsenic and fluoride pollutants of groundwater in the province of Salamanca (Western Spain)

The impact of drought on the ecological and chemical status of surface and groundwaters of the River Tormes (River Duero basin, northwestern Iberian Peninsula) was studied to evaluate the evolution of the quality of the river during its passage through the city of Salamanca (Spain). The Water Quality Index (WQI) of the river revealed that the drought period of 2005 did not significantly affect water chemical quality. However, during the study period differences were found in surface water ecological quality, using phytoplankton quality as AN indicator. These differences may be accentuated as a result of regulation of the River Tormes by the Santa Teresa reservoir. Arsenic and fluoride concentrations were measured in water wells, finding higher arsenic concentrations after the drought period and no correlation between the arsenic and fluoride contents. The results are useful for an overall understanding of potential impact of climate change on the ecological and chemical status of water in regional systems.     

金水河流域矿物元素生物地球化学交换模式

通过对金水河流域矿物元素生物地球化学交换模式的研究,得到以下结论：（1）在不同空间位置的矿物元素对河水的水质贡献率不相同。河水成分贡献主要来源于硅酸盐风化,在金水河流域生态系统不同空间位置矿物元素对河水水质贡献率方程为：YRiverwater=0.242＋0.203 XRain＋0172 XLitter＋0.471 XSoilwater（r2=0.55）。（2）固-液相界面（土壤-土壤水溶液）离子交换过程拟合表明：离子交换过程符合二、三次曲线模型。（3）区域内碳酸盐岩含较少的Na＋和K＋,且受酸雨等影响。Na＋在土壤-土壤溶液之间的分配行为可能加重土壤盐碱化的趋势。土壤和枯枝落叶层HCO3-和TDS值均处于稳定的范围内。（4）输入性污染分析表明,流域内土壤基本表现出物理性质改善;但却表现出贫养化和生物地球化学性质恶化的极化趋势。人为活动输入污染物影响显著,在全球变化背景下,酸雨和干旱加剧了水溶液组成的变化。