Postfire succession in a forest of the cryolithozone: The example of central Yakutia

The results of studies on postfire succession in larch forests of the permafrost zone are discussed. The main directions of successional processes in burned-out areas of different ages are described. It has been shown that secondary pyrogenic successions in larch forests follow the scheme of rapid regeneration without tree species replacement and the model of succession tolerance. Groups of plant species with different life strategies and indicator species characterizing different stages of the overgrowing of burned-out areas have been identified.     

Natural Recovery of Technogenic Landscapes in Open Larch Forests in Northeastern Russia

Studies on the vegetation and soil complexes in areas of the Kolyma River basin disturbed by mining, in the northeast of the Chukchi Peninsula, have been performed to reveal trends in natural restorative processes in posttechnogenic landscapes. Data on the flora, phytomass stock, chemical composition of plants pioneering in the overgrowing of disturbed areas, and physicochemical properties of soils and technogenic eluvia have been obtained. The results have shown that plant cover restoration in disturbed areas depends primarily on the type (genesis) of technogenic substrates, the content of fine earth in the surface layer, and the distance from natural plant complexes that serve as a source of seeds coming to the disturbed area.     

Effect of water-loving bird colonies on zooplankton in littoral zones of water bodies of different types

Changes in zooplankton developing under the effect of waste products from water-loving bird colonies were studied in water bodies of different types. The trophic status index in the nesting area showed no difference from its background values in an oligomesotrophic water body but was decreased in mesoeutrophic and eutrophic-hypertrophic water bodies. The abundance and biomass of zooplankton in the oligomesotrophic and mesoeutrophic water bodies were consistently higher than background values, while in the eutrophichypertrophic water body they were higher only at the beginning and in the middle of the nesting period. Irrespective of the trophic state of water body, the species diversity of zooplankton in the zone of impact from bird colonies was increased, but the number of dominant species remained unchanged, and no mass development of species indicating high organic load was observed; the proportion of Rotifera in the total abundance and biomass of zooplankton was decreased, that of Copepoda was increased, and the abundance of Cladocera was found to increase with the degree of overgrowing. Among possible explanations, this specific response of zooplankton is most likely due to changes in the ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus in the water.     

Activity of Beavers as an Ecological Factor Affecting the Zooplankton of Small Rivers

The role of beavers in the transformation of small rivers is elucidated by analyzing the taxonomic and trophic structure of zooplankton in ponds differing in age, water flow rate, and the degree of overgrowing with higher aquatic plants. The building activity of beavers in the river system promotes the formation of biotopes of the ecotone type, in which the planktonic invertebrate community develops some features similar to or different from those of zooplanktonic communities from lakes and rivers undergoing anthropogenic eutrophication. The main distinctive feature of response to this activity in zooplankton is that its development reaches a plateau at the early and middle stages of succession, compared to that under conditions of anthropogenic eutrophication. For small rivers, the concept of zoogenic eutrophication (in addition to anthropogenic) is proposed.     

Composition of plant communities in natural and technogenically disturbed ecotopes on watersheds of the Yamal Peninsula: Floristic diversity

Specific features in the overgrowing of technogenically disturbed areas with completely destroyed soil and plant cover (a sand pit, a causeway, and an off-road vehicle trail) have been studied in the environs of the Bovanenkovo Oil-Gas Condensate Field. It is shown that the vegetation of natural ecotopes and ecotopes disturbed approximately 20 years ago is characterized by a relatively high similarity in the composition of vascular plants. The total species composition of plant communities (including mosses and lichens) and their structure show a considerable loss of floristic and phytocenotic diversity.     

Change in a butterfly community on a gradually overgrowing site

Monitoring of day-active butterflies by water pan traps method over the period 2001–2012 was conducted on a gradually overgrowing habitat in Ko?ick? kotlina basin (Slovakia). Totally, 1457 individuals of 57 species of butterflies were caught and evaluated. Monitoring revealed significant changes in the butterfly community which might be a consequence of a gradual overgrown of the study area. During the research, 12 butterfly species have disappeared from the study area. The monitoring provided results which point to the necessity of appropriate management for conservation of rare and protected butterfly species.     

Dynamics of the spatial distribution pattern of larid birds during an 11-year climate cycle (the Selenga River Delta,Southern Lake Baikal)

The results of long-term studies (1973–1982) have been used to analyze specific features in the distribution of larid bird colonies in the Selenga River delta over an 11-year climate cycle. It has been shown that the spatial distribution of these birds has distinct patterns in years with different water levels (high, medium, or low) in the delta and is based on preference for certain nesting biotopes, which is well manifested in all species studied and depends on their ecological niches. The main factors determining the distribution of birds over the study area include water level, terrain topography, and locations of major aggregations of food organisms.     

A mathematical model to investigate the impact of overgrowing population-induced mining on forest resources

Here, we develop a mathematical model which investigates the impact of growing population and rampant mining on forest resources, present in an urban region. In order to demonstrate the effect imposed by the overgrowing population on the environment, population pressure is incorporated in the model, which augments mining activities in the given region. The obtained model is studied qualitatively using stability theory of differential equations, while it is quantitatively analyzed through numerical simulation. The results of the model reveal that a whopping increase in unchecked mining activities, induced through excessive population growth, leads to declination of forest resources in a region. Therefore, sustainable mining is suggested through control measures imposed by the government on mining activities.     

长江中游大型通江湖泊湿地景观格局演变特征

鄱阳湖和洞庭湖湿地是长江中游仅有的两个天然通江湖泊湿地,具有不可替代自然和人文价值。近年来,尤其是三峡工程运行以后两湖湿地景观格局发生改变,对区域生态系统平衡和社会经济发展产生重要影响。以Landsat 7为数据源,通过决策树分类及高斯回归的方法定量评估了三峡工程运行前后两湖湿地景观格局的演变特征及其差异性,旨在正确认识大型水利工程的生态效应,为湿地保护与重建提供科学依据。结果表明:2000~2014年,洞庭湖枯水期水位变化不明显。从历史演变特征来看,虽然有少部分植被挤占泥滩和水体,但总体上3种湿地景观类型面积变化不大。相比之下,三峡工程运行后鄱阳湖枯水期水位显著下降,水体面积萎缩近14%,植被面积增加约8%。与2000年相比,2014年鄱阳湖植被分布高程下降了1 m多。不同程度的干旱胁迫是形成两湖湿地景观格局差异性演变特征的主要原因。     

Unraveling the water and land nexus through inter- and transdisciplinary research: sustainable land management in a semi-arid watershed in Brazil’s Northeast

For decades, large reservoirs have been built for hydropower plants in Brazil’s São Francisco River Basin. Rural development has been a simultaneous goal with a primary focus on irrigation. Irrigated agriculture, however, has suffered from poor soils, insufficient water management strategies, and a disregard for integrating grazing-based smallholdings outside of the irrigation schemes. Recurrent droughts are distressing all sectors. This synthesis assessed sustainable land management options by investigating the aquatic and terrestrial land use systems alongside their underlying ecosystem functions and services. Decisions about the allocation of scarce water proved to be both the major issue of land use discourses and driver of practices. The primarily hydroelectricity-focused water management practice cannot be maintained at the same level in the long run, as it has become ever more adverse towards competing water usages. The increasing use of the water and adjacent land also constitutes a major potential threat to water quality. Managed water level fluctuations should generally mimic natural patterns. Wind and solar power generation are suitable complements to agricultural land use. Cycling scarce nutrients between aquatic and terrestrial sectors is ambitious but promising, ultimately improving the generally poor soils in the area. Smart management of biodiversity can foster intensively-irrigated cropping, although the non-irrigated Caatinga ecosystem needs better management of its conflicting uses. Aims and responsibilities of multi-level planning and management require clarification and coordination between sectors, while practices of public participation should be revised in order to better support a comprehensive and transparent transition towards sustainability.     

长江三角洲地表水环境污染规律及调控对策

根据野外实地考察和定点观测数据 ,结合历年环境监测资料 ,初步揭示了长江三角洲地表水环境污染的现状与近十年来的时空演变规律 :河网干流水质基本良好 ,中小河流污染突出 ;城市河流有机污染严重 ,普遍出现水体黑臭现象 ;湖泊氮磷含量逐年增高 ,水体富营养化加剧 ;市郊小城镇河网水质急剧恶化 ,已成为新的水环境污染中心。造成长江三角洲地表水环境污染的主要物源包括工业废水和生活污水、畜禽粪便、农田化肥、底泥等。针对上述污染规律和成因机制 ,提出了相应的调控对策。     

牛肉生产及其资源与环境问题

以肉牛饲养为主的现代畜牧业,大多基于生态效率低下的浓厚饲料多给型生产方式,致使饲料用粮多,己占全球粮食总产量的４０％,同时引发相当严重的水土污染,并加剧全球温室效应。本文概论世界牛肉生产及相关资源与环境问题,分析相应环境影响评价方法,进而针对中国国情,探讨适合于中国可持续发展的牛肉生产系统。     

景观格局影响下的南京市热舒适度动态变化

城市热舒适度的评价是判断热环境优劣的主要方式,其结果可为城市规划、改善城市热环境提供科学依据,而温湿指数(THI)综合反映了温度和湿度两个因子对人体热感的影响,是衡量城市热舒适度的一项重要指标。选取江苏省南京市作为研究区,以1994、2000、2010和2013年夏季Landsat遥感影像数据和土地利用现状数据为数据源,反演地表温度,并结合归一化水汽指数(NDMI)对传统温湿指数进行改进,在此基础上分别从宏观和微观两个层面分析了南京市热舒适度的动态变化,通过计算景观格局指数,分析不同热舒适度分级下景观格局指数的变化,统计了2.5 km尺度上单元格网温湿指数平均值及变异系数并对其与景观组成和结构特征的相关性进行了研究,从微观尺度上探讨城市景观格局与城市热舒适度之间的关系。结果表明：宏观上,从1994年到2013年景观格局对南京市热舒适度的影响不断加深,影响面积和强度都不断增大,城市热环境逐渐恶化;微观上,景观类型组成和结构对城市热舒适度有不同程度的影响,水体、耕地、林地能显著改善热舒适度,其中水体对热舒适度的改善效果最好,其景观优势度越大、分布越集中,效果越明显;反之,建设用地优势度越大、聚集度越高,热舒适度越差。 关键词： 城市热舒适度;改进型温湿指数;景观格局指数;动态变化;南京市     

Changes in the structure of a <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dactylorhiza incarnata</Emphasis> (L.) Soó population during the overgrowing of a meadow-bog community complex in the Moscow region

The overgrowing of meadow-bog communities by shrubs and trees (age 5–40 years, crown closure 0.4–0.9) leads to a decrease in incident illumination. As a consequence, juvenile and generative plants disappear from D. incarnata population loci, their average ecological density decreases, and the loci enter the state of regression. The digging activity of wild boars disrupts phytocenotically closed groups of longirhizomatous herbs, thereby creating favorable conditions for seed reproduction of D. incarnata. The species begins to form population loci with a complete ontogenetic spectrum and high ecological density, eventually restoring the normal (definitive) population structure.     

岷江上游不同植被恢复模式枯落物层水源涵养能力

为了阐明不同植被恢复模式水源涵养功能，采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法，以岷江上游山地森林-干旱河谷交错带为研究对象，开展不同植被恢复模式枯落物层现存量、持水过程、吸水过程等方面研究。结果表明：不同植被恢复模式中，枯落物现存量大小依次是天然次生林>刺槐林>岷江柏-油松幼林>岷江柏幼林>沙棘+金花小檗灌丛>荒草地。不同植被恢复模式枯落物半分解层占现存总量比例均在60%以上，且均大于未分解层占现存总量比例，其中岷江柏幼林最高（79.89%），天然次生林最低（60.66%）。刺槐林和天然次生林模式枯落物最大持水量较大，分别为53.25和53.22 t·hm-2，岷江柏-油松幼林模式次之，荒草地最小。不同植被恢复模式枯落物半分解层持水量均大于未分解层，且持水量与浸水时间间呈对数、幂函数、线性和指数函数等关系；而枯落物未分解层、半分解层的吸水速率与浸泡时间均呈幂函数关系。研究成果可为区域合理选择植被恢复模式提供科学参考。     

Water use in arid rural systems and the integration of water and agricultural policies in Europe: the case of Andarax river basin

Water is a precious resource in arid rural areas with irrigated agriculture. Nonetheless, water and agricultural policies in Europe show different management scopes and objectives, usually translated in divergent drivers of rural change. This paper has a double aim: to propose a specific method for quantitative biophysical analysis of water use in rural systems with the multi-scale integrated analysis of societal and ecosystem metabolism approach and to show the usefulness of this method for the assessment of the integration of water and agricultural policies. The river basin scale is chosen, since it is the socioecological unit for water management established in the water framework directive 2000/60/CE. A multi-scale water use accounting is provided for a Mediterranean river basin in Andalusia, integrating water cycle, ecosystems and social levels. Particularly focusing on agricultural production, a relevant set of indicators is proposed in order to analyze and compare different metabolic patterns. Finally, the integration of water and agricultural planning is assessed in terms of external (biophysical) and internal (economic, institutional) constraints of the new water-use patterns generated by the scenarios posed in these policies. While on a European level water policy is ambitious in terms of ecological conservation, the lack of integration within the common agricultural policy and the entanglement of multiple scales of political and economic organization of local ruralities blur its priority in a rather slow transition to a new water culture.     

三峡库区不同退耕还林模式水土流失特征及其影响因子

三峡库区为国家水土保持重点防治区,土地利用/覆盖变化（LUCC）与水土流失的关系已成为水土流失治理研究的关注重点之一,退耕还林工程的水土保持效益对于库区生态环境的建设具有重要意义。通过对库区典型退耕还林模式的水土流失的监测,分析其不同降雨条件下水土流失特征及影响因子,结果标明：（1）退耕还林后库区的水土流失问题得到了有效控制,退耕还林后各土地利用类型的年地表径流量下降了70%~95%,泥沙流失量则比农田降低了97%以上,其中乔木林和竹林对水土保持的效果最为理想;（2）退耕还林后各土地利用类型年地表径流量与降雨量呈较好的指数关系,随着降雨量的增加而增加。除农田和板栗林外,各土地利用类型年地表径流量与雨强关系不显著;（3）泥沙流失量与降雨量和降雨强度的关系均不显著;（4）各土地利用类型地表径流的80%以上,泥沙流失量的95%以上都是发生在暴雨条件下,暴雨事件成为库区水土流失的主要气候影响因素;（5）凋落物层盖度是控制退耕还林各模式地表径流的主要因素,各土地利用类型的年地表径流量均随着凋落物层盖度的增加而显著降低     

River use profile of the Central Niger Delta based on traditional eco-livelihood knowledge (TELK)

The Central Niger Delta is made up of a network of rivers and creeks that constitute the inland surface waters. These surface waters have historically influenced settlement patterns and are of diverse use to residents of the Central Niger Delta. Surface water like many ecological system are complex, whose complexity has been associated with seasonal variability. Traditional knowledge (TK), traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) and the traditional eco-livelihood knowledge (TELK) of residents of four rural communities in the Central Niger Delta have been explored in developing a river use profile of rural communities of the Central Niger Delta. A questionnaire survey has been carried out in four communities, two each from the Otuoke and Kolo Creeks. The result shows that river use varies across seasons and affected by: physico-chemical water quality and characteristics of surface water; the hydrological characteristics; the biological/ecological characteristics; cultural use and demand; need for development projects; and access to this vital resource. Fishing constitute one of the major livelihood source in the Central Niger Delta and the TELK of fishers in the sample communities have specifically been explored to understanding fishing patterns across seasons. The five seasons identified from this study are: flood season; flood recession season; dry season; early rainy season; and rainy season. Therefore, the thesis of this paper is that there is the need to balance the current usage of surface water in the developing world such as the Central Niger Delta with the demand for development as well as future use if development is to meet the criteria for equitable development. The river use profile could be a promising tool in planning for equitable development.

国内外典型水治理模式及对武汉水治理的借鉴

通过国内外典型水治理模式的研究和比较,提出武汉市水治理的对策建议。采用了比较和归纳的方法,对日本、美国以及我国上海、北京的水治理模式进行了研究,归纳出强制性水污染治理模式、流域性水生态治理模式、景观性水环境治理模式、综合性水系治理模式四大典型水治理模式。在比较研究的基础上,提出水治理要正确处理好与水生态环境、水污染防治、城市形象、城市文化、经济发展、防汛抗洪的关系的结论。为使武汉市水资源发挥最大经济效益、社会效益和环境效益,提出保护“水生态”、提高“水质量”、建设“水景观”、丰富“水文化”、开发“水经济”、确保“水安全”等对策建议。