Distribution characteristics of nonylphenolic chemicals in Masan Bay environments, Korea

To understand the distribution characteristics of nonylphenolics and sterols, samples such as in creek water, sea surface water, waste water treatment plant (WWTP) effluent water, sediment and mussel were collected and analyzed. The principal analytes are nonylphenol (NP), nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP1EO), nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP2EO), coprostanol (5beta) and cholestanol (5alpha). All these target pollutants showed 100% detection frequency in all of the samples analyzed. Total concentration of nonylphenolic compounds ranged from 334 to 3628ngl(-1) (average: 1331ngl(-1)) in creek water, from 15 to 36400ngl(-1) (average: 1013ngl(-1)) in sea surface water, from 131 to 2811ngg(-1) dry weight (average: 581ngg(-1) dry weight) in sediment and from 50.5 to 289ngg(-1) dry weight (average: 139ngg(-1) dry weight) in mussel. For water samples, levels of nonylphenolics determined in summer season were higher than those in spring season. Among them, nonylphenol and NP1EO was dominant in creek water and seawater, respectively. The highest concentration was recorded in sediment near a WWTP effluent outlet. And high levels of nonylphenolics and sterols were found in about 3km area surrounding WWTP effluent outlet. Coefficient of linear regression (R(2)) for NP in mussel and in sediment was 0.90. Similarly good correlation (R(2)=0.98) was obtained between concentration in water and in mussel indicating that a steady state has been reached in this bay. The calculated bio concentration factor (BCF=2990) for NP in Masan Bay agrees well with reported values in the literature.     

非平衡等离子体技术对有害气体污染物的降解研究进展

由于非平衡等离子体化学过程在增强氧化能力、促进分子离解以及加速化学反应等方面具有很高的效率 ,因此 ,近年来利用非平衡等离子技术对气体污染物的破坏分解研究受到了广泛的关注。本文简述了非平衡等离子体技术对气体污染物的降解原理 ,综述了国内外利用这一技术破坏各种气体污染物的最新进展 ,讨论了放电功率、停留时间、催化剂、化合物结构等因素对放电反应效率的影响 ,并展望了其应用前景     

Measurements of some potentially hazardous organic chemicals in urban environments

Three field studies were conducted in Los Angeles, California; Phoenix, Arizona; and Oakland, California, to better characterize the atmospheric abundance, fate and human exposure of selected organic chemicals that may be potentially hazardous. During field data collection, in-situ analysis using an instrumented mobile laboratory was performed for a total of 33 organics; a dozen of these are suspected carcinogens. The concentrations, variabilities and average daily dosages from exposure to these pollutants were determined. The diurnal behavior and the atmospheric fate of both primary and secondary pollutants were studied. Residence times for a typical polluted atmosphere were estimated. The atmospheric distributions and abundances of many species have been defined for the first time. Average daily-dose levels of all three sites for exposure to halomethanes (excluding fluorocarbons), haloethanes, chloroethylenes, chloroaromatics, aromatic hydrocarbons and secondary organics were determined to be 298, 142, 203, 21, 1880 and 257 μg d⁻¹ respectively. Exposure levels in Los Angeles were typically the highest and those in Oakland the lowest.     

Air quality modeling of hazardous pollutants: current status and future directions

The current requirements and status of air quality modeling of hazardous pollutants are reviewed. Many applications require the ability to predict the local impacts from industrial sources or large roadways as needed for community health characterization and evaluating environmental justice concerns. Such local-scale modeling assessments can be performed by using Gaussian dispersion models. However, these models have a limited ability to handle chemical transformations. A new generation of Eulerian grid-based models is now capable of comprehensively treating transport and chemical transformations of air toxics. However, they typically have coarse spatial resolution, and their computational requirements increase dramatically with finer spatial resolution. The authors present and discuss possible advanced approaches that can combine the grid-based models with local-scale information.     

Seasonal variations of acidic air pollutants in Seoul,South Korea

The annular denuder system (ADS) was used to characterize seasonal variations of acidic air pollutants in Seoul, South Korea. Fifty- four 24 h samples were collected over four seasons from October 1996 to September 1997. The annual mean concentrations of HNO₃, HNO₂, SO₂ and NH₃ in the gas phase were 1.09, 4.51, 17.3 and 4.34 μg m^-3, respectively. The annual mean concentrations of PM_2.5(d_p≤2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter, 50% cutoff), SO^2-₄, NO^-₃ and NH⁺₄ in the particulate phase were 56.9, 8.70, 5.97 and 4.19 μg m^-3, respectively. All chemical species monitored from this study showed statistical seasonal variations. Nitric acid (HNO₃) and ammonia (NH₃) exhibited substantially higher concentrations during the summer, while nitrous acid (HNO₂) and sulfur dioxide(SO₂) were higher during the winter. Concentrations of PM_2.5, SO^2-₄, NO^-₃ and NH⁺₄ in the particulate phase were higher during the winter months. SO^2-₄, NO^-₃ and NH⁺₄ accounted for 26–38% of PM_2.5. High correlations were found among PM_2.5, SO^2-₄, NO^-₃ and NH⁺₄. The mean H⁺ concentration measured only in the fall was 5.19 nmole m^-3.     

Physical features of sonochemical degradation of nitroaromatic pollutants

This article attempts to discern the physical (or mechanistic) features of the sonochemical degradation of two major and ubiquitous nitroaromatic pollutants, viz. nitrobenzene and p-nitrophenol. The fundamental physical phenomenon behind sonochemical degradation of pollutants is radial motion of cavitation bubbles. This study implements a dual approach to the problem, i.e. results of the experiments under different conditions have been coupled to a mathematical model that addresses physics and chemistry of the cavitation bubbles. Various experimental techniques applied in this study influence important physical parameters related to cavitation phenomenon in the liquid medium such as extent of radical production from the bubble, thickness of the liquid shell surrounding the bubble that gets heated up during transient collapse, the concentration of the pollutant in the interfacial region and extent of radical scavenging in the medium. Concurrent analysis of the experimental and simulation results reveal that overall degradation of the pollutant achieved for a given combination of experimental conditions is a function of competing (and sometimes conflicting) effect of these parameters. A semi-quantitative account of the relative influence of these parameters and the interrelations between them is presented.     

印染废水污染物在曝气生物滤池中的沿程去除规律

主要研究了曝气生物滤池（BAF）对印染废水中污染物的沿程去除规律。研究表明：BAF对印染废水污染物的去除沿高程有着不同的变化规律：在BAF总高度为300 cm,填料层高度为200 cm,气水比3∶1,停留时间11.8 h,的情况下, BAF对COD的去除主要集中在<160 cm的填料层部分,在总的去除率为63.1%时,此区域去除率可达56.60%;对NH3N的去除主要集中在填料层100～160 cm段,在总NH₃-N去除率为85.09%时,此区域NH₃-N去除率达38.28%。BAF对浊度的去除主要集中在填料层小于100 cm的部分,在总去除率为94.04%,区域去除率达到61.90%。印染废水经过BAF的前100 cm填料层后,pH值由10降至7.6后基本维持不变。     

抗生素制药废水有机污染物分布特性研究

采用气相色谱/质谱法对β-内酰胺类抗生素制药废水中有机污染物进行了定性与定量分析,得到了废水中有机污染物的种类、相对含量及分子量分布特性.通过理论COD计算公式,计算分析了废水中有机污染物对COD指标的贡献程度.结果表明,该类废水中含有84种有机物,其中以胺类、烷烃类和烯烃类有机物的相对含量最高.有机污染物的分子量集中在100～400,分子量小于100或大于500的有机物含量相对较低,其中分子量在100～200的有机物含量最大.通过对比有机污染物的理论COD贡献度可知,胺类、烷烃类和烯烃类有机物含量对废水污染负荷影响最大.根据有机物污染源分析,提出了此类抗生素制药废水合理化处理的生产工艺建议和处理工艺方案.     

Development of a hazardous air pollutants monitoring program using the Data Quality Objectives process

To effectively reduce the environmental compliance costs associated with meeting hazardous air pollutant emission requirements, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Data Quality Objective (DQO) process has been proposed as a suitable framework for establishing a defensible monitoring program. Through the use of a hazardous materials pilot study, the variability in the composite vapor pressure for regulated handwipe cleaning solvents was established. These results served as inputs to the DQO process, which identified that for facility decision-makers to claim with a 99% confidence level that the facility is in compliance with the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP), a minimum of 12 handwipe cleaning solvent compliance samples (taken at random every 6 months) must have a composite vapor pressure equal to or below the regulatory limit of 45 mmHg at 20 degrees C. Implementation of the DQO-based compliance-sampling plan eliminates the need for an affected facility to sample all regulated handwipe cleaning solvents while still maintaining a reasonably high level of confidence in the compliance status of its regulated sources. The approach described for designing a defensible compliance sampling plan can be extended to other aspects of the aerospace NESHAP rule, including compliance sampling for surface coating, chemical depainting, and hazardous waste disposal.     

Emission of air pollutants from burning candles with different composition in indoor environments

Candle composition is expected to influence the air pollutants emissions, possibly leading to important differences in the emissions of volatile organic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In this regard, the purity of the raw materials and additives used can play a key role. Consequently, in this work emission factors for some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic species, short-chain aldehydes and particulate matter have been determined for container candles constituted by different paraffin waxes burning in a test chamber. It has been found that wax quality strongly influences the air pollutant emissions. These results could be used, at least at a first glance, to foresee the expected pollutant concentration in a given indoor environment with respect to health safety standards, while the test chamber used for performing the reported results could be useful to estimate the emission factors of any other candle in an easy-to-build standardised environment.     

水泥窑共处置废物过程中重金属的流向分布

为了探索水泥窑共处置危险废物过程中重金属流向分布规律,研究了不同温度条件下Cr、As、Pb在煅烧熟料、颗粒物和尾气中的残留率.在900、1 000、1 100、1 200、1 300和1 450℃温度条件下,将添加Cr、As和Pb化学试剂的生料分别进行煅烧,模拟重金属在水泥窑内不同温度带的煅烧过程.结果表明,6个温度条件下,Cr主要分布在熟料中并且呈现不规则变化;颗粒物中的Cr在1 200℃条件下分布量最大,所占比例为32.79%(w);在900℃和1450℃条件下,烟气中的Cr分布量最大,所占比例为0.24%(w).6个温度条件下As主要分布在熟料中并且1 000~1 450℃条件下稳定在81%~83%之间;在900℃条件下,As在熟料中的残留率最大,所占比例为97%(w);在1450℃条件下,As在尾气中的分布达到最大值,所占比例为0.0023%(w).6个温度条件下,Pb在熟料中的残留率随着温度升高而逐渐减少,挥发颗粒物中的含量呈现相反的趋势;尾气中Pb的含量随着温度的升高逐渐增加.     

Development implications of hazardous waste in urban environments: a problem that cannot be buried

Although the problem of hazardous waste has always been with us, relatively little is known about its effects on human health and the environment in many localities throughout the world. Nevertheless, as industrial economies and mass production systems emerge in the global periphery, hazardous waste has become an increasingly serious ecological, social, economic and political problem. As attempts to bury toxic waste have clear limitations, the need to educate the public, industry, and government is apparent. With the use of practical examples from African cities, this paper attempts to further awareness about the implications of hazardous waste in urban environments. We argue that adverse impacts of hazardous waste threaten to disrupt socioeconomic development strategies, and thus derail sustainable development initiatives.     

Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in soils from South Korea

Soil samples were collected from rice growing and industrial areas in South Korea and analysed for organochlorine pesticide content using gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The soils were monitored for the presence of 18 organochlorine pesticides. The main pesticides found were gamma- and delta-hexachlorocyclohexane, heptachlor epoxide and dieldrin. The range of concentrations, for each compound, was respectively, 0.17-0.94, 0.77-2.97, 1.38-48.0 and 0.32-0.49 ng/g soil. The highest values were found in soil obtained from rice fields indicating that, although the use of organochlorine pesticides has been discontinued since 1980, substantial concentrations of residues particularly the oxidised form of heptachlor remain in the soil.     

多环芳烃在低氧沉积物环境中的分布状况

低氧环境普遍存在于底层水体以及表层沉积物中,随着中国水体有机污染加剧,低氧现象将越来越明显.有研究表明,中国水体普遍受到多环芳烃污染,由于其强烈的憎水性和低溶解性,大部分多环芳烃沉积在底泥中.总结了学者们对国内外河流、湿地、河口等水体沉积物中多环芳烃污染的研究成果,探讨了多环芳烃的分布规律,发现沉积物中多环芳烃含量与流域内经济发展状况密切相关,反映了经济发展过程对环境造成的负面影响.相比于国外典型区域的多环芳烃浓度,中国沉积物的多环芳烃污染处于中等水平,但处于快速上升阶段,部分点位浓度已超过生态风险区间低值(4 000 ng/g),对人们的身体健康构成威胁,所以对多环芳烃的生态风险评价、污染物排放控制需进一步加强.     

Distribution in Portugal of some pollutants in the lichen Parmelia sulcata

During the months of July and August 1993 a lichen (Parmelia sulcata Taylor) collection campaign was held in Portugal where samples were obtained from olive tree bark at 228 sites, following a grid of 10 x 10 km along the Atlantic coast and 50 x 50 km in the interior of the country. The samples were analysed by instrumental neutron activation analysis and proton induced X-ray emission techniques. Concentration data patterns for the pollutants As, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb, S, Sb, Se, and V were obtained for the whole country surface by making use of an extinction rule of 1/r(3), preventing any cut-off distance from being artificially introduced. Some pollution sources were identified: (1) oil-powered plants on the Lisbon-Setúbal axis (V, Ni), (2) coal-power plants in Porto and Sines (S, Se), (3) traffic in the northern area and the Lisbon-Setúbal axis (Pb), (4) a chemical industry south of Porto (Hg, As), and (5) soil influence (Cr, Sb). Arsenic and chromium results largely exceed, in a few areas, the concentrations acceptable to plants, and in a few spots also Hg, Ni, and Pb data.     

An analysis of candidates for addition to the Clean Air Act list of hazardous air pollutants

There are 188 air toxics listed as hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) in the Clean Air Act (CAA), based on their potential to adversely impact public health. This paper presents several analyses performed to screen potential candidates for addition to the HAPs list. We analyzed 1086 HAPs and potential HAPs, including chemicals regulated by the state of California or with emissions reported to the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI). HAPs and potential HAPs were ranked by their emissions to air, and by toxicity-weighted (tox-wtd) emissions for cancer and noncancer, using emissions information from the TRI and toxicity information from state and federal agencies. Separate consideration was given for persistent, bioaccumulative toxins (PBTs), reproductive or developmental toxins, and chemicals under evaluation for regulation as toxic air contaminants in California. Forty-four pollutants were identified as candidate HAPs based on three ranking analyses and whether they were a PBT or a reproductive or developmental toxin. Of these, nine qualified in two or three different rankings (ammonia [NH3], copper [Cu], Cu compounds, nitric acid [HNO3], N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, sulfuric acid [H2SO4], vanadium [V] compounds, zinc [Zn], and Zn compounds). This analysis suggests further evaluation of several pollutants for possible addition to the CAA list of HAPs.     

Historical and future emission of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) from gas-fired combustion in Beijing,China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The consumption of natural gas in Beijing has increased in the past decade due to energy structure adjustments and air pollution abatement. In this...     

北方地区住宅厨房油烟颗粒污染物分布及暴露模拟分析

为充分掌握油烟中颗粒污染物对厨房影响及人员暴露问题,建立北方地区常见的住宅厨房模型,运用FLUENT软件模拟不同季节下厨房油烟污染物分布。选取工作区、呼吸带截面,分析污染物质量分数及温度分布,并结合人员呼吸模型和污染暴露模型,得出人员平均污染暴露量。结果表明：工作区截面冬季门窗关闭工况污染物质量分数最大,其峰值是低数值工况峰值的650倍;呼吸带截面人员平均污染暴露量在0.194 2×10-3~17.854 4×10-3之间。研究成果可为深入研究厨房油烟细颗粒物特性及人员暴露分析与评价提供参考。