深圳大气颗粒物中卤代多环芳烃污染研究

利用GC-MS方法分析了卤代多环芳烃在深圳市大气颗粒物(PM10和PM2.5)中的含量水平.所关注的9种卤代多环芳烃在PM10和PM2.5中的含量范围分别是118~1 476 pg·m-3和89~407 pg·m-3.在PM10和PM2.5样品中,9-Br Ant的含量水平最高,其次是7-Br Ba A和9,10-Br2Ant.深圳市大气PM10和PM2.5中卤代多环芳烃总含量水平表现出冬季秋季春季夏季的季节变化规律,但是各卤代多环芳烃单体含量水平的季节变化特征不同.温度、降水量和相对湿度等气象条件可能是影响大气PM10和PM2.5中卤代多环芳烃含量水平季节变化特征的重要因素.此外,PM10和PM2.5中卤代多环芳烃的含量水平与母体多环芳烃之间存在显著的相关关系.最后,本研究估算了卤代多环芳烃的毒性当量,大气PM10和PM2.5中卤代多环芳烃的毒性当量变化范围分别是17.6~86.2 pg·m-3和14.6~70.4 pg·m-3.其中,7-Br Ba A对卤代多环芳烃总毒性当量的贡献最大.结果表明深圳市大气PM10和PM2.5中卤代多环芳烃的总毒性当量低于母体多环芳烃.     

多环芳烃对海洋硅藻中肋骨条藻的光毒性效应

许多生态毒理学研究尤其是对水生生物的毒性研究表明,阳光中的紫外辐射(UV)能够促进多环芳烃的生物毒性. 以长江口浮游植物群落中的常年主要优势种之一——中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)为实验材料,选择2个环的萘,3个环的菲和蒽,4个环的荧蒽和芘5种寡环多环芳烃,在实验室内比较了它们在没有UV辐射和有UV辐射下对中肋骨条藻的毒性效应. 结果表明:在没有UV照射下,萘、菲、蒽、荧蒽和芘对中肋骨条藻的72 h EC50值分别比有UV照射下时高约1.9,8.4,13.0,6.5和5.7倍,其中蒽相差的倍数最大.在没有UV照射情况下,5种多环芳烃对中肋骨条藻种群生长的抑制作用强度表现为荧蒽>芘>蒽>菲>萘;而当系统中加入UV照射后,毒性强度变为荧蒽≈蒽>芘>菲>萘,表明UV照射不仅能够促进多环芳烃对中肋骨条藻的毒性,也能够改变它们对中肋骨条藻的相对毒性.      

有机磷农药对卤虫的联合毒性研究

前　言卤虫 (Ａｒｔｅｍｉａ)是一类生活于高盐水体中的鳃足纲甲壳动物 ,广泛分布于全世界含有氯化钠、硫酸盐等的高盐水域中。我国的卤虫资源十分丰富。卤虫作为动物性饵料已广泛应于水产养殖业 ,尤其它可作为对虾幼体的良好饵料而受到越来越多的重视。但随着农林业的发展 ,农药对环境的污染越来越严重 ,目前广泛使用的有机磷农药的数量和种类也越来越多 ,致使多种农药同时进入海洋环境或污染养殖场水体。此外 ,不同农药的混配也直接形成多种农药共存的现象 ,造成对生物的毒性效应。因此只用单一农药的毒性实验结果往往不能客观反应出农药…     

成都市PM10中多环芳烃来源识别及毒性评估

对成都市2009年冬夏两季可吸入颗粒物(PM10)中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)含量进行了研究,并进一步分析其空间分布、组成特征及来源.结果表明,16种PAHs中15种被普遍检出(Nap未检出),冬季和夏季的ΣPAHs浓度范围分别为40.25~150.68ng/m3和44.51~71.16ng/m3,平均浓度分别为88.36ng/m3和64.21ng/m3.空间分析表明,PAHs浓度在工业区较高,背景点较低.从PAHs组分分析结果显示,低环含量较低,4~6环所占比例较大,其比例范围为86.7%~96.1%.各组分含量季节差异不明显.利用特征化合物比值法、等级聚类法、PCA解析法分析了污染源类型,结果表明成都市PM10中PAHs的主要来源是机动车尾气排放源,以及煤与木材燃烧源.通过BaP当量(BaPE)进行了毒性评估,结果显示成都市冬夏两季的BaPE均值分别为13.41ng/m3和9.54ng/m3.     

深圳茅洲河表层沉积物卤代多环芳烃污染研究

利用GC-MS方法分析了卤代多环芳烃(halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,HPAHs)在深圳茅洲河流域表层沉积物中的含量水平以及空间分布特征.所关注的3种氯代多环芳烃(chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,ClPAHs)和6种溴代多环芳烃(brominated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,BrPAHs)的含量范围分别是3.00～301 ng.g-1和7.52～285ng.g-1.表层沉积物中HPAHs的主要污染来源包括垃圾焚烧、化石燃料的燃烧、汽车尾气以及农作物秸秆焚烧,它们所占的比例分别是40%、20.5%、11.9%和11.7%.此外,表层沉积物中ClPAHs和BrPAHs的毒性当量(toxic equivalency quotients,TEQs)范围分别是7.95～38.1 pg.g-1和38.1～105 pg.g-1.研究发现,HPAHs的含量与采样点周边土地利用类型有关.随着工业用地密度的增大,表层沉积物中HPAHs的含量呈现出一个先增后减的趋势;而表层沉积物中HPAHs的含量与农业用地密度呈反比关系.     

鞍山市大气中多环芳烃健康影响评价

通过对鞍山市典型区域（6个污染源、4个居住区、一个对照点）大气颗粒物中PAHs的监测,采用BaP当量致毒系数TEF,研究了鞍山市大气颗粒物中典型PAHs毒性当量分布特征。研究结果表明,鞍山大气中典型PAHs污染主要以4～6环为主,不致癌BaP当量浓度为0．066ng/m3,致癌BaP当量浓度为12．7ng／m3,强致癌BaP当量浓度为8．1ng/m3,很强致癌BaP当量浓度为12．7ng／m3。BaP毒性当量浓度呈现出采暖期要远远高于非采暖期,工业区及工业区周边BaP毒性当量浓度要远远高于居住区和对照点。     

鲫鱼肝微粒体芳烃羟化酶指示多环芳烃对水体污染的研究

以萘和2．6－二甲基萘作为鲫鱼（Carassius auratus）肝徽粒体芳烃羟化酶（AHH）的底物,研究被多环芳烃污染后,鲫鱼肝微粒体AHH的活力变化及其动力学,并研究了相向条件下雌雄鲫鱼肝微粒体AHH的活力差异。结果显示AHH的表观米氏常数（K_m）．萘为43.5,2.6－二甲基萘为12.5：最大反应速度常数,萘为312.5．2.6－二甲基萘为230。表明鲫鱼肝微粒体AHH对2.6－二甲基萘有很大的亲和力,其活力的大小可作为指示多环芳烃对淡水污染的指标。     

成都市冬季PM2.5中多环芳烃的源解析与毒性源解析

对成都市2010~2011年住宅区冬季PM2.5中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了来源解析、毒性评估以及毒性源解析研究.结果表明,16种PAHs普遍检出,成都市冬季PM2.5中的ΣPAHs浓度范围为22.79~215.82ng/m3,平均浓度为71.38ng/m3.PAHs组分分析结果显示,低环(2~3环)PAHs含量较低,高环(4~6环)所占比例较大,其比例范围为75.95%~99.52%.利用EPA PMF5.0解析PAHs污染源类型,结果表明成都市冬季PM2.5中PAHs的主要来源是煤和木材燃烧源、柴油燃烧源和汽油燃烧源,其分担率分别是14.88%、31.34%和54.08%.等效因子(TEF)毒性评估表明,成都市冬季的TEQ均值为16.82ng/m3.此外,运用PMF-TEF耦合模型对PAHs进行了毒性源解析,结果表明煤和木材燃烧、柴油燃烧和汽油燃烧的毒性分担率分别是12.39%、24.78%、62.83%.     

热解时间对污泥基生物炭中多环芳烃含量及毒性的影响

污泥基生物炭作为土壤改良剂,为污泥提供了一种可持续的资源化利用技术.但由于其中可能含有多环芳烃(PAHs)、重金属等污染物,具有潜在的环境风险,如何制备环境友好的生物炭成为后续利用的先决条件.设置热解温度为500℃,升温速率为10℃/min时,采用4种不同热解时间(1～4 h)制备污泥基生物炭,通过提取测试发现热解后P...     

原煤中多环芳烃的分离与测定

本实验以苯为溶剂对不同产地、不同品种的原煤进行了提取。提取液经柱层析分离及薄层层析和纸层析进一步纯化。利用色质联用、荧光光谱和高压液相色谱等方法对提取液中的多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了测定,并用标准样品验证,在原煤中检测出51种多环芳烃,其含量为0.002—44.2ppm。 本文提供了原煤中多环芳烃的本底数据并试图探索不同煤种与多环芳烃含量的相关性。     

Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during heating season in Beijing

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and their nitrated derivatives(NPAHs) attract continuous attention due to their outstanding carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. In order to investigate the diurnal variations, sources, formation mechanism, and health risk assessment of them in heating season, particulate matter(PM) were collected in Beijing urban area from December 26, 2017 to January 17, 2018. PAHs and NPAHs in PM were quantitatively analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS). ...     

Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by fungal enzymes: A review

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large group of chemicals. They represent an important concern due to their widespread distribution in the environment, their resistance to biodegradation, their potential to bioaccumulate and their harmful effects. Several pilot treatments have been implemented to prevent economic consequences and deterioration of soil and water quality. As a promising option, fungal enzymes are regarded as a powerful choice for degradation of PAHs. Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus and Bjerkandera adusta are most commonly used for the degradation of such compounds due to their production of ligninolytic enzymes such as lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase and laccase. The rate of biodegradation depends on many culture conditions, such as temperature, oxygen, accessibility of nutrients and agitated or shallow culture. Moreover, the addition of biosurfactants can strongly modify the enzyme activity. The removal of PAHs is dependent on the ionization potential. The study of the kinetics is not completely comprehended, and it becomes morem hallenging when fungi are applied for bioremediation. Degradation studies in soil are much more complicated than liquid cultures because of the heterogeneity of soil, thus, many factors should be considered when studying soil bioremediation, such as desorption and bioavailability of PAHs. Different degradation pathways can be suggested. The peroxidases are heme-containing enzymes having common catalytic cycles. One molecule of hydrogen peroxide oxidizes the resting enzyme withdrawing two electrons. Subsequently, the peroxidase is reduced back in two steps of one electron oxidation. Laccases are copper-containing oxidases. They reduce molecular oxygen to water and oxidize phenolic compounds.     

有机污染物多环芳烃检测方法及进展

就近年来有机污染物多环芳烃检测方法及进展作一综述,方法包括高效液相色谱法、气相色谱一质谱联用法、毛细管电泳分析法、荧光法、免疫检测法以及表面增强拉曼散色光谱检测法,为在环境监测、食品检测等方面的应用提供了依据。     

Characteristics of particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emitted from industrial grade biomass boilers

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) are carcinogenic or mutagenic and are important toxic pollutants in the flue gas of boilers. Two industrial grade biomass boilers were selected to investigate the characteristics of particulate-bound PAHs: one biomass boiler retro-fitted from an oil boiler(BB1) and one specially designed(BB2) biomass boiler. One coal-fired boiler was also selected for comparison. By using a dilution tunnel system, particulate samples from boilers were collected and 10 PAH species were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry(GC–MS). The total emission factors(EFs) of PAHs ranged from 0.0064 to0.0380 mg/kg, with an average of 0.0225 mg/kg, for the biomass boiler emission samples. The total PAH EFs for the tested coal-fired boiler were 1.8 times lower than the average value of the biomass boilers. The PAH diagnostic ratios for wood pellets and straw pellets were similar.The ratio of indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene/[indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene + benzo(g,h,i)perylene] for the two biomass boilers was lower than those of the reference data for other burning devices, which can probably be used as an indicator to distinguish the emission of biomass boilers from that of industrial coal-fired boilers and residential stoves. The toxic potential of the emission from wood pellet burning was higher than that from straw pellet burning, however both of them were much lower than residential stove exhausts.     

多环芳烃的微生物降解与生物修复

生物修复在治理多环芳烃污染环境中的作用日益突出，其应用越来越受到重视。文中概述了生物修复技术发展的基础－多环芳烃微生物降解，论述了降解微生物分离、驯化、咱类、降解机制等，探讨了提高多环芳烃降解速率的途径及其存在的一些问题，并对今后的发展进行了展望。     

Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and risk for premature ovarian failure and reproductive hormones imbalance

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) are a typical class of persistent organic pollutants that is ubiquitous worldwide.Previous animal studies suggested that PAHs had adverse effects on female reproduction.However,the human data regarding relationship of PAHs exposure with women reproductive health,such as ovarian dysfunction,are scarce.In this case-control study,the associations of serum levels of PAHs with the risk of premature ovarian failure(POF) and reproductive hormones in Chinese women ...     

Detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using a high performance-single particle aerosol mass spectrometer

The real-time detection of the mixing states of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs in ambient particles is of great significance for analyzing the source, aging process, and health effects of PAHs and nitro-PAHs; yet there is still few effective technology to achieve this type of detection. In this study, 11 types of PAH and nitro-PAH standard samples were analyzed using a high performance-single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (HP-SPAMS) in lab studies. The identification principles ‘parent ions’ and ‘mass-to-charge (m/z) = 77’ of each compound were obtained in this study. It was found that different laser energies did not affect the identification of the parent ions. The comparative experiments of ambient atmospheric particles, cooking and biomass burning emitted particles with and without the addition of PAHs were conducted and ruled out the interferences from primary and secondary organics on the identification of PAHs. Besides, the reliability of the characteristic ions extraction method was evaluated through the comparative study of similarity algorithm and deep learning algorithm. In addition, the real PAH-containing particles from vehicle exhaust emissions and ambient particles were also analyzed. This study improves the ability of single particle mass spectrometry technology to detect PAHs and nitro-PAHs, and HP-SPAMS was superior to SPAMS for detecting single particles containing PAHs and nitro-PAHs. This study provides support for subsequent ambient observations to identify the characteristic spectrum of single particles containing PAHs and nitro-PAHs.     

多环芳烃在水/有机膨润土间的分配行为

用阳离子表面活性剂（DTMAB、BDTDAB、CTMAB、OTMAB）改性膨润土制得一系列有机膨润土．研究了萘、菲、蒽、苊４种多环芳烃（PAHs）在水／有机膨润土间的分配行为;描述了多环芳烃在水／有机膨润土间的分配系数（K_oc）与有机物本身性质（K_oc、S）之间的关系．结果表明,萘、菲、蒽、苊在水／有机膨润土间的分配系数（K_oc）基本为一常数,与有机膨润土吸附介质无关,相应的分配系数为 2.247×10⁴、2.621×10⁵、2.106×10⁵、5.085×10⁴,其值比多环芳烃在土壤（沉积物）的K_oc大约高10～20倍,这是有机膨润土可用于污染土壤和地下水修复的必要条件之一．