基于差分进化-NM单纯形法的危化品泄漏源定位*

为确定危化品泄漏源的强度和位置,提出1种基于DE-NM算法的危化品泄漏源定位方法,以监测浓度与扩散模型计算浓度的误差作为优化目标,在差分进化过程中每隔一定代数执行单纯形法,使得二者误差最小的源强和位置即为最优定位结果。研究结果表明:DE-NM算法能够快速有效地反算出泄漏源的强度和位置,满足应急响应的要求;同时,能够避免DE算法的过早收敛,以及NM算法对初值敏感的问题,有效降低单一算法对定位结果精度造成的不利影响。     

粒子群优化算法在源强反算问题中的应用研究

在危险化学品泄漏事故中泄漏源强是预测事故后果的主要影响参数,也是事故应急救援决策的基础。为了在化学品泄漏事故过程中快速准确地获取泄漏源强数据,将粒子群优化(PSO)算法应用于危险化学品泄漏源强的反算中。利用高斯烟羽扩散模型和下风向浓度测量数据,将计算浓度与测量浓度的误差平方和作为目标函数,采用粒子群算法来优化,以确定源强并通过模拟的测量浓度数据进行算法有效性验证。结果表明,PSO算法及其参数改进算法不依赖于初值的选择,计算速度快,能满足事故应急响应救援的需要。     

基于无线传感器网络的气体泄漏源快速定位方法研究

为及时发现大气环境中危险化学品泄漏事故,快速准确判断泄漏源位置,实现有效的监测监控,开发出集气体质量浓度信息采集、时间校准、无线收发等功能于一体的集成探测模块。在此基础上,建立基于无线传感器网络(WSN)的气体泄漏实时监测平台,提出实时监测数据和高斯扩散模型相结合的气体泄漏源快速定位方法。通过开展实际场地泄漏试验,实现气体泄漏源的快速定位,并分析试验系统的敏感度。结果表明:气体泄漏扩散受风力影响很大;合理布局探测器,能有效提高泄漏源定位精度,为危险气体泄漏事故的应急决策提供决策参考。     

室内有害气体连续泄漏扩散质量浓度模型的研究与分析

以C02为对象,对室内空间气体连续泄漏扩散过程进行试验研究,并对室内CO2气体泄漏扩散的均一质量浓度模型、两厢质量浓度模型和室内半球质量浓度模型进行研究.将理论模型计算值与不同位置测量点的试验数据进行比较分析.3种质量农度模型均表示区域质量浓度的变化,理论模型计算值与试验数据均有些偏差;远离泄漏源处,偏差较小.室内空间不同位置3个模型预测值相对大小会发生变化.对于泄漏源附近及低于泄漏源处,3种质量浓度模型预测结果误差较大;对于高于泄漏源的位置,模型预测结果较好,然而质量浓度均出现振荡不稳定的现象.由于重力沉降作用,下部空间气体质量浓度较大,上部空间气体质量浓度较小.泄漏刚开始阶段,远离泄漏源处,试验测试值与理论模型值相比有一个廷滞期,理论预测值偏差较大.     

应用贝叶斯理论的河流污染源重建探讨

为深入了解河流中有毒有害物质事故性污染的污染源、污染物质扩散等情况,通过MATLAB实现了河流中污染物质一维扩散模型的差分解法.该扩散模型可用于模拟1个或多个瞬时点源、持续稳定点源和持续变化点源情况下,河流中污染物质浓度随时间的变化,具有一定准确度.根据贝叶斯理论,结合扩散模型和监测数据估计污染源的位置和强度,并采用马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗方法进行后验推断,以解决贝叶斯模型计算复杂的问题.已知污染源情况下,可采用本文给出的扩散模型模拟河流下游污染物质浓度随时间的变化;污染源未知而拥有一定监测数据情况下,则可以采用本文提出的河流污染源重建技术估计污染源的位置、强度等.     

基于改进遗传-单纯形混合算法的危险气体泄漏溯源分析

当发生危险气体泄漏时,确定其泄漏位置和泄漏源强,是制定应急方案的基础和依据之一。当无法直接确定泄漏位置、测量泄漏源强时,就需要通过有限的几个监测点,反演出可能的泄漏位置和泄漏源强,现有方法存在收敛过慢、初值敏感、参数过多等问题。描述一种结合改进遗传算法和单纯形法的IGA-NM混合算法,可用于快速反算气体泄漏的位置和源强。IGA-NM混合算法既避免了GA的收敛过慢,又避免了NM初值敏感,兼顾了全局优化。与GA、NM相比,IGA-NM混合算法的计算速度更快,计算误差更小。最后,应用IGA-NM混合算法,基于WebGIS设计了一套计算气体泄漏源强和位置的计算机程序,简化了输入参数,使用方便,可适用于气体泄漏应急监测、大气污染源溯源反查等场合     

基于网格化的多储罐有害物连续性扩散算法研究

基于区域网格划分技术及高斯烟团模型,综合储罐泄漏速度、有效源高(泄漏高度),以及风向、风速、环境稳定级多因素变化,研究区域内一个或多个储罐中有毒有害物在连续时间内浓度分布规律。首先,以储罐为中心,将研究区域网格化为若干单元作为定量研究和叠加的基础;然后,运用高斯烟团理论构建有毒有害物的泄漏扩散浓度分布模型;最后,结合单泄漏源和多泄漏源条件,给出有毒有害物连续性扩散算法,即根据任意影响因素的变化来划分时间段,按时间顺序,结合浓度叠加效应,使用Matlab,模拟区域内有毒有害物浓度过程。模拟结果表明,该项研究可为化工园区储罐布置复杂条件下,有毒有害物突发性泄漏事故的影响范围预测及应急决策提供理论支持。     

燃气泄漏风险评价中不确定性问题的探讨

讨论了燃气泄漏事故风险评价中泄漏的发生、泄漏源强度、扩散模式的不确定性问题。提供了确定瞬时泄漏和连续泄漏的方法 ,以及判定重气扩散时转变为中性阶段的准则。最后介绍了不确定性问题的研究方法。     

危险气体扩散实时仿真的关键技术──“反求源强”方法初探

阐述了计算机实时仿真在危险气体泄漏扩散预警系统中的应用。文中首次提出了通过求解气体扩散方程一类反问题来确定源强，即根据传感器实时检测的浓度值，代入反问题算法的仿真程序求得近似泄漏强度，再将实时采集的气象参数一并代入扩散方程，在显示屏上给出有害气体云团在区域电子地图上的扩散态势。     

基于改进型萤火虫群优化算法泄漏源源强及位置反算研究*

针对标准萤火虫群优化算法（GSO）在危化品泄漏源源强及位置反算中存在精度不高,容易陷入局部最优等局限,提出混合萤火虫-Nelder Mead单纯形算法（GSO-NM）,并与基于步长的改进萤火虫群优化算法（MGSO）以及单纯形搜索混合协同进化萤火虫群优化算法（HCGSOSSM）进行比较分析,将3种改进型萤火虫群优化算法应用于泄漏源源强及位置反算中进行比较分析。研究结果表明:GSO-NM算法可以有效提高定位精度和稳定性,能较为精确地反算出泄漏源源强及位置,为泄漏源源强及位置反算研究提供1种新思路。     

Numerical simulation of LNG dispersion under two-phase release conditions

The use of LNG (liquefied natural gas) as fuel brings up issues regarding safety and acceptable risk. The potential hazards associated with an accidental LNG spill should be evaluated, and a useful tool in LNG safety assessment is computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. In this paper, the ADREA-HF code has been applied to simulate LNG dispersion in open-obstructed environment based on Falcon Series Experiments. During these experiments LNG was released and dispersed over water surface. The spill area is confined with a billboard upwind of the water pond. FA1 trial was chosen to be simulated, because its release and weather conditions (high total spill volume and release rate, low wind speed) allow the gravitational force to influence the cold, dense vapor cloud and can be considered as a benchmark for LNG dispersion in fenced area. The source was modeled with two different approaches: as vapor pool and as two phase jet and the predicted methane concentration at sensors' location was compared with the experimental one. It is verified that the source model affect to a great extent the LNG dispersion and the best case was the one modeling the source as two phase jet. However, the numerical results in the case of two phase jet source underestimate the methane concentration for most of the sensors. Finally, the paper discusses the effect of neglecting the ?9.3° experimental wind direction, which leads to the symmetry assumption with respect to wind and therefore less computational costs. It was found that this effect is small in case of a jet source but large in the case of a pool source.     

Locating the gas leakage source in the atmosphere using the dispersion wave method

A new and simple method for locating emission source was proposed in this work based on gas dynamic dispersion information. The simulation of the unsteady state dispersion of leakage gas emission from the geosequestration project showed that the transportation process of emission gases in the atmosphere is similar to wave propagation, and the time parameter of the dispersion wave is linearly related to the downwind distance. Therefore, monitoring the dispersion wave at different downwind positions can be used to estimate the leakage source position. An estimation formula for locating emission sources was derived. First, an estimation formula for locating emission sources was derived under some initial assumptions. Then, the deviation of the location formula was investigated using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model and analytic solution to get the offset distance under different conditions. The results showed that the average distance is stable for a certain atmosphere and terrestrial conditions. This method needs no more than 3 sensors’ dynamic information to locate the emission source, and hence it is highly useful for conditions with limited sensors. A numerical test demonstrated that the absolute error of the source estimation is within the range of 1–30 m. Finally, experimental tests were conducted to verify the feasibility of the source location with dispersion waves. Therefore, the dispersion wave monitor is a potentially simple and feasible way to estimate the source location for gas emission event management with limited sensors in the process industries.     

Concentration model for gas releases in buildings and the mitigation effect

In case of accidents involving releases of hazardous materials, calculating the gas dispersion is essential for assessing risks. In general, the leaked chemical is assumed to be instantly dispersed to the atmosphere if the leak occurs in the outdoor location. However, a different approach should be made for the incidents when sources are located inside a building. For the indoor release, the gas will be diluted prior to the release to the atmosphere and the gas release from a building to the atmosphere demands the application of another model before the dispersion calculation. The indoor release model calculates average indoor concentration and volumetric flowrate to the exterior. The model is fast and reasonably accurate compared to rigorous but time-consuming computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models. The model results were compared with experimental data, and CFD simulation results both with simple geometry to demonstrate validation and assess the performance of the indoor release model. Lastly, the behavior and effect of mitigation of indoor release were demonstrated by using the model results.     

Numerical simulation of hydrogen–air detonation for damage assessment in realistic accident scenarios

An accidental hydrogen release within an equipment enclosure may result in the presence of detonable mixture in a confined environment. From a safety standpoint, it is then useful to assess the potential for damage. In that context, numerical simulation of the sequence of events subsequent to detonative ignition provides a useful tool, although with obvious limitations. This article describes the procedure, summarizes two case studies, and reviews the limitations. First, a hydrogen dispersion pattern is obtained from numerical simulation of dispersion, using a commercial package designed primarily for incompressible flow. This dispersion cloud is then used as the initial condition in an inviscid, compressible, reactive flow simulation. To force detonative ignition, a sufficiently large amount of energy is deposited in a small region that corresponds to the ignition location. Chemistry is modeled using a single step Arrhenius model. Because the wave thickness is small compared with the computational domain, a fine mesh is needed, limiting the practicality of the process to two-dimensional geometries. This is the most significant limitation; it is conservative. The two cases described in the paper include an electrolyzer, in which a small release occurs, leading potentially to some damage to the enclosure, and a reformer, in which the consequences are potentially more serious.     

Evaporating liquid flow in a channel (An integral model based on shallow water flow approximation)

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) storage facilities generally include channels to convey potential spills of the liquid to an impoundment. There is increasing concern that dispersion of vapors generated by flow of LNG in a channel may lead to higher than limit vapor concentrations for safety at site boundary from channels that may be close to the dike walls. This issue is of recent concern to regulatory agencies, because the calculation of vapor hazard distance(s) from LNG flow in a channel is not required under existing LNG facility siting standards or regulations.An important parameter that directly affects the calculated LNG vapor dispersion distance is the source strength (i.e., the rate of vaporization of LNG flow from the wetted channel surfaces, as a function of spatial position and time). In this paper a model is presented which considers the variation of the depth of the flowing LNG with spatial location and time, and calculates the spatial and temporal dependence of the mass rate of vapor generation. Self similar profiles for the spatial variation of the thermal boundary layer in the liquid wetted wall and liquid depth variation are assumed. The variation with time of the location of the liquid spread front and the evaporation rate are calculated for the case of a constant LNG spill rate into a rectangular channel. The effects of two different channel slopes are evaluated. Details of the results and their impact on dispersion distances are discussed.     

Modeling the two-phase cloud evolution from instantaneous flashing release using CFD

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach has been successfully applied to simulate the small-scale instantaneous flashing release experiment by Pettitt. A model for dispersion of the release event is provided based on relevant theories and existing experimental data. An application of the CFD method to the dispersion simulation is illustrated. Furthermore, a new methodology based on discrete phase model for setting computational initial conditions is provided. An initial expansion and subsequent turbulence dispersion can be characteristically identified from both volume and temperature variation of the cloud obtained by the simulation. The possible mechanism for these phenomena has also been discussed and analyzed. The study deepens the understanding of the physical process of this event and provides one more reliable tool for relevant safety systems.     

An alternative CFD tool for gas dispersion modelling of heavy gas

The numerical simulation of gas dispersion is of great importance in various areas of engineering such as optimisation, synthesis of chemical process, petroleum industry and process safety. The OpenFOAM (Open Field Operation and Manipulation) code is a free and open source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program. The current research is focused on the development and customisation of a computational tool for handling gas dispersion of heavy gases, such a LNG and CO₂. The novel CFD tool relies on OpenFOAM framework. The core of the work is based on the OpenFOAM solver rhoReactingBuoyantFoam to handle gas dispersion. A series of CFD simulations has been performed for methane and CO₂. The source term of the former is modelled by HSM (Hybrid Switch Model). The model comprises contribution from HEM (Homogeneous Equilibrium Model) approach, frozen model and non-equilibrium model for CO₂ leak. The novel approach switches between equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions based on the meta-stable parameter on the grounds of thermodynamics and experimental observations. Good agreement with experimental data is observed. Numerical findings for methane leakage from the proposed CFD tool are compared with experimental data and FLACS. Good agreement is observed.     

The method for leakage detection of urban natural gas pipeline based on the improved ITA and ALO

To solve the problems of the difficulty in early leakage monitoring and larger positioning error for urban hazardous chemicals pipelines, the optimized method based on the improved Inverse Transient Analysis (ITA) and Ant Lion Optimizer (ALO) was proposed. Firstly, based on the obtained experiment's results of leakage of natural gas in the non-metallic pipeline, the segment classification method was incorporated into the pressure gradient calculation. The modified method can adapt to the multi-node characteristics of urban pipe networks and help to obtain the preliminary positioning calculation results after optimization. Then the calculation results were embedded in the ITA calculation model. The input parameters of the gas pipeline such as boundary conditions, leakage rate and friction coefficient were used to establish the characteristic linear equations. Then the objective function of the least-squares criterion was defined, and the improved ITA model suitable for leakage detection of urban natural gas pipeline networks was constructed. Finally, the ALO was used to optimize the calculation process of the improved ITA model, and iteratively optimize the optimal friction coefficient and its corresponding minimum objective function (OF) value. As a result, a more precise location of the leakage source was calculated. The validation of the modified method is conducted by comparing the calculated values with the experiment's results. The results show that the method can accurately predict the location where the pipeline leakage occurs. The minimum error is 3.17%. Compared with the traditional ITA, this method not only accelerates the convergence speed of the objective function, but also improves the accuracy of location calculation.