China＇s Land Carrying Capacity Based on Man-grain Relationships

With population growth and increasing pressure on land resources, land carrying capacity （LCC） and food safety have been attracting great attention worldwide. From the point of man-grain relationship and by establishing LCC and land carrying capacity index （LCCI） models, this article firstly analyzes the spatial-temporal dynamics of LCC of China from 1949 to 2005 at county, provincial and national levels. Choosing 2005 as a representative year, this article then evaluates the LCC of 264 pastoral regions （semipastoral regions）, 663 urban regions and 592 poverty stricken regions of the country. The results show that： （1） from 1949 to 2005, with the increase of grain production, the LCC of China has been improved conspicuously, but due to the rapid population growth, the production can only maintain a low level grain consumption; （2） over the past 25 years （1980-2005）, the number of population overloading provinces decreased from 23 to 15 and the mangrain relationship has been improved gradually, but there were more overloading provinces than surplus provinces in China; （3） at county level, there were 1572 overloading counties in 1980 accounting for 68.26% of the total counties of the country and where were 649 million people lived, while in 1990, 2000 and 2005, the number of overloading counties were 1066, 1133 and 1087 respectively, which shows that the man-grain relationship has been improved obviously during the past 25 years; as for spatial distribution, the surplus counties were mainly concentrated in agriculture developed regions, such as Northeast Plain, North China Plain, middle and lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Plain, and overloading counties were mainly located in regions with poor natural environment and low grain production capacity, such as Northwest China, Tibetan Plateau and Loess Plateau and economically developed urban regions, such as Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai; （4） animal husbandry improved greatly the LCC of pastoral and semi-pastoral regions, while urban regions were overloading for increasing population pressure and more than half of poverty stricken regions were overloading due to critical natural environment and poor economic conditions.     

基于生态健康的农地生态承载力评价

针对农地生态承载力缺乏统一的概念和计量模型等问题，提出基于生态系统健康的农地生态承载力概念。构建基于生态系统健康的生态承载力理论框架，在此基础上建立生态承载力计量模型，给出生态承载力评价指标体系和标准的确定方法。以淮安市为研究区域，建立了适合该区域的基于生态系统健康的生态承载力评价指标体系、权重和评价标准，并对淮安市1996—2004以及规划年的生态承载力水平进行评价和深入分析。结果表明：淮安市农地生态承载力水平仍处于健康状态且不断提高。其中，生态弹性水平一直维持在非常健康状态，人类活动潜力逐步由亚健康状态过渡到健康状态，资源承载力水平则不断下降。以后应加强对农地生态承载力各指标进行优化，才能从根本上降低区域农地生态承载力压力，提高农地生态承载力水平。     

我国自然资源的承载力分析

发展与资源环境有着非常密切的依赖关系，这种实际存在的关系并不像目前流行的知识经济所设想的那样，可以通过开发技术从根本上加以改变。可持续发展不是不消耗资源。不是使发展完全摆脱对资源环境的影响和依赖，而是要将发展保持在资源环境可承载能力的限度以内。又不能使发展处于停滞状态。总体分析我国资源环境的承载力。表明：①生态空间严重不足，全国大范围出现生态赤字，但把不可再生资源计算在内的生态承载力还有巨大空间；②从全国范围来看，目前人口数量规模在水资源人口承载能力范围之内。但一些地区表现出水资源人口严重超载：③我国土地的人口承载力略有剩余，保持长期稳定的温饱具有自然资源保障基础：④我国能源矿产结构性矛盾十分突出，石油矿产长期短缺已成定局。石油能源承载能力明显不足；⑤总体上我国人口和经济发展还没有超出自然资源的承载力限度，但部分地区和部分自然资源严重超载。因此。对于目前我国资源环境的总体状况，我们既不能过分乐观也不能过分悲观的估计。总体上我国人口和经济规模还没有超越自然资源所能承载的限度。     

黑龙江省土地综合承载力空间差异研究

区域土地综合承载力研究为差别化土地利用政策的制定提供依据。本文根据土地综合承载力的内涵来构建评价指标体系,运用熵权法、多目标综合评价法及聚类分析法对黑龙江省土地综合承载力的空间差异进行研究。结果表明,黑龙江省土地综合承载力呈现出南高北低、西高东低的空间分异特征。通过障碍因素分析,表明:生态承载是高承载能力区和较高承载能力区(哈尔滨、大庆、齐齐哈尔、绥化)的主要障碍因素;经济承载是中等承载区(鸡西、伊春、佳木斯、牡丹江、黑河、大兴安岭)的主要障碍因素;水土资源承载是低承载能力区(鹤岗市、双鸭山和七台河)的主要障碍因素。在此基础上,针对不同土地综合承载区障碍因素特征提出了差别化土地利用政策。     

环境承载力理论在区域规划环境影响评价中的应用

环境承载力分析是区域规划环境影响评价的评价方法之一。对环境承载力的合理分析，能够反映区域社会经济和资源环境的协调程度，准确地评估区域规划对环境造成的影响，使评价更具科学性。在环境承载力定义的基础上，通过建立一定的指标体系，结合发展变量与限制变量之间关系的描述，研究了区域环境承载力的利用强度，由此提出了一种更为直观的环境综合承载力量化方法——环境承载力综合指数。并将其应用到广州市南沙国际汽车城规划环境影响评价中，为该规划的进一步完善提出了合理的建议。该方法能够准确反映区域规划对环境的影响，为区域的协调发展提供科学依据。     

生态承载力的国内外研究进展

阐述了承载力的起源、演化与发展以及国内外的相关研究进展；对生态承载力的不同概念和研究方法进行了简要评价。并比较其优劣；生态承载力的研究对于生态系统可持续发展的意义以及今后生态承载力研究方法的发展趋势。     

陕北地区土地利用与生态承载力动态变化分析

本文研究了陕北地区2003-2007年土地利用类型结构、动态度、程度以及生态承载力的时空动态变化,并采用回归分析方法研究了陕北地区延安市、榆林市土地利用程度与人均生态承载力的关系。结果表明,陕北地区耕地、牧草地、未利用土地面积总量及其比例减小,园地、林地、居民点及工矿用地、交通用地、水域面积增加;土地利用程度不断降低,总生态承载力和人均生态承载力逐年递减。论文还分析讨论了土地利用动态变化对生态承载力的影响以及相应的对策建议等问题。     

关于资源承载力的研究综述及思考

在回顾资源承载力研究的起源与发展历程．对土地资源、水资源等承载力研究的基本内容、评价方法进行较全面的概括和总结的基础上,对到目前为止的资源承载力研究中存在的问题提出了几点思考：①应将生态系统作为一个整体．在整体中研究其子系统的承载力；②资源承载力不是一个孤立、封闭的系统，不应只强调其空间限制性，而忽视其开放性；③资源承载力是一个动态的和变化的概念-因此对承载力的评估应变成一种范围估计；④资源承载力的大小由人们对资源的需求决定。     

Theoretical and Empirical Study on Urban Population Carrying Capacity: Case of Haidian District in Beijing

Abstract

The measurement of urban population carrying capacity is the basis for cities’ sustainable development. However, the traditional study on population carrying capacity which was based on food supply is not applicable to the single urban area. This paper built a model for the analysis of urban carrying capacity, and took Haidian District in Beijing as an example to calculate the urban carrying capacity of Haidian District in the future, which was the basis for the improvement of the population carrying capacity. This study would also provide a reference to the measurement of the urban population carrying capacity for other cities and districts in China.     

榆林市生态环境承载力评价分析

榆林市是我国重要的能源矿产资源的富集地,近年来,随着社会经济的快速发展,该市的生态系统(包括资源、环境)能否承受人类社会经济活动带来的压力,以榆林市的实际情况出发,建立生态环境承载力指标体系进行评价论证,得出水资源、土地资源和固废排放等的问题最为突出,为此提出了相应的对策建议。     

Theoretical and Empidcal Study on Urban Population Carrying Capacity:Case of Haidian District in Beijing

The measurement of urban population carrying capac- ity is the basis for cities' sustainable development.However,the traditional study on population carrying capacity which was based on food supply is not applicable to the single urban area.This paper built a model for the analysis of urban carrying capacity, and took Haidian District in Beijing as an example to calculate the urban carrying capacity of Haidian District in the future,which was the basis for the improvement of the population carrying capac...     

基于相对资源承载力的青岛市主体功能区区划

本文根据相对资源承载力研究方法,以全国作为参照区域计算了2005～2008年青岛市主要辖区相对自然资源承载力、相对经济资源承载力和综合承载力.分析结果表明:①对于相对自然资源承载力而言,平度市处于富余状态;莱西市处于临界状态;胶州市、即墨市、胶南市处于超载状态:青岛市市区则处于严重超载状态.相对自然资源承载力序列(由富余到超载):平度市>莱西市>胶州市>胶南市>即墨市>市区.②青岛市各辖区相对经济资源承载力全部处于富余状态,其中市区的相对经济资源承载能力最大.相对经济资源承载力序列(由富余到超载):市区>胶州市>胶南市>即墨市>藁西市>平度市.③青岛市各主要辖区综合承载力全部处于富余状态,且基本保持稳定.综合承载力序列(由大到小):市区>平度市>即墨市>胶州市>胶南市>莱西市.在此基础上.本文对青岛市2005-2008期间主要辖区的主体功能区进行了区划,结果显示青岛市所辖6市区均属于优化开发区,在"十二五"期间.产业调整与优化仍是区域可持续发展的重中之重.     

基于水资源承载量的新疆分区域人口压力分析

新疆是典型的内陆干旱半干旱地区。全面了解新疆各区域水资源对人口的承载力以及实际存在的人口压力状况。对于深刻认识干旱区人口与环境的关系。制定有针对性的分区域可持续发展战略和决策，有着重要的意义。本文通过定性和定量的研究，对新疆不同区域的水资源人口承载密度指数以及人口承载压力指数进行了计算和区域对比分析，得到了一些基本结论：①不能一概而论机械照搬联合国关于干旱区和半干旱区人口密度的临界标准。各地应该有适合当时资源环境条件和经济技术水平的人口承载密度标准，而且这些标准是动态的而非静态的。②新疆当前平均的水资源人口承载密度是11人左右，大于联合国制定的干旱区人口密度临界标准，但小于半干旱区临界值。整个北疆的人口承载标准是23—26人／km^2，南疆的人口承载密度介于7．3～8人／km^2之间。各个地州之间也有较大差异。③目前新疆总体上看已经略微超载，人口对水资源和生态环境的压力比较大。而人口压力最大的地区在南疆塔里木盆地以南三个地州，人口严重超载。④从干旱区生态环境的保护利用来说。必须对生态用水予以充分考虑。才能在承载量研究中兼顾资源与环境对人口的双重约束。     

Model Modification and Application on Carrying Capacity of Relative Resources

Abstract

Based on the retrospection of researches on carrying capacity, this article reviewed systematically the research progresses on carrying capacity of relative resources (CCRR). Then the viewpoint was put forward that CCRR is not an appropriate method of appraising the regional sustainability, but a sound way to obtain cognition for coordinating spatial location and flow of population and economy. However, as the most popular computing method of CCRR, the Weighting Linear Sum Model is defective in the random of weight choice and the neglect of matching among different resources. Therefore, this article established the Geometric Model on CCRR based on modifying Weighting Linear Sum Model, which can be used to appraise regions where resources are close matching. Employing the Geometric Model, the article empirically analyzed the population and economic CCRR in Hubei Province from 1978 to 2006. The result indicates that the population in Hubei Province is overloading while the economic carrying capacity is abundant compared to the whole country, and the economic insufficiency restricts the population carrying capacity. In the future, Hubei Province will become one of the core developing zones which are characterized by economic conglomeration.     

Model Modification and Application on Carrying Capacity of Relative Resources

Based on the retrospection of researches on carrying capacity, this article reviewed systematically the research progresses on carrying capacity of relative resources （CCRR）. Then the viewpoint was put forward that CCRR is not an appropriate method of appraising the regional sustainability, but a sound way to obtain cognition for coordinating spatial location and flow of population and economy. However, as the most popular computing method of CCRR, the Weighting Linear Sum Model is defective in the random of weight choice and the neglect of matching among different resources. Therefore, this article established the Geometric Model on CCRR based on modifying Weighting Linear Sum Model, which can be used to appraise regions where resources are close matching. Employing the Geometric Model, the article empirically analyzed the population and economic CCRR in Hubei Province from 1978 to 2006. The result indicates that the population in Hubei Province is overloading while the economic carrying capacity is abundant compared to the whole country, and the economic insufficiency restricts the population carrying capacity. In the future, Hubei Province will become one of the core developing zones which are characterized by economic conglomeration.     

Quantitative Evaluation on Urban Ecosystem Carrying Capacity in Tianjin Binhai New Area

Based on the concept of ecosystem carrying capacity, the indicator system of quantitative assessment was set up, which consisted of support indicator system and pressure indicator system. And the factor analysis method was used to screen the indicator system. Different from the traditional indicator weight determination based on the absolute values of the coefficients of regression equation, the squares of factor loadings in the rotated component matrix were attempted to determine the weights of 40 assessment indicators. The result shows that ecological support system and pressure system in Binhai New Area are relatively balanced among six years, and the developing level of urban ecosystem is basically healthy on the whole. However, due to continuously increasing pressure of the resources consumption caused by the rapid growth of the second industry, which is the Leading Industry of Binhai New Area, the ecosystem carrying capacity reached the minimum in 2005.     

人类承载力"K值"影响因素

人类承载力“K值”表示地球能承载人口的极限值。“K值”的影响因素的繁多以及相互间的联系使得“K值”确切数值的计算成为一项非常艰巨的任务。通过分析人类与自然的关系，探讨人类承载力的微观影响因素及其相互关系，从开放生态系统的性质讨论人类承载力的宏观影响因素。从而得出人类承载力受渐变和突变因素的结合控制。以此揭开承载和调控人类种群的机理并预测“K值”的可能发展趋势，达到避免计算“K值”确切数值而又能提出人口增长对策和可持续发展的指导意见的目的。     

Quantitative Appraisement on Ecological Carrying Capacity in Coastal Rapid Developing Region of Hainan Province

Abstract

The ecological carrying capacity, an important indicator to evaluate the sustainable development of the ecosystem, means the potential ability of the natural ecosystem to carry socioeconomic development while the ecosystem is healthy. It is limited by the carrying capacity of natural resources and environment and the elasticity of the ecosystem. It will be greatly significant to study the ecological carrying capacity of Hainan Province, the first ecological province admitted by the State Environmental Protection Administration in China. Not only is the natural ecosystem reflected, but also the effects of human activities are emphasized by integrating the ecosystem health analysis into the ecological carrying capacity research. The research results, using the Factor Analysis tools of software SPSS, indicate that the ecological carrying capacity of Hainan Province fluctuated obviously from 1996 to 2005. The level of the ecological carrying capacity of Hainan Province was relatively high in 1996, and reached into trough from 1997 to 1999. It has steadily ascended to be above the middle level since the 21st century. The results also show that policy factors, especially the implementation of the ‘Ecological Province’ strategy, were important driving forces to influence the ecological carrying capacity. With the population rapidly increasing, the land and water resources per capita have decreased quickly. The amount of the ecological carrying capacity was promoted remarkably by socioeconomic development especially economic growth and technology applications. All of these will provide useful suggestions to establish and enact regional development policies, especially for protecting and reconstructing the ecology and environment of Hainan Province.     

Theoretical and Empirical Study on Urban Population Cawing Capacity： Case of Haidian District in Beijing

The measurement of urban population carrying capacity is the basis for cities＇ sustainable development. However, the traditional study on population carrying capacity which was based on food supply is not applicable to the single urban area. This paper built a model for the analysis of urban carrying capacity, and took Haidian District in Beijing as an example to calculate the urban carrying capacity of Haidian District in the future, which was the basis for the improvement of the population carrying capacity. This study would also provide a reference to the measurement of the urban population carrying capacity for other cities and districts in China.     

Conceptual Framework of Tourism Carrying Capacity for a Tourism City： Experiences from National Parks in the United States

There is no universally-accepted definition of tourism carrying capacity(TCC).Numerical TCC focuses on use level and is considered as"a magic number"of the saturation point for tourism.There are several reasons why numerical tourism capacity is inadequate.Alternatively,tourism capacity can be defined in terms of limits of acceptable change,which shifts the focus from"how much use is too much"to"how much change is acceptable".This article proposes an improved conceptual framework for evaluating carrying capacity for the tourism city based on approaches used in US national parks,which consider the impact of human use on a city's economic,environmental/resource,and socio-cultural conditions.Based on the basic data of indicator values and relevant standards,the framework monitors the current indicators and predicts future indicator values; it can also be used to assess and predict TCC.