从硫化砷渣中回收砷,铜,硫

贵溪冶炼厂亚砷酸工程解决了冶炼系统砷污染问题，同时，变害为利在砷渣中回收砷，铜和硫。本文简要介绍了亚砷酸工程的湿法生产工艺，设备，生产特点及生产实践。     

Arsenate and phosphate interaction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In the present study, arsenate（As（V）） and phosphate（P（V）） interactions were investigated in growth, uptake and RNA content in yeast（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）. Yeast grew slowly with As（V） concentrations increasing in the medium. However, the maximal population density was almost the same among different As（V） treatments. It was in the late log phase that yeast growth was aug- mented by low As（V）, which was maybe due to the fact that methionine metabolism was stressed by vitamin B6 deprivation, so As（V） treatments did not affect maximal population density. However, with P （V） concentrations increasing, the maximal population density increased. Therefore, the maximal population density was determined by P （V） concentrations in the medium but not by As （V） concentrations in the medium. Ycflp（a tonoplast transpor） transports As（GS）3 into the vacuole, but arsenic（As） remaining in the thalli was 1.27% with As（V） exposure for 60 h, from which it can be speculated that the percentage of As transported into vacuole should be lower than 1.27%. However, the percentage of As pumped out of cell was 71.49% with As （V） exposure for 68 h. Although two pathways （extrusion and sequestration） were involved in As detoxification in yeast, the extrusion pathway played a major role in As detoxification. RNA content was the highest in the early-log phase and was reduced by As（V）.     

Effects of As on As uptake,speciation, and nutrient uptake by winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） under hydroponic conditions

A hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of arsenic （As） stress on growth, nutrition and As uptake, and speciation in shoots and roots of winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）. Winter wheat has high tolerance to As. Most As is accumulated in the roots, and an As concentration of 4,421 mg/kg was observed at a solution concentration of 20 mg/L As. Arsenic concentrations in roots were approximately 40-100 times greater than those in shoots. Arsenic in winter wheat roots and shoots occurred as both As^3＋ and As^5＋ species, although As^3＋ was the main species in winter wheat tissues. Arsenic significantly decreased the biomass of winter wheat shoots and roots and affected absorption and transport of micro- and macro-elements in winter wheat tissue. Arsenic treatment significantly increased the concentrations of total Magnesium （Mg） and calcium （Ca） in shoots and enhanced the transport of Mg and Ca from roots to shoots but decreased potassium （K）, nitrogen （N）, and phosphorus （P） concentrations in both shoots and roots, particularly the concentration of P. Concentrations of iron, copper, and zinc in winter wheat shoots were negatively related to As rates, with correlation coefficients （R^2） of 0.93, 0.94, and 0.97, respectively.     

A survey of arsenic and other heavy metals in vegetation from markets or mine tailings

This research includes two investigations. The first one is a market basket survey of the levels of arsenic （As） and trace elements in bracken fern （Pteridium aquilinum） originated from three countries： South Korea, China and North Korea. The results showed that the mean As concentrations in stems of samples were significantly higher than those in leaves. As concentrations in all samples did not exceed food safety limits for vegetables. Generally, concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in leaves were higher than those in stems. The second investigation is a survey on the levels of As and other heavy metals in vegetation in the vicinity of Myoungbong mine tailings. The results demonstrated that As, Pb and Cu concentrations and bioaccumulation factors （BCF） in seedlings of the fern（A splenium achilleifolium） were the highest, whereas Marsh horsetail（Equisetum polustre） accumulated the highest levels of Zn. Concentrations of As, Pb, Zn and Cu in vegetable-cress （Lepidium sativum） and the edible herb-aromatic madder （Elasholtzia splendens） were higher than food safety limits. Therefore, a risk assessment of As and other heavy metals in vegetables and herbs on local human health should be conducted in the future.     

膜技术在酸性砷,氟废水处理中的应用

本文分析了临沂化工总厂废水放的特点，提出了废水处理的新工艺，并从生产特点、设备占地，总投资，运行费用，出水指标等方面与传统处理工艺做了详细地比较，从而论述了新技术的先进性和可行性。     

耐酸砷还原菌Bacillus sp.strain P3-23的分离鉴定及其对高砷土壤砷释放影响

砷还原微生物在原生高砷地下水形成中起关键作用,研究其对不同环境因素改变的响应以及对砷迁移与转化的影响是十分必要的。从石门土壤中分离得到一株耐酸砷还原菌,研究其形态和生理生化特征,通过分子生物学和微生物学手段对其进行系统分类和生理生化特性鉴定,并使用微生物学方法在不同温度、pH值和电子供体条件下进行培养,探究其对环境因素波动的适应能力,检测菌株对高砷土壤砷释放的影响。实验结果表明:该耐酸砷还原菌为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)成员,故命名为Bacillus sp.strain P3-23(以下简称P3-23);菌株P3-23最适宜的生长温度为30℃,在pH值为3.5~7.5范围内均可生长且具有砷还原能力,能够利用乳酸钠、丙酮酸钠、柠檬酸钠、酵母味素、丙三醇、葡萄糖、蔗糖为电子供体;菌株P3-23能够在72 h内完全还原2.0 mM As(Ⅴ)且菌液浓度呈上升趋势,具有强耐砷能力,40.0 mM砷存在条件下仍能生长;菌株P3-23促进土壤中砷释放能力较强,砷形态分析显示释放的可溶性砷中As³⁺占比达83.3%以上。菌株P3-23的分离不仅丰富了人们对砷还原微生物的认识,也说明砷还原微生物对不同环境因素胁迫具有相应的应答机制,预示着其可能存在于极端环境中。对不同环境中砷还原微生物进行研究,在完善砷的生物地球化学循环模式的同时有助于砷污染机制及砷修复生物手段的探索。     

两个品种水稻对砷的吸收富集与转化特征及其健康风险

以2个水稻品种威优402号和Ⅱ优416号为实验材料,采用温室栽培方法研究对比两个品种水稻在人工添加砷处理(0、10、20和40mg·kg-1)和模拟自然砷污染(贵州高砷土和北京褐土的混合土,质量比为1∶1)胁迫条件下的生长发育状况,分析砷在水稻不同部位的累积、形态转化及其健康风险.砷处理显著地抑制了两个品种水稻的生长,水稻地上与地下部生物量、株高和穗数随砷处理水平的提高均出现明显的下降,但Ⅱ优416号的下降幅度明显低于威优402号.两个品种水稻籽粒中砷含量随砷处理水平提高也显著升高,人工添加砷各处理条件下,两个品种水稻稻谷中砷含量没有显著性差异;而在模拟自然砷污染土中,Ⅱ优416号稻谷中砷含量平均值为0.062mg·kg-1,明显低于威优402号稻谷平均值的0.278mg·kg-1.两个品种水稻各部位砷的转运系数在低砷处理时(10mg·kg-1)出现显著的升高,而在其他处理条件下保持不变.无论何种水稻品种,水稻各部位砷形态的组成和比例无显著性差异,水稻根、茎、叶中主要为无机砷,稻谷中无机和有机砷各占60%和40%.依据WHO相关建议标准,种植水稻品种Ⅱ优416号的健康风险要明显低于种植威优402号.     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L. as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand cu｜ture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.     

耐砷菌Pseudomonas 2-23T的分离鉴定及其对高砷沉积物中砷释放的影响

为探知耐砷微生物对高砷沉积物中砷释放的影响,从石门高砷沉积物中分离得到菌株Pseudomonas 2-23T,根据其生理生化特征和16S rRNA序列同源性对其进行鉴定,并考察该菌株在不同碳源、温度和砷浓度条件下的生长状况,探究该菌株在有氧及厌氧条件下对高砷沉积物中砷释放的影响。结果表明:菌株2-23T是一株耐砷菌,属于γ-变形菌门中的假单胞菌,命名为Pseudomonas 2-23T;它的最适生长温度为30℃,在含1.0 mM砷的条件下比较利于细菌的生长;其能够利用乳酸钠、草酸钠、柠檬酸钠、丙酮酸钠和乙酸钠作为碳源,而不能利用碳酸氢钠、甲酸钠、葡萄糖和蔗糖作为碳源;菌株Pseudomonas 2-23T在厌氧条件下促进高砷沉积物中砷释放的能力明显强于有氧条件。     

新鲜砷渣与陈渣中As溶出比较实验

对新新砷渣及陈渣在不同ｐＨ值的环境中进行了各种时段的淋溶试验和浸泡试验。通过实验，大体了解了新鲜砷渣及陈渣在淋溶及浸泡条件下Ａｓ的溶出情况。     

高砷煤矿废水灌溉区土壤砷的分布特征探究

通过对贵州兴仁县交乐村高砷煤矿废水灌溉区土壤总砷的分布特征进行研究。文章对土壤总砷、pH值及有机质含量进行了分析,结果表明,污灌区土壤砷的含量最高达237.55mg/kg,最低为24.20mg/kg,平均As含量为85.62mg/kg,均高于世界、中国及贵州黄壤中的平均水平;pH平均值为5.12,属酸性土壤;有机质含量普遍偏高;高砷煤矿废水灌溉导致了灌区土壤中砷的累积。灌溉方式影响了土壤中砷的迁移与分布情况,土壤中砷的含量,随着与灌溉水源距离的增加而急剧降低。研究区土壤中砷的迁移较缓慢,但有向下游逐渐扩散的趋势。土壤总砷含量受到了pH值和有机质影响,但与两者的相关性并不明显。     

东莞市农业土壤和蔬菜砷含量及其健康风险分析

研究系统采集了东莞市118个农业土壤样品和43个蔬菜样品进行砷含量分析,研究了土壤和蔬菜砷含量及其健康风险。研究发现,东莞市农业土壤砷含量变化范围0.40～28.87mg/kg,平均值12.95mg/kg,远高于东莞市背景值,其中62%的样品砷含量超过国家一级标准限定值,砷含量的变异系数为53.28%,变异程度较大。东莞市各区域土壤砷空间分布不均匀,土壤砷含量平均值大小排序如下:西部平原区环境保护区中部过渡区东南丘陵区。土壤砷主要来源于成土母质,化石燃料燃烧、农药、化肥(磷肥)等工农业活动的输入也不容忽视。东莞市蔬菜砷含量超标比较严重,蔬菜砷对东莞市部分人群存在一定的健康风险。     

江汉平原高砷地下水系统沉积柱中砷分布研究

研究在江汉平原中部的仙桃市沙湖镇沙湖农场南洪村、洪湖市黄家口镇姚河村钻凿3个深度约为30 m的钻孔,采集不同深度代表性岩土样(单孔内取样间距为2 m),采用用银盐法测定沉积物样品中砷含量。研究结果表明,该研究区域沉积物中砷含量范围为1.500～17.289mg/kg,与典型的现代松散型沉积物中砷含量相当(5¹0 mg/kg);砷含量最大值均出现在泥土层,最小值均出现在沙层,表明沉积物样品中砷含量与岩性有密切关系。     

Arsenic uptake, accumulation and phytofiltration by duckweed （Spirodela polyrhiza L.）

This study investigates arsenic (As) accumulation and tolerance of duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza L: and its potential for As phytofiltration. S. polyrhiza was able to survive in high concentration of As(V) solution: The EC50 values ( SE) based on the external As(V) were (181.66 20.12) mol/L. It accumulated (999 95) mg As/kg dw when exposed in 320 mol/L As(V) solution for one week, and was able to take up appropriately 400 mg As/kg dw in tissues without a significant biomass loss. The EC50 values (the e ective concentration of As(V) in the nutrient solution that caused a 50% inhibition on biomass production) was (866 68) mg/kg dw for the tissues, indicating that S. polyrhiza had a high capability of As accumulation and tolerance. The uptake kinetic parameters Vmax was (55.33 2.24) nmol/(g dw min) and Km was (0.144 0.011) mmol/L. Within 72 hr, S. polyrhiza decreased As concentration in the solution from 190 to 113 ng/mL with a removal rate of 41%. The study suggested that this floating aquatic plant has some potential for As phytofiltration in contaminated water bodies or paddy soils.     

贵州兴仁煤矿区土壤表土与沉积物中砷的环境调查研究

兴仁县境内的煤矿是黔西南典型的高砷煤矿区之一。通过对矿区范围内土壤表土和沉积物中砷的调查研究表明,土壤表土和沉积物中As的含量分布范围广泛,分别为5.28~234.14 mg/kg和20.68~219.14 mg/kg。这些分布特点与该区高砷地质地球化学背景有关外,还与煤炭资源开发有很大的关系。煤矿水灌溉的农田土壤表土和水系沉积物中As的积累已经显现出来。因此,矿区煤矿开发引起的土壤表土/沉积物中砷的积累应该得到高度重视。     

内蒙古某矿区土壤中砷的分布及赋存形态研究

本文以内蒙古某矿区土壤环境为研究对象,利用Ag-DDC比色法测定了研究区不同位置土壤中砷的含量,分析了该矿区土壤砷的分布特征;采用化学逐级提取法对土壤中砷的赋存形态进行了研究。结果表明:研究区土壤样品中总砷含量平均值为8.35 mg/kg,低于国家二级标准,但土壤中砷含量及分布与煤矿开采密切相关;开采高砷煤矿,其周边土壤中的砷含量会相应增加;土壤中各形态砷含量存在差异,所占比例依次为:残渣态砷(62.79%) > 钙型砷(15.74%) > 铁型砷(12.47%) > 铝型砷(7.17%) > 交换态砷(1.56%) > 水溶态砷(0.27%);且非有效态砷含量(62.79%)要高于有效态砷(37.21%)。     

缺氧条件下土壤砷的形态转化与环境行为研究

采集张士污灌区0～100 cm深的土壤并在实验室里负载低浓度的砷,采用不加硫和加硫对比研究了厌氧条件下土著微生物对土壤中砷的形态转化、环境行为影响及其机制.结果表明,在不外加硫酸盐条件下厌氧培养8 d后,微生物还原作用造成砷的大量还原和释放,释放的砷70%以上是以As(Ⅲ)形式存在,尤其20～40 cm深度土壤砷的释放量明显高于其它层土壤,As(Ⅲ)和As(T)分别达到892.8μg.L-1和1 240.6μg.L-1.与非生物对照相比每层土中盐酸可提取的砷总量都大大降低,且盐酸提取的As(T)几乎全部转化为As(Ⅲ).伴随砷的释放,铁发生还原和释放,溶解态的亚铁基本都在40 mg.L-1以上,不同土层固相中亚铁离子的量都在9.0～13.4 g.kg-1范围内,固相盐酸可提取态总铁中亚铁离子所占的比例基本都在50%以上,说明微生物还原作用造成固相中铁氧化物发生还原性溶解和矿物结构转化.当体系中添加10 mmol.L-1的硫酸盐时,每层土的生物培养体系中铁的释放几乎完全被抑制,砷和铁浓度也减少了50%.与不加硫生物培养体系相比,固相中盐酸可提取的砷量减少了50%,一部分砷被转化为稳定的硫化物As2S3而固定.可见在硫酸盐不足条件下微生物还原作用可造成砷被还原、活化和释放,而补充土壤中硫酸盐的量可促使微生物还原/活化的砷转化成更加稳定的形态,稳定的硫化物矿物As2S3是土壤微生物固定砷的重要途径.     

土壤水分对稻田土壤有效砷及碱性磷酸酶活性影响

采用室内模拟方法,在35%、65%和110%最大饱和持水量（WHC）条件下,系统地分析了稻田土壤有效砷及碱性磷酸酶活性变化规律.结果表明：砷污染稻田土壤后有效砷含量随砷污染浓度增加而增大,随培养时间延长逐渐降低,15d后趋于稳定;淹水降低了土壤有效砷含量及碱性磷酸酶活性;采用U=A/（1+B×C）模型较好拟合了不同水分下土壤碱性磷酸酶活性（U）与砷浓度（C）关系,表明碱性磷酸酶活性在一定程度上可表征不同水分下稻田土壤砷污染程度;计算得到稻田土壤砷轻度污染临界浓度（ED₁₀）为总砷67mg/kg和有效砷11mg/kg.研究表明适当调控土壤水分含量是控制稻田土壤砷毒性的有效方法之一.     

2006年春季长江口砷形态分析及其生物有效性

于2006年春季在长江河口开展野外调查.采集水和表层沉积物样品,并进行总砷、砷形态分析和生物有效性评估.将过滤水样用于测定溶解态砷含量,而未过滤水样经酸消解后用于测定总砷含量,两者之差则为颗粒态砷含量.结果表明.长江口青草沙水源地各层水体中总砷含量为0.88-1.35ug·L-1(涨憩),2.37-3.35ug·L-1(落憩).溶解态和颗粒态砷含量均随潮汐变化明显,各形态砷含量在落憩时均高于涨憩时,颗粒态砷所占总砷的比例也是落憩时明显高于涨憩时.以0.3 mol·L-1磷酸溶液为萃取剂.在微波辅助下可以有效地将沉积物中砷酸盐[As(V)]、亚砷酸盐[As(Ⅲ)]、一甲基胂酸盐(MMA)和二甲基胂酸盐(DMA)提取出来,然后利用高效液相色谱一氢化物发生.原子吸收光谱(HPLC-HG-AAS)联用技术进行检测.结果表明,长江口表层沉积物中总砷含量为6.3-30.7 mg·kg-1,主要为无机砷形态,在江心沙洲及离岸沉积物中且以砷酸盐为主.而在近岸沉积物中以亚砷酸盐为主;利用醋酸纤维素/氧化铁复合膜方法(FeO/CAM)所得沉积物中有嫂砷含量占总砷含量0.6%-3.9%,平均约为2.1%.有效砷含量与总砷含量没有显著相关性,与亚砷酸盐含量呈显著正相关性,与砷酸盐含量呈显著负相关性.结果还表明,长江口南支沉积物中的砷形态分布特征及其生物有效性受城市支流输入和排污活动影响显著.