壬基酚对浮游生物的毒性效应及其食物链传递研究

以蛋白核小球藻及5种枝角类(微型裸腹溞、多刺裸腹溞、盔型溞、蚤状溞、大型溞)浮游动物为研究对象,开展壬基酚(NP)对浮游生物的毒性效应,及NP在"水-蛋白核小球藻-大型溞"食物链的生物富集和生物传递能效研究.结果表明:NP对微藻的半抑制效应浓度为3.33mg/L;对5种枝角类浮游动物的48h半致死效应浓度范围介于8.67~131.79μg/L,裸腹溞属耐受性显著高于溞属.1和5μg/LNP连续暴露下,大型溞存活率显著降低,且首次繁殖时间延迟,前者仅在第8d有子代产出,而后者未观察到子代个体.微藻对培养液中0.1mg/LNP的生物富集系数(BCF)在3h时达到最大值7393.投喂NP暴露后的微藻,大型溞摄食率呈显著降低的趋势,且第3d天出现死亡现象.大型溞体内NP含量最大值为0.07mg/g,NP经蛋白核小球藻传递到大型溞的生物富集系数仅为0.097.NP的低食物链传递可能与大型溞对NP的转化、大型溞生长过程中的蜕壳以及摄食后的消化和排泄过程有关.     

壬基酚对成体玫瑰无须性腺的毒性效应

以成体玫瑰无须（Puntius conchonius）为实验材料,通过半致死浓度（LC₅₀）、性腺指数以及组织病理学指标对壬基酚（NP）的毒性进行了评价.结果表明,在半静止条件下,壬基酚对成体玫瑰无须96 h的LC₅₀为（1 .72 ± 0 .06） μmol/L;在亚急性毒性（0 .17、0 .34和0 .68 μmol/L）下成体玫瑰无须暴露于壬基酚21 d后,其精巢指数（TSI）与卵巢指数（OSI）显著降低,并具有明显的剂量-效应关系;同时精巢与卵巢也发生了明显的组织病理学变化,精巢中支持细胞增生、生殖细胞数量减少;卵巢中卵泡发育迟缓、闭锁现象增加.结果说明壬基酚对玫瑰无须的雌、雄性腺均具有毒性效应,干扰了精卵的发育成熟.另外,玫瑰无须对壬基酚具有较高的敏感性,也是评价壬基酚毒性的一种理想模式鱼类.     

壬基酚对胶州湾典型微藻的毒性效应

以胶州湾常见优势藻种中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)和旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceros curvisetus)为受试生物,考察了壬基酚(NP)对两种海洋微藻的急性毒性效应,同时以超氧化歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量为指标,研究了两种海洋微藻细胞内抗氧化系统对NP氧化胁迫的响应。结果表明,NP对中肋骨条藻和旋链角毛藻生长抑制的96 h-EC50分别为0.13 mg/L和0.22 mg/L,中肋骨条藻对NP的毒性更为敏感。当中肋骨条藻培养体系中NP浓度在0.04～0.16 mg/L和旋链角毛藻培养体系中NP浓度在0.05～0.20 mg/L时,两种海洋微藻体内SOD活性均呈现出先诱导上升后抑制降低的变化趋势,MDA含量则随NP浓度的增大而增大;而在低浓度NP(<0.05 mg/L)胁迫下,96 h实验周期内,两种微藻细胞内SOD活性和MDA含量与不添加NP的对照组相比无显著差异(P>0.05),表明低浓度的NP胁迫下微藻体内诱导产生的抗氧化酶能够及时清除活性氧自由基,防止细胞受到损伤。暴露实验72 h后,两种微藻细胞内的SOD活性和MDA含量与NP作用浓度呈现显著的浓度-效应关系,这表明微藻细胞内SOD活性和MDA含量可以作为生物标志物用于近海水体中NP生态风险评价。     

壬基酚对羊角月牙藻的毒性效应研究

为研究壬基酚（NP）对淡水微藻的毒性效应特点,选取模式生物羊角月牙藻（Selenastrum capricornutum）为受试对象,设置5个暴露处理浓度：0.1,0.3,0.6,0.9,1.2mg/L.观察并测定羊角月牙藻的生长情况、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量等指标,并通过植物光合效率仪测定叶绿素荧光诱导动力学参数,分析NP对光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）的影响.结果表明,NP限制羊角月牙藻生长的96h EC50为0.979mg/L;NP处理浓度为0.3mg/L时,可以对羊角月牙藻生长产生抑制效应,与对照组相比,主要光合色素（叶绿素）含量下降,MDA含量显著增加,过氧化氢酶（CAT）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性显著上升,最大光能转化效率（Fv/Fm）显著下降,ABS/RC（单位反应中心吸收光能）显著上升,DI0/RC（单位反应中心耗散能量）、ET0/RC（单位反应中心捕获用于电子传递的能量）、TR0/RC（反应中心用于还原QA的能量）也随之升高;当处理浓度≥0.9mg/L后,CAT和SOD活性、TR0/RC显著下降,DI0/RC显著升高,表明PSⅡ受到损伤.由此可知,NP能够破坏膜系统完整性、诱发抗氧化系统响应并造成PSⅡ损伤,降低光能转化效率,对羊角月牙藻具有毒性效应,对水域生态系统具有潜在风险.     

应用蛋白核小球藻监测工业废水毒性的研究

实验结果表明，苯酚浓度与蛋白核小球藻生长抑制率成线相关，相关水平小于０．０１。依据苯酚对蛋白核小球藻的毒性效应呈线性相关规律，探索出以蛋白核小球藻作为监测生物，用苯酚作为参比毒物，将工业污染废水定量地表征出其综合毒性。这种监测与评价方法的结果与实际水质状况基本相符。     

二苯甲酮对蛋白核小球藻的毒性研究

为分析环境污染物二苯甲酮对淡水藻类的毒性效应,以蛋白核小球藻为受试对象进行了染毒和生理指标分析。结果显示二苯甲酮会抑制该种藻类的增殖,96hEC50值为3.98mg/L。染毒8天后,二苯甲酮达到或超过3.9mg/L剂量会影响蛋白核小球藻的光合作用和抗氧化能力等,表现为叶绿素含量降低、各种抗氧化酶类的活性降低、丙二醛含量升高(p<0.05)。     

三甲基氯化锡对水生生物的毒性效应

研究了三甲基氯化锡(TMT)对蛋白核小球藻、大型溞和斑马鱼的急性毒性影响.结果表明,TMT在实验浓度下,对蛋白核小球藻的生长有抑制作用,浓度越高抑制作用越明显.较高浓度组(5.31,20mg/L)可致死部分蛋白核小球藻细胞,TMT对蛋白核小球藻的96h-EC50为0.46mg/L,属于极高毒物质;TMT对大型溞的48h-LC50为0.087mg/L,也属于极高毒性;TMT对斑马鱼的96h-LC50为2.45mg/L,属于高毒性.TMT对这3种水生生物的抑制率/致死率(EC50/LC50)随时间呈规律性变化.TMT的神经毒性和亲脂特性可能是其对水生生物较高毒性的主要原因.     

二氯甲烷和二氯乙烷对蛋白核小球藻的毒性影响研究

研究了二氯甲烷和1,2-二氯乙烷对蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)生长和生化指标的毒性效应.结果表明,二氯甲烷和1,2-二氯乙烷对蛋白核小球藻生长有影响.随着2种毒物浓度的增大,其对藻生长的抑制越明显,藻细胞密度均呈现下降的趋势.二氯甲烷和1,2-二氯乙烷抑制蛋白核小球藻生长的96 h-EC50分别为550.1 mg/L和276.0 mg/L,1,2-二氯乙烷的毒性要稍强于二氯甲烷.2种毒物联合作用时基本表现为拮抗作用.叶绿素a含量随毒物浓度增加而迅速下降,SOD和CAT的活性随毒物浓度升高呈现先升高后下降的钟形曲线.MDA的含量随毒物浓度升高而急剧上升,膜脂过氧化加剧.表明毒物通过产生活性氧自由基引起生物大分子的氧化损伤可能是其对蛋白核小球藻产生毒性效应的主要原因.     

商品氯氰菊酯农药对蛋白核小球藻的毒性效应研究

研究了氯氰菊酯对蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)生长、细胞内含物(可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖)及抗氧化酶类(超氧化物歧化酶,SOD)、膜脂氧化产物(丙二醛,MDA)的影响.结果表明,在氯氰菊酯暴露下,藻细胞的生长受到不同程度的抑制,且抑制程度随氯氰菊酯浓度的增大而增大,氯氰菊酯对蛋白核小球藻生长的72h半效应浓度(EC50)为4.89mg·L-1.藻细胞所有生理生化指标对氯氰菊酯响应迅速,在暴露初期较为敏感,24h后趋于平稳.其中,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量上升,中等浓度组(3.2,5.6mg·L-1)上升趋势最为显著.SOD活性则呈现出低浓度(1.0,1.8mg·L-1)促进、高浓度(>3.2mg·L-1)抑制效应.氯氰菊酯可使藻体内丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,氯氰菊酯浓度越高,藻体内MDA含量越高.研究结果表明,对藻细胞SOD活性的抑制及膜脂过氧化可能是氯氰菊酯对蛋白核小球藻产生毒害作用的重要原因.     

铜、锌和锰抑制蛋白核小球藻生长的毒性效应

运用评价化学品毒性藻类测试的标准实验方法 ,得到铜、锌和锰对蛋白核小球藻生长的安全浓度分别为31.8μg/L、65.0μg/L和 5.5mg/L ,抑制蛋白核小球藻生长的 96h EC₅₀ 分别为 67.3μg/L、473.0 μg/L和 17.0mg/L .实验结果表明无论从安全浓度还是从 96h EC₅₀ 考虑 ,都证明抑制蛋白核小球藻生长的毒性由大到小的顺序是铜 >锌 >锰 .不同金属离子与藻细胞的不同亲和性是导致金属离子抑制蛋白核小球藻生长毒性差异的主要原因 .     

1,4-二氯苯对蛋白核小球藻的毒性效应

研究不同质量浓度的1,4-二氯苯(1,4-DCB)对蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)的生长状况、蛋白质含量、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性(SOD酶活性)和脂质过氧化丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响,检测1,4-DCB对海洋微藻的毒性效应及其毒性机理.结果表明:1,4-DCB对蛋白核小球藻的生长有一定的抑制作用,该效应表现出一定的浓度和时间依赖性;1,4-DCB处理4 d后,蛋白核小球藻细胞蛋白质含量和叶绿素含量下降,SOD酶活性降低,MDA含量升高,这表明1,4-DCB通过产生活性氧自由基引起脂质及其他生物大分子的氧化损伤可能是1,4-DCB对蛋白核小球藻产生毒害效应的主要机制,受有机物污染后藻类作为饵料的价值降低.      

Toxicity of the xenoestrogen nonylphenol and its biodegradation by the alga Cyclotella caspia

Alkylphenols (APs), the breakdown products of alkylphenol polyethoxylates that are widely used as surfactants, have been proven to exert estrogenic effects. With industrial development, higher concentrations of APs are discharged into aquatic environments. Nonylphenol (NP), the most noxious AP, is included in the blacklist of several countries. The toxicity of NP to the alga Cyclotella caspia and the biodegradation of NP by C. caspia were studied in the laboratory. The median effective concentration at 96 hr (96 hr EC50 ) of NP for C. caspia was found to be 0.18 mg/L. Five toxicity and three degradation indices were selected for toxicity and biodegradation experiments, respectively, in five or three concentrations of NP set by the 96 hr EC50 of NP. The algal growth rate and chlorophyll a contents decreased as NP concentration increased. The main manifestations of morphological deformity of the cells included volume expansion and the presence of cytoplasmic inclusions (lipid droplets). The abnormality rate of the cells increased with NP concentration and time, and was 100% at 0.22 and 0.26 mg/L of NP after 192 hr of culture. Superoxide dismutase activity initially increased and then declined at a higher NP toxicity of greater than 0.18 mg/L. After 192 hr of culture, the biodegradation rates of NP by C. caspia with initial concentrations of 0.14, 0.18, and 0.22 mg/L were 37.7%, 31.7%, and 6.5%, respectively. The kinetic equation of C. caspia biodegradation on NP was correlated with algal growth rate and initial NP concentration.     

硼化合物对普通小球藻的急性毒性效应

以普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)为受试生物,采用批量培养法考察了不同质量浓度的硼酸和四硼酸钠对藻细胞生物量、ρ(Chla)、ρ(蛋白质)以及MDA(丙二醛)含量的96 h急性毒性效应,初步探讨了硼化合物对普通小球藻的毒性作用. 结果表明:在2种硼化合物胁迫下藻细胞的生长受到抑制,尤其是当ρ(硼)≥40 mg/L时抑制作用极其显著(P<0.01);ρ(硼)为0~80 mg/L时,硼酸和四硼酸钠对藻细胞生长的最大抑制率分别为89.42%和86.72%,硼的抑制作用呈明显的剂量-效应关系,并且随暴露时间延长而减弱,96 h时藻细胞恢复生长. 硼酸和四硼酸钠对藻细胞的96 h-EC₅₀(半数有效浓度)分别为82.03和71.19 mg/L(以硼计);与对照组相比,二者对普通小球藻的毒性效应表现为,随着暴露时间的延长,ρ(Chla)降低、ρ(蛋白质)先减后增、MDA含量升高. 研究显示,硼化合物对普通小球藻的毒性作用,可能是由于短期内引发藻细胞产生活性氧自由基并造成膜脂质和其他生物大分子的氧化损伤所致.      

4种典型羟基化多溴联苯醚对斑马鱼胚胎的毒性和生物富集性

羟基化多溴联苯醚(OH-PBDEs)是近年来发现的一种新型有机污染物,它的存在与人类生产的PBDEs有着密切的关系,因而备受关注.本文以斑马鱼胚胎为受试生物,研究了2'-羟基-2,3',4,5'-四溴联苯醚(2'-OH-BDE-68)、3-羟基-2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚(3-OH-BDE-47)、5-羟基-2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚(5-OH-BDE-47)、6-羟基-2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚(6-OH-BDE-47)4种典型OH-PBDEs对斑马鱼胚胎毒性效应和富集规律,测定了孵化率、存活率、正常率、心率、体长等指标和斑马鱼早期生活阶段体内的生物富集系数.结果表明,4种OH-PBDEs暴露引起斑马鱼胚胎孵化率、心率、存活率下降,畸形率升高并抑制生长发育.组织病理学研究显示,受试组斑马鱼与空白相比,出现鳃结构紊乱、腮丝上皮增厚、组织残损、脱落甚至坏死及脊椎变形等症状.2'-OH-BDE-68、3-OH-BDE-47、5-OH-BDE-47、6-OH-BDE-47的生物富集系数(45 d-BCF值)分别为424、244、588和144.     

Effect of nutrient conditions on the toxicity of naphthalene to Chlorella pyrenoidosa

The toxicity of naphthalene to a freshwater microalga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, and the subsequent recovery of algae from the damage were investigated under two nutrient conditions, either enriched with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), or starved of N and P. Results showed that C. pyrenoidosa was more sensitive to naphthalene under N,P-enriched condition, and the inhibitory rate generally increased at first and then decreased gradually with the evaporation of naphthalene under both nutrient conditions. Enriched N, P reduced the inhibitory rate at initial naphthalene concentration of 5 and 10 mg/L, but enhanced it at 100 mg/L, at which more severe ultrastructure damages were found than those under N,P-starved condition. Observed damages included partly or totally disappearance of nucleolus, nuclear, and plasma membranes. According to the chlorophyll content and cell density measurements, C. pyrenoidosa could recover from naphthalene damage with initial concentrations 6 50 mg/L in 7 days under both nutrient conditions, while they could not recover if the initial concentration of naphthalene was at 100 mg/L. Under the N,P-starved condition, the inability of C. pyrenoidosa to recover from the naphthalene damage was consistent with the results of high inhibitory rate, low value of specific growth rate (SGR, 0.05 day??1), and the severe destruction of cell structure. However, under the N,P-enriched conditions, the observed lower inhibitory rate, higher value of SGR (0.55 day??1), and the intact cell structure of most cells suggested that algae could potentially recover from the naphthalene damage.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn（II） on the growth of a green alga （ Chlorella pyrenoidosa）

Toxic effect of Zn（II） on a green alga （Chlorella pyrenoidosa） in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated. The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C. pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples （without adding any clay or Zn（II））. When Zn（II） was added, the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples, which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn（II） concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn（II） on the clays. When the solution system was diluted, the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn（II） concentration as in the diluted system. This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn（II） from the zinc-contaminated clays, although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite. Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn（H） played an important part in its toxicity, and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.     

Effects of chronic exposure to nonylphenol on locomotor activity and social behavior in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Nonylphenol(NP),a xenoestrogen ubiquitously found in aquatic ecosystems,is of high environmental concern.The present work assessed the effects of exposure to NP on locomotor activity and social behavior in male and female zebrafish(Danio rerio),to evaluate the possible hazard of NP to fish behavior and to pursue a potential biomarker of NP contamination.Fish were randomly divided into six groups.Five groups were receiving 0.1,1,10,50 and 100 μg/L nominal concentrations of NP for 60 days,respectively.A sixth control group was given the same treatment as the other five groups,but no NP.Locomotor activity,aggressive behavior,group preference and leaving shoal were examined.NP exposure showed marked influence on locomotor activity of the male zebrafish,whereas that of the female was not significantly affected by NP.Aggressive behavior and group preference were significantly affected by NP exposure in both male and female groups.Locomotor activity and aggressive behavior of the male and group preference of both male and female zebrafish were clearly inhibited at 100 μg/L NP.No significant alteration in leaving shoal was observed under NP exposure.The results suggested that changes in locomotor activity and aggressive behavior of the male and group preference of both male and female may be used as an ecologically relevant integrative biomarker of NP contamination.