聚砜中空纤维超滤膜动态法表面光接枝改性

以二苯甲酮(BP)为光引发剂，丙烯酰胺(AAM)为接枝单体，以先用紫外光照射引发剂，然后将引发剂和单体分步输送到膜上的方法对聚砜单内皮层中空纤维超滤膜的内表面进行接枝改性。实验表明，改性后膜的表面亲水性有所上升，膜孔径也有一定程度的减小。证明该方法具有可行性，并有进一步发展的潜力。     

聚丙烯超滤膜的低温等离子体改性方法比较

为了研究低温等离子体对中空纤维膜的改性效果,对聚丙烯(PP)中空纤维膜进行了4种等离子体改性处理,以接枝率、力学性能、膜面官能团变化以及膜面形态为评价指标,比较了不同改性方法的改性效果。FT-IR特征分析发现,以同时照射法改性后的膜面官能团变化最大,且接枝率高,力学性能好。元素能谱分析表明,处理后的膜表面的N、O含量均有不同程度的变化,且与接枝率成正相关。SEM照片及力学性能反映出:改性后膜面存在损失,柔韧性变差。综合各指标的比较发现,同时照射法是一种最佳的改性方法。因此,特别考察了同时照射改性膜的清水通量的变化,结果表明,该方法能够大幅度提高膜的清水通量。     

臭氧预处理制备PVDF接枝SSS离子交换膜

为了降低离子交换膜的制膜费用,同时为后期微生物燃料电池中的应用提供依据和参考,实验研究了用臭氧预处理过氧化苯甲酰(BPO)引发条件制备聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)接枝对苯乙烯磺酸钠(SSS)聚合物(PVDF-g-SSS)。傅里叶红外分光光度计(FT-IR)确认了产物的化学组成,用溶剂挥发法制得离子交换膜(PS膜)。通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)分析了膜的结晶形态及膜面元素组成,并考察SSS单体用量对膜的离子交换容量、电导率及亲水性等性质的影响。结果表明:接枝反应对PVDF晶型影响较小,PS膜表面有S元素生成;臭氧处理后PVDF易与SSS发生接枝聚合反应,且离子交换容量与SSS单体用量成较好的线性关系,当PVDF/SSS的配比为1∶5,PVDF-g-SSS占铸膜液含量的5%时,PS膜的最高离子交换容量可达2.5 mmol·g~(-1),电导率可达0.046 s·cm~(-1)。     

甘蔗渣抑尘剂的微波聚合制备及性能表征

以聚乙烯醇为单体,过硫酸铵为引发剂,氢氧化铝为交联剂,丙三醇为塑化剂,在微波反应器中制备聚乙烯醇接枝纤维素基甘蔗渣抑尘剂。通过正交实验和极差法确定了影响粘度和保水性的显著因素分别是单体质量、温度和交联剂的用量。采用SEM、FT-IR对综合性能最佳的抑尘剂进行结构表征,观察到其表面平整,结构致密,接枝成功。自制抑尘剂与4种市售抑尘剂对比结果显示,自制抑尘剂粘度达到23.95 mm~2·s~(-1),55.13 h内都能保持含水率在4%以上,在抗压性、抗雨水冲刷性、抗风蚀性、耐寒耐热性和渗透性等技术指标及经济性方面均优于市售产品,市场前景较好。     

膜表面光接枝改性的研究现状及展望

本文介绍了利用紫外光将单体接枝到聚合物表面的技术原理与条件 ,并介绍了分离膜表面进行光接枝聚合的研究进展及发展趋势     

膜表面光接枝改性的研究现状及展望

本文介绍了利用紫外光将单体接枝到聚合物表面的技术原理与条件,并介绍了分离膜表面进行光接枝聚合的研究进展及发展趋势。     

凹凸棒粘土接枝聚丙烯腈的条件优化及吸附性能研究

采用自由基聚合的方法在硅烷偶联剂改性凹凸棒粘土表面接枝聚合丙烯腈,优化了反应条件:引发剂浓度[K2S2O8]=1.5×10-3mol/L,单体浓度40%(w/w),聚合温度60℃、聚合时间5 h、凹凸棒粘土的添加量2%;并考察了复合材料特性粘数及凹凸棒粘土添加量对其吸附性能的影响。结果表明,随着复合材料特性粘数的增加,复合材料对Pb2+的平衡吸附量先降低后增加;随着凹凸棒粘土添加量的增加,复合材料对Pb2+的平衡吸附量先增加后减小。     

废水处理用聚乙烯生物填料表面改性与表征研究

采用化学氧化-铁离子覆盖和化学氧化-表面接枝2种方法对聚乙烯生物填料进行表面改性,并使用接触角、扫描电镜及X射线光电子能谱等手段对改性前后的填料表面进行表征,同时还考察其在废水处理中的挂膜速度和处理效果。结果表明,2种改性方法都能使填料表面形成腐蚀坑而增加了表面粗糙度,并引入基团使填料表面呈正电性,使得填料的亲水性与生物亲和性增强,有利于微生物的粘附。2种改性方法可将挂膜时间分别缩短37.5%和60%,挂膜量分别提高54.8%和76.1%,COD的去除率也分别提高10.63%和8.64%。     

硅胶表面分子印迹聚合物对DEHP的选择性吸附

采用硅烷偶联剂γ-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH-570)对硅胶进行改性,并以改性硅胶为载体、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP)为模板分子、甲基丙烯酸(MAA)为功能单体,采用表面接枝聚合法合成DEHP-硅胶表面分子印迹聚合物,考察了物料比、反应温度、反应时间对聚合物性能的影响,确定了最佳制备条件。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电镜对印迹聚合物进行表征,并对其吸附性能进行了研究。结果表明,最佳制备条件为:模板分子、功能单体、交联剂的摩尔比为1∶4∶12、反应温度60℃、反应时间24 h。红外光谱显示印迹聚合物成功接枝到硅胶表面,扫描电镜分析表明,印迹聚合物表面粗糙,出现了对模板分子DEHP产生选择性识别的孔穴。与DBP、DEP、DMP和DNOP相比,印迹聚合物对DEHP的吸附具有高选择性,吸附DEHP的最适pH为7,吸附平衡时间100 min。吸附等温线可用Langmuir和Freundlich模型描述,饱和吸附量为7.262 mg·g~(-1)。吸附速率可用准二级吸附动力学模型描述。     

基于膜法含钴废水处理工艺中均相离子交换膜改性研究

基于等离子体照射技术,在磺化聚偏氟乙烯接枝苯乙烯均相阳离子交换膜(PVDF-g-PSSA膜)上接枝两性离子聚合物,改性使其具有高选择透过性及优异的抗污染能力。实验通过对改性膜离子迁移数、接触角及面电阻的测定来表征膜的改性效果,并通过应用实验来表征膜优异的实用性能。结果表明,改性膜的阳离子迁移数达到98.2%,较PVDF-g-PSSA膜提升了9.4%,亲水角下降了31°,面电阻下降了5.2Ω·cm~2。     

膜生物反应器内流场动力学特性的PIV实验研究

浸没式膜生物反应器系统内膜面附近的气液两相流动力学特性对控制浓差极化和膜污染具有重要影响。应用粒子图像测速(PIV)技术对浸没式膜生物反应器内近膜面的液相流场动力学特性进行了研究。采用相分离技术灰度分辨法将通过PIV技术得到的气液两相流场图像中的液相速度场进行辨别,得到膜面附近的液相流场数据,并应用Tecplot软件计算得出液相流的涡量特性。在3 mm曝气孔径,2.5、3.0、3.5、4.5、5.5和6.5 m3/h 6种曝气强度下分析了膜面附近的液相速度场和涡量场。结果表明,曝气强度对液相流场和涡量场的影响较大,在一定范围内增加曝气强度可以使得液相速度和涡量增加,同时,分析了3 mm孔径下圆帽状气泡的动力学特性。研究结果为膜生物反应器系统的优化设计提供了研究经验和实验数据。     

Microbial degradation of phenol in high-salinity solutions in suspensions and hollow fiber membrane contactors

A microporous polypropylene (PP) hollow fiber membrane contactor was used as a bioreactor to degrade phenol in aqueous solutions by Pseudomonas putida BCRC 14365 at 30 degrees C. The fibers were pre-wetted by ethanol to make them more hydrophilic. The initial cell density was fixed at 0.025 gl(-1). The effects of added NaCl concentration (0-1.78 M) and pH (3-8) in substrate solution on the biodegradation were studied. The experimental results by suspended cells were discussed. It was shown that the cells in microporous hollow fibers were unable to tolerate substrate solution pH to a larger range than those in suspensions. The suspended cells grew well on 100 mg l(-1) of phenol only at NaCl concentrations below 0.44 M. However, the cells in microporous hollow fibers could completely degrade 500 mg l(-1) of phenol in solutions containing NaCl concentration up to 1.52 M, which was due to the enhanced tolerance limit to salinity effect by the membrane-attached biofilms and the sufficiently slow mass transfer of NaCl through the membrane pores.     

高分子量高纯度阳离子聚丙烯酰胺的合成

以丙烯酰胺与丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵为单体,在复合引发剂的作用下,选择水溶液共聚法合成高分子量与高纯度阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)。实验表明,有机偶氮引发剂A用量0.5‰、氧化还原引发剂用量0.45‰、还原剂与氧化剂摩尔比2∶1、反应体系pH为4与反应时间5 h条件下,CPAM分子量为1 042万,且溶解性好。通过对聚合物残单含量影响因素添加剂用量、反应时间的研究,结果表明,添加剂EDTA和增溶剂D对残留AM含量影响小,而苯甲酸钠对聚合物残留AM的含量影响显著;延长反应时间至7 h,残单含量可降低至0.27%,CPAM的纯度高。通过与国内外3种同类型产品进行对比,结果表明,自制产品的分子量明显高于其他产品,且残单含量比国内产品降低了50%～75%。     

Virus inactivation during coagulation with aluminum coagulants

We used the bacteriophages Qβ and MS2 to determine whether viruses are inactivated by aluminum coagulants during the coagulation process. We performed batch coagulation and filtration experiments with virus-containing solutions. After filtering the supernatant of the coagulated solution through a membrane with a pore size of 50 nm, we measured the virus concentration by both the plaque forming unit (PFU) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. The virus concentration determined by the PFU method, which determines the infectious virus concentration, was always lower than that determined by the PCR-based method, which determines total virus concentration, regardless of infectivity. This discrepancy can be explained by the formation of aggregates consisting of several virus particles or by the inactivation of viruses in the coagulation process. The former possibility can be discounted because (i) aggregates of several virus particles would not pass through the 50-nm pores of the filtration membrane, and (ii) our particle size measurements revealed that the virus particles in the membrane filtrate were monodispersed. These observations clearly showed that non-infectious Qβ particles were present in the membrane filtrate after the coagulation process with aluminum coagulants. We subsequently revealed that the viruses lost their infectivity after being mixed with hydrolyzing aluminum species during the coagulation process.     

物理-化学法处理桑皮脱胶废水的研究

桑皮纤维是一种资源可再生纤维素纤维,但在脱胶制取桑皮纤维过程中产生大量的废水,污染环境,限制了桑皮纤维的开发利用.采用调节pH值、絮凝、Fenton试剂催化氧化、活性炭吸附等物理-化学综合处理法处理桑皮脱胶废水,研究结果表明,通过物理化学法处理桑皮脱胶废水,COD总去除率达到97%以上,色度降到5倍.此方法处理效果明显、操作简单.     

物理-化学法处理桑皮脱胶废水的研究

桑皮纤维是一种资源可再生纤维素纤维，但在脱胶制取桑皮纤维过程中产生大量的废水，污染环境，限制了桑皮纤维的开发利用。采用调节pH值、絮凝、Fenton试剂催化氧化、活性炭吸附等物理-化学综合处理法处理桑皮脱胶废水，研究结果表明，通过物理化学法处理桑皮脱胶废水，COD总去除率达到97％以上，色度降到5倍。此方法处理效果明显、操作简单。     

Synthesis and characterisation of new cationic polyelectrolytes by inverse emulsion polymerisation and their application in activated sludge dewatering

Water soluble hydrophobically associated polyelectrolytes were copolymerised with dimethyl- [2-(2-methyl-acryloyloxy)-ethyl]-alkyl ammonium bromide (alkyl: propyl, hexyl, dodecyl) (DEAC_n) and acrylamide (AM) in inverse emulsion. Cationic hydrophobically modified polyacrylamides having different molecule weight and cationic degree were obtained by varying the total monomer concentration and DEAC_n/AM mole ratio. Polyelectrolytes were characterised by ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR. The dewatering indexes, such as CST, settling rate and water content in sludge cake were investigated and used to evaluate the dewaterability and settleability of activated sludge conditioned by these polyelectrolytes. Afterwards, some characteristics of sludge floc, such as: floc size, sludge viscosity and floc strength were measured. The function of hydrophobic association in sludge conditioning was elucidated by comparing dewatering performances with these polyelectrolytes     

垃圾填埋气收集控制的CFD数值模拟应用研究

基于多孔介质渗流理论,给出了填埋气在填埋场内流动控制方程组及其定解条件,但实际填埋场的不规则边界使其很难求得解析解。建立填埋场竖井抽气物理模型,采用计算流体力学数值模拟软件PHONEICS求得控制方程的数值解,并用相关文献的结论进行校验,结果与前人结论相吻合。将该方法应用于实际填埋场抽气系统的设计,通过PHONEICS软件编程接口二次开发计算负压抽气条件下流入抽气系统的外部空气量,由此引入抽气效率做为抽气效果的评价指标,模拟了传统等边三角形布置竖井抽气系统的运行效果,并根据模拟结果对传统竖井抽气系统进行优化。     

Denitrification with acrylamide by pure culture of bacteria isolated from acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resin manufactured wastewater treatment system

Acrylamide is widely used in industrial applications as cement binder and solidification agent. Due to its carcinogenicity and toxicity, discharge of acrylamide to the natural water and soil systems may lead to an adverse environmental impact on water quality and thus endanger public health and welfare. This study attempts to isolate and identify the denitrifying bacteria, which utilize acrylamide as the substrate from the acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resin manufactured wastewater treatment system. The performance of the denitrifying bacteria for treating different initial acrylamide concentrations was also investigated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The test results indicated that the Pseudomonas stutzeri could remove acrylamide at concentrations below 440 mg/l under aerobic conditions. The acrylic acid and ammonia intermediates were used as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. However, P. stutzeri did not show the capability of metabolizing acrylonitrile under aerobic conditions. Furthermore, the P. stutzeri could utilize both acrylamide and acrylic acid in the presence of nitrate (denitrification) and acrylamide could be removed completely from the wastewater.     

微滤膜垢分形生长的过程模拟

基于微滤膜系统污垢形成机制和分形理论,建立微滤过程膜表面混合垢生长DLA模型,并通过实验验证了模型模拟的可行性和准确性。选取不同运行周期条件下微滤膜系统中的受污染膜丝,进行膜垢污染生长的实时测试,并与不同运行条件下模型的动态模拟结果进行实际比较分析,结果表明两者分形维数相近,且分形维数与膜污染程度呈正相关,说明该模型能够动态表征膜污染水平,可揭示出微滤过程中膜垢生长的动态变化规律,预测出膜材料的受污染水平。