城市固体废物好氧生物反应器填埋方式的实验研究

MSW(城市固体废物)生物反应器型填埋是一种较新颖的方法。在系统分析现有填埋方法优缺点的基础上,对其加以改进,将强制通风好氧和渗滤液循环2种方式有机地结合在一起,构建了MSW好氧生物反应器。考察了NH3、CH4、CO2、pH和温度等因素,并监测分析了渗滤液中的COD、BOD5、Zn2+、NH4+和NO3-等指标,旨在研究其中垃圾的降解及渗滤液中COD、BOD5、Zn2+、NH4+和NO3-的去除情况,探讨该生物反应器对垃圾和渗滤液相关参数的作用机理。结果表明,该反应器对渗滤液中COD、BOD5、NO3-的去除率分别达到96.34%、94.58%和99.9%,对其中的Zn2+也有较好的脱除效果。     

间歇式生物反应器填埋结构对渗滤液水质的影响研究

通过2套间歇式生物反应器填埋模拟装置开展实验,对不同填埋结构下垃圾降解前期渗滤液pH值、COD、NH 4＋-N、VFA以及渗滤液产生量的变化规律进行了对比研究。实验结果表明：间歇式生物反应器填埋方式能够有效抑制填埋初期渗滤液pH值的快速下降,渗滤液采取部分回灌能有效降低NH4＋-N浓度的积累,新鲜垃圾与半腐熟垃圾分层并...     

混凝-折流式反应器对垃圾渗滤液处理的试验研究

采用混凝、三组水解池和好氧生物滤池串连组成的折流式反应器(BR)联合工艺,对处理芜湖市南郊垃圾填埋场产生的渗滤液进行了试验研究,确定了混凝剂的最佳投加量、最佳碱化脱氮pH等工艺参数.试验结果表明,经过水解反应器(HUSB)反复对垃圾渗滤液进行水解酸化后,能逐步提高废水的BOD5/COD(B/C)(约0.2～0.4),大大提高了好氧生物滤池的COD容积负荷,出水COD平均《400 mg/L,NH3-N平均《30 mg/L.     

低C/N比老龄化垃圾渗滤液处理工程的提标改造

采用两级厌氧好氧活性污泥法(A/O)与活性污泥浸没式膜生物反应器(AS-SMBR)结合的生化处理系统和纳滤(NF)深度处理系统,处理BOD5/NH3-N比为0.13～0.22,BOD5/COD比仅0.11左右的老龄化垃圾渗滤液。在水力停留时间不变的条件下,采用同步培养驯化法,控制生化系统DO值在3～4 mg/L,回流比为400%～500%,pH≥7.2,考察了处理系统对垃圾渗滤液中主要污染物的去除情况和MLSS、pH和SV30等运行指标的变化情况,结果表明,生化系统出水的NH3-N去除率>99%,COD平均去除率>50%;NF系统出水的COD去除率≥91%,NH3-N浓度<8 mg/L,且回收率≥75%,出水完全达到GB16889-2008标准中表2的污染物浓度限值和提标改造的要求。     

准好氧填埋场FSQ标准的室内模拟研究

以室内模拟实验为基础,对准好氧填埋场的FSQ标准作了相关研究.实验结果表明,准好氧填埋的渗滤液COD与其他指标的变化具有明显的不同步性,根据该特点,把准好氧填埋场的稳定化过程划分为不稳定、基本稳定和完全稳定3个阶段.相应把准好氧填埋的FSQ标准分为2级:基本稳定状态时的FSQ二级标准,完全稳定状态时的FSQ一级标准.在评价基本稳定状态时,场地沉降量为控制性指标,确定准好氧填埋的FSQ二级标准为:填埋场地总沉降量占垃圾初始填埋高度的比例≥30%,渗滤液COD≤400 mg/L、NH3-N≤15 mg/L、TVS/TDS≤6%,固相垃圾BDM≤6%;在评价完全稳定状态时,渗滤液COD作为控制性指标,概化总结出准好氧填埋的FSQ一级标准为:填埋场地总沉降量占垃圾初始填埋高度的比例＞30%,渗滤液COD≤100 mg/L、NH3-N≤15mg/L、TVS/TDS≤3%,固相垃圾BDM≤3%.     

运用GC—MS联用技术对垃圾渗滤液中有机污染物成分的分析

通过测定垃圾填埋场渗滤液的色度、BOD5、CODCr、TOC、NH3—N、NO2^-—N、NO3^-—N、TKN、TP、总硬度等指标来分析渗滤液的水质特性。利用GC—MS联用技术对渗滤液中有机污染物的组分进行了鉴定，共检测出主要有机污染物63种。     

联合生物反应器处理农村生活垃圾渗滤液中Fe的变化规律

以厌氧（AN）-准好氧（SA）联合生物反应器中渗滤液pH、COD、UV254、NH3-N以及铁离子浓度的监测结果为依据,研究了厌氧-准好氧联合生物反应器处理农村生活垃圾产生的渗滤液中Fe的变化规律。结果表明,渗滤液中Fe的浓度随时间变化规律为先上升后下降,在填埋第76天左右,厌氧和准好氧单元中Fe的浓度先后达到最大值73.44和78.71 mg·L-1;在第350天,厌氧和准好氧单元中Fe的浓度分别降至17.84和8.52 mg·L-1。Pearson相关分析显示渗滤液中铁离子的浓度与COD之间存在显著的正相关关系;与pH、NH3-N之间存在负相关关系;而与UV254之间的相关关系较弱。     

城市生活垃圾半好氧生物反应器填埋技术试验研究

对城市生活垃圾半好氧生物反应器填埋技术与传统垃圾填埋技术进行了对比试验,由试验结果可知,半好氧生物反应器填埋技术可缩短填埋垃圾产酸时间,净化渗滤液,加速填埋垃圾稳定化进程.城市生活垃圾半好氧生物反应器填埋技术是中国中小城市垃圾填埋处理的发展方向.     

渗滤液回灌频率对生物反应器填埋场的影响研究

通过模拟实验研究了渗滤液回灌周期为1、2、3和5 d的4个模拟垃圾柱的产甲烷过程和渗滤液水质的变化情况.在用NaOH调节回灌渗滤液pH值的前提下,回灌频率越高,模拟厌氧型生物反应器填埋垃圾柱先开始产甲烷,但当回灌周期低于3 d时,开始产甲烷的时间相差不多.从渗滤液水质看,回灌周期为3 d的垃圾柱渗滤液COD、VFA等有机污染物浓度下降最快.综合考虑启动时间、运行费用和填埋场的稳定进程,在厌氧型生物反应器填埋场中,实施3 d/次的渗滤液回灌频率最为合适.     

运行条件及温度对陈垃圾反应器效能的影响及菌群结构分析

以上海老港填埋场填埋垃圾为填料构建陈垃圾反应器,通过调节反应器的水力负荷、回流比以及所处的环境温度,考察了反应器对成熟垃圾渗滤液中氨氮(NH3-N)、总氮(TN)、BOD5和COD处理效果的影响,同时采用PCR-DGGE方法分析了不同条件下微生物群落结构的变化。结果表明,在15℃温度下,水力负荷由8.5 L/(m3·d)升高至17 L/(m3·d)时,反应器对污染物BOD5和NH3-N的去除效率没有改变,而对COD和TN的去除效率有明显提升;当增加回流时,反应器对污染物的去除效果没有显著差异,未能提高脱氮效率;当环境温度从15℃提高到30℃时,NH3-N和BOD5接近完全去除,COD的去除率从73.1%提高到82.4%,TN的去除率从27.3%提高到43.7%,明显提高了反应器效能。群落结构分析表明,在本研究条件下增加回流比对反应器中细菌群落结构影响不大;提高水力负荷使得上部群落结构多样性提高;而温度提高时,反应器上、下部细菌的种类数量都明显增加,多样性提高。表明在陈垃圾反应器运行时,环境温度对其效能和群落结构的影响较大。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.