影响厌氧氨氧化与甲烷化反硝化耦合的因素

氨氮、氮氧化物对产甲烷菌有一定的抑制作用,但可以通过驯化去除毒性.亚硝酸盐在厌氧氨氧化菌作用下与氨发生厌氧氨氧化反应.虽然厌氧氨氧化菌是自养菌,但具有异养代谢能力,并且NO2可提高厌氧氨氧化菌的活性.因此,通过特殊的反应器技术,将厌氧氨氧化菌与甲烷菌、反硝化菌复合在一个有利的微生态环境中,充分发挥它们之间的协同耦合作用,把有机物转化为清洁能源又同时脱氮,是极有前景的废水厌氧(缺氧)处理研究新方向.表1参31     

厌氧氨氧化电子受体的研究

研究发现,除已经证实的硝酸盐外,常规生物反硝化反应的两种中间产物亚硝酸和Ｎ２Ｏ也能用作氨厌氧氧化的电子受体;厌氧氨生物氧化的主要产物为Ｎ２．     

铁氨氧化研究进展及在污水脱氮中的应用探索

近几年来,铁氨氧化(Feammox)反应在不同的环境体系中相继被发现. Feammox反应是在厌氧环境中以及微生物的驱使作用下,NH₄⁺和Fe(Ⅲ)分别作为电子供体和电子受体,Fe(Ⅲ)被还原生成为Fe(Ⅱ),而NH₄⁺则转化生成为亚硝酸盐(NO₂^-)、硝酸盐(NO₃^-)和氮气(N₂)几种不同形态的氮素.Feammox的发现进一步揭示了氮素在自然界循环中的新的转化途径,这种新的氮素转换途径给污水领域中的脱氮技术方法带来了全新视角.另外,Feammox能够和厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)和铁型反硝化(NDFO)耦合或者通过实现Fe(Ⅲ)和Fe(Ⅱ)之间的循环转化进行脱氮,使得Feammox成为了一种潜在的新型脱氮技术.通过综述Feammox的发展历程、反应机制、以及对自然界生态系统所产生的的影响和其所受影响的物理性因素,最后,进一步探讨Feammox在污水脱氮中的应用,并对其未来发展进行总结和展...     

铁氨氧化污水脱氮的应用研究进展

铁氨氧化(Feammox)是一种以廉价、易得的铁作为微生物电子供体的新型自养生物脱氮技术，即Fe(Ⅲ)还原与厌氧氨氧化的结合工艺，拥有成本低廉、无需有机碳源、污泥产量小、无温室气体产生等优势，是污水处理的一种潜在脱氮途径.本文对铁氨氧化反应的机理、功能菌种的种类和特性及电子穿梭体对其的影响进行了介绍，总结了铁氨氧化在污水环境中的脱氮效果及其与厌氧氨氧化、硝酸盐依赖型亚铁氧化和生物电化学系统的耦合技术，并指出目前铁氨氧化的应用问题及该技术未来的研究方向和重点可能是菌分离纯化、工艺参数控制.     

Pt/TiO2对水中黑索今的光催化降解

在模拟日光下利用Pt/TiO2光催化剂对水中黑索今进行了光催化降解,有催化剂存在时,黑索今(RDX)的转化降解遵循一级反应动力学,RDX分子上的氮部分转化为硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮,催化剂的存在没有加快黑索今的转化速率,但是大大加快了溶液COD和中间产物亚硝酸盐的氧化,对10mg·l-1亚硝酸盐的光催化降解显示,亚硝酸盐氮在有催化剂存在时被氧化的速率提高了16.8倍.     

厌氧氨氧化污水处理工艺及其实际应用研究进展

厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)反应是指在厌氧或者缺氧条件下,厌氧氨氧化微生物以NO2--N为电子受体,氧化NH4+-N为氮气的生物过程。该过程是一种新型自养生物脱氮反应,反应无需外加有机碳源,且污泥产生量小,相对于传统硝化/反硝化脱氮工艺具有显著优势,对处理含高氨氮废水特别是低有机碳源废水具有重大的潜在实际应用价值。近年来,厌氧氨氧化为主体的污水处理工艺已经在各种类型废水处理中得到成功应用,取得了显著的经济和环境效益。综述了厌氧氨氧化反应中常用的亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺(Sharon-Anammox工艺)和完全自养脱氮工艺(CANON工艺)的作用原理、环境调控因子与功能性微生物种群动态分布等最新研究进展,且阐述了两工艺在垃圾渗滤液、厌氧消化液和猪场养殖废水等低碳氮比废水的处理应用效能和最优化控制参数等,为厌氧氨氧化为主体的污水处理工艺的工程化应用提供了技术支撑。最后,总结并介绍了国内外厌氧氨氧化工艺现场规模化应用实例和控制参数,同时,对厌氧氨氧化污水处理工艺实际应用的研究前景及亟待解决的问题进行了展望,认为现场应用中Anammox菌的快速富集培养、有机碳源对Anammox菌的抑制效应以及厌氧氨氧化工艺的广谱适用性等将是厌氧氨氧化工艺大规模应用的难点和热点问题。为厌氧氨氧化工艺实际应用控制和推广提供了理论基础,具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

厌氧氨氧化反应器研究进展

厌氧氨氧化是废水生物脱氮研究的新领域,厌氧氨氧化反应器影响厌氧氨氧化菌的富集、厌氧氨氧化过程的启动、运行的稳定性和处理效果,是其中十分重要的研究内容.本文根据厌氧氨氧化反应的基本特征,分析了反应过程对反应器的主要要求;通过对固定床反应器、流化床反应器、气提式反应器、上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)等反应器的运行参数和运行结果的比较,分析了各种类型反应器的主要优缺点,并对反应器今后的发展方向提出了建议.表2参37     

太湖梅梁湾沉积物中铁氧化氨作用及其脱氮贡献

铁氧化氨反应是最近发现的一种新型氮转化途径,在林地、水稻田和湿地土壤氮循环过程中具有重要作用。然而,鲜有研究关注富营养化湖泊沉积物中的铁氧化氨过程。该研究在调查太湖梅梁湾沉积物理化性质和主要铁还原菌丰度的基础上,采用同位素示踪技术和C_2H_2抑制法研究了沉积物的铁还原速率和铁氧化氨过程,以实验过程中~(30)N_2和~(29)N_2的产生速率核算了沉积物的铁氧化氨速率。通过考察沉积物相关理化性质、铁还原菌丰度与铁氧化氨速率之间相关性,确定了这些因子对铁氧化氨的影响。结果表明:在太湖梅梁湾4个采样点的沉积物中均存在铁氧化氨过程,该过程能够在厌氧条件下将NH_4~+直接氧化为N_2,或者将NH_4~+氧化为NO_2~-、NO_3~-,然后厌氧氨氧化或反硝化过程将NO_2~-、NO_3~-转化为N_2导致沉积物氮损失。梅梁湾沉积物铁氧化氨速率范围为0.28~0.43 kg~(-1)·d~(-1),占太湖人为输入无机氮的6.1%~9.4%。沉积物Fe(Ⅲ)含量和TOC含量与铁氧化氨速率之间呈显著相关性(P0.05),在铁氧化氨过程中起重要作用。相反,pH与铁氧化氨之间无显著相关性(P0.05)。地杆菌属(Geobacteraceae spp.)、希瓦氏茵属(Shewanella spp.)、酸微菌科(Acidimicrobiaceae)及微酸菌A6属(Acidimicrobiaceae A6)与铁氧化氨呈显著相关性(P0.05),表明铁还原菌可能直接参与铁氧化氨过程。综上,铁氧化氨是富营养化湖泊沉积物中氮素迁移转化的重要途径之一。     

厌氧氨氧化菌的种类、特性与检测

厌氧氨氧化是地球氮素循环的重要环节,也是废水生物脱氮和污染环境修复的重要基础;厌氧氨氧化菌作为厌氧氨氧化功能的执行者,近年来成为微生物、环境、地学等领域的研究热点.本文从厌氧氨氧化菌种类、菌种特性及检测手段3个方面综述近年国内外厌氧氨氧化菌研究进展.基于多相分类法,以遗传型分类为主,目前共鉴定厌氧氨氧化菌6属21种,其中Candidatus Anammoximicrobium为最新属.不同种厌氧氨氧化菌在形态结构、细胞组成、生理生化、生态分布存在异同,对温度、盐度、有机物等环境因素的敏感度导致其生态位的差异性,有利于工程应用.近来结合PCR-DGGE、FISH和q PCR等先进的现代分子生物学手段,已形成一套研究厌氧氨氧化菌种类、数量、分布和活性的有效方法,并获得系列基于An AOB 16S r RNA及功能基因(nir S,hzo)的特异性引物.最后提出完善厌氧氨氧化菌纯培物的分离方法、探明厌氧氨氧化菌的代谢途径和遗传特性、明确厌氧氨氧化菌在生境中的分布及贡献是未来研究的热点和难点.     

接种污泥源对厌氧氨氧化启动效能的影响

厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation,ANAMMOX)菌生长缓慢是影响其实际应用的主要问题之一,选取合适的接种污泥十分重要.本研究采用好氧污泥、厌氧颗粒污泥和厌氧消化污泥3种接种污泥,分别经过61、70和85 d的运行均实现了厌氧氨氧化过程,氨氮去除率分别为82%、92%和91%,总氮去除率达76%、82%和80%.分别接种3种污泥源的厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)R1、R2、1t3出水pH值最终稳定在8.4、8.5、8.5.好氧污泥呈絮状,但沉降性比接种前好,厌氧颗粒污泥解体后最终形成粒径集中在0.5～1.0 mm的污泥,厌氧消化污泥则呈沙化状态,有细小颗粒出现.根据厌氧氨氧化细胞产率系数及NH4+-N、NO2--N去除量和NO3--N生成量之间的计量学关系,估算出厌氧氨氧化菌产率系数(以1 mol NH4+产生的CH2O0.5N0.15量计)分别为0.080、0.105和0.114 mol·mol-1,说明反应器内厌氧氨氧化菌有不同程度的衰减.总体而言,厌氧颗粒污泥是富集厌氧氨氧化菌的最适污泥源.     

三氮的离子色谱法连续测定研究

本文首次提出用电导检测器和紫外检测器串联,对氮的三种形态(N-NO_2~-,N-NO_3~-,N-NH_4~+)进行连续测定;盐酸/甘氨酸作淋洗液,HPIC-CS_5作分离柱,建立了同时测定“三氮”灵敏的色谱方法,方法的线性相关系数大于0.999,各离子的相对标准偏差均小于0.5％,对样品的测定,回收率均在100％％+5％以内,与标准方法比较,结果颇为一致。     

新型生物脱氮技术的工艺研究

以上流式厌氧污泥床反应器（ Ｕ Ａ Ｓ Ｂ） 作为厌氧氨氧化（ａｎａｍ ｍｏｘ） 反应器,用无机盐培养液完成了反应器的启动,并稳态运行ａｎａｍ ｍｏｘ 反应器．采用生物膜反应器作为生物硝化反应器,以无机盐培养液完成反应器的启动．将硝化反应器和ａｎａｍｍｏｘ 反应器组合在一起构成新型生物脱氮系统,以硝化反应器的出水作为ａｎａｍｍｏｘ反应器的进水,同时补充相应数量的 Ｎ Ｈ４ ＋ Ｎ．整个系统的总氮容积去除率可达１ ５７７ ｍｇ Ｌ－ １ ｄ － １ ．该新型生物脱氮系统能同时去除 Ｎ Ｈ４ ＋ Ｎ 和 Ｎ Ｏ Ｘ－ Ｎ,并且对高浓度的 Ｎ Ｈ４ ＋ Ｎ 去除具有较大的潜力．     

Release of nitrite by marine dinoflagellates: development of a mathematical simulation

The dinoflagellates Scrippsiella trochoidea (Stein) and Alexandrium minutum (Halim) were grown in a light–dark cycle with nitrate or nitrate plus ammonium under three different nutrient-supply regimes (dilution with fresh media in dark phase only or during the entire light–dark cycle at the same daily dilution rate, or with a faster continuous dilution). When supplied with nitrate + ammonium, A. minutum released a proportion (as much as 100% from dark-fed cells) of the nitrate taken up during the dark phase as nitrite, reflecting a rate-limiting step at nitrite reduction and poor regulation of inorganic-N uptake and assimilation. S. trochoidea released much smaller amounts of nitrite, if any. Nitrate and ammonium were not accumulated to any extent by either species in darkness, and the transient increases in the size of the free amino acid pool were too small to explain the fate of the newly assimilated N. Thus uptake through to incorporation of N into macromolecules appeared to be coupled in these species, even in darkness when increasing glutamine:glutamate (Gln:Glu) ratios suggested rising C-stress. A mechanistic model was developed from an earlier ammonium–nitrate interaction model (ANIM) by the inclusion of an internal nitrite pool, with control over the supply of reductant for nitrite reduction linked to photosynthetic and respiratory components. The model can reproduce the release of nitrite seen in the experiments, and also the release of nitrite in response to nitrate-feeding of N-stressed cells reported elsewhere. Received: 22 August 1997 / Accepted: 26 September 1997     

Radioactive Isotopes of Strontium,Caesium and Plutonium in Sediments of the Northern Adriatic Sea

Changes in nitrification rates of an acid grassland soil with and without air drying have been monitored over 9 days, after first flushing native nitrate from the soils with deionised water. The results confirmed that full re-establishment of nitrification after air drying takes several days, supporting the hypothesis that any immediate first flush of nitrate from air-dried soils originates from cell lysis or flushing of ‘stored’ nitrate. Ammonium spiking confirmed that nitrification was not ammonium substrate limited. It was also found that ammonium accumulates in the soil during the drying process, providing a substrate pool once the population of nitrifiers has re-established. Over the first week of incubation, nitrate immobilisation was less conspicuous in the soil that had been rewetted after air drying compared with the incubated field moist soil.     

碳源及碳氮比对异养反硝化微生物异养反硝化作用的影响

碳源(甘油和柠檬酸钠)及碳氮比对纯培养的异养反硝化菌HP1 (Pseudomonasalcaligenes)异养反硝化能力影响的试验表明,碳源种类对硝酸还原酶活性没有明显影响,对氧化亚氮还原酶活性有影响。批式培养方式下最适C/N为8,菌株HP1可以利用NO-3 作为唯一氮源进行反硝化作用,证明HP1至少有2种硝酸还原途径。连续培养方式下温度对菌株HP1异养反硝化作用中间产物的积累有影响,不同C/N时均有NH+4 积累,C/N为3时还有NO-2 的积累。     

Interactions of inorganic nitrogen in the uptake and assimilation by marine phytoplankton

The effect of ambient ammonium concentration on the nitrate uptake rate of marine phytoplankton was investigated. These studies consisted of laboratory experiments using unialgal species and field experiments using natural phytoplankton communities. In laboratory experiments, ammonium suppressed the uptake rates of nitrate and nitrite. Approximately 30 min were required for ammonium to exhibit its fully inhibitory effect on nitrate uptake. At high ammonium concentration (>3 g-at/l), a residual nitrate uptake rate of approximately 0.006 h^-1 was observed. When the ambient ammonium concentration was reduced to a value less than 1 g-at/l, the suppressed nitrate uptake rate subsequently attained a value comparable to that observed before the addition of ammonium. A range of 25 to 60% reduction in the nitrate uptake rate of natural phytoplankton communities was observed at ambient ammonium concentrations of 1.0 g-at/l. A mechanism is proposed for the suppression of nitrate uptake rate by ammonium through feedback control of the nitrate permease system and/or the nitrate reductase enzyme system. The feedback control is postulated to be regulated by the level of total amino acids in the cell.Contribution No. 936 from the Department of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. This paper represents a portion of a dissertation submitted to the Department of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree.     

氨氧化木质素作为硝化抑制剂的研究

通过室内培养实验对氨氧化木质素(AOL)的硝化抑制作用进行了探讨。在相同条件下,分别加AOL和DCD处理的铵态氮质量分数都要比未加硝化抑制剂处理的高;相应地,在开始阶段硝态氮质量分数也要比未加硝化抑制剂处理的低。研究结果表明,AOL作为硝化抑制剂是有效果的。     

双波长标准加入法同时测定水中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐

本文应用双波长标准加入法同时测定了硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐，在研究硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐紫外光谱的基础上，精确选择亚硝酸盐等吸收点波长２０２．５ｎｍ，２１６．５ｎｍ为测定波长。亚硝酸盐含量回归方程经推导得Ｃ＝－３．８４１＋１５６．６Ａ，相关系Ｒ＝１．０００。将该法用于合成样品及实际水样分析，所得结果较满意。     

Short-term interaction between nitrate and ammonium uptake inThalassiosira pseudonana: Effect of preconditioning nitrogen source and growth rate

The effect of preconditioning nitrogen source and growth rate on the interaction between nitrate and ammonium uptake was determined inThalassiosira pseudonana (Clone 3H). A new method, using cells on a filter (Parslow et al. 1985), allowed continuous measurement of uptake from 0.5 to 9 min after the addition of nitrate, ammonium, or both, with no variation in concentration during the course of the experiment. For each preconditioning N source and growth rate, a series of uptake experiments was conducted, including controls with only nitrate or only ammonium, and others with different combinations of concentrations of nitrate and ammonium. For the first time, preference for ammonium was separated from inhibition of nitrate uptake by ammonium. Ammonium was the preferred N source, i.e. if nitrate and ammonium were presented separately, ammonium uptake rates exceeded nitrate uptake rates. Preference for ammonium varied with both preconditioning N source and growth rate. Inhibition of nitrate uptake by ammonium, determined by comparing nitrate uptake in the presence and absence of ammonium, was observed at ammonium concentrations > 1µM, but was rarely complete. Inhibition of nitrate uptake by ammonium was less in the ammonium-limited culture than in the cultures growing on nitrate, but invariant with growth rate in the nitrate-grown cultures. Below 1µM ammonium, nitrate uptake was often stimulated and rates exceeded those in the controls without ammonium. Ammonium uptake was not inhibited by the presence of nitrate.T. pseudonana fits the classical view of the interaction between nitrate and ammonium uptake in some respects, such as preference for ammonium, and inhibition of nitrate uptake by ammonium concentrations > 1µM. However, at ammonium concentrations typical of most marine environments, nitrate uptake occurs at rapid rates. In other respects, N uptake inT. pseudonana deviates from the classical view in the following ways: (1) stimulation of nitrate uptake by low concentrations of ammonium; (2) lack of inhibition of nitrate uptake by ammonium at low nitrate concentrations; and (3) variation in preference and inhibition with preconditioning, which is markedly different for other species. Because of the apparent enormous species variation in the interaction between nitrate and ammonium uptake and the lack of detailed information for a variety of species, it is difficult to generalize about the effect of ammonium on nitrate uptake, especially in the field, where prior N availability and species composition are not usually addressed.