河流健康综合评价指数法的改进及其在昌江的应用

目前普遍采用的河流健康综合评价指数法中水生生物指标相对简单,不能准确度量复杂河流生态系统的健康状态.通过增加蜉蝣目、襀翅目和鞘翅目相对丰富度以及科级生物指数2项指标,改进水生生物指标中的二级指标,并采用改进前后的河流健康综合评价指数法对鄱阳湖人湖支流——昌江进行评价对比.结果表明,昌江总体健康状况较好,各样点均处于健康或亚健康状态;从河流上游至下游,昌江干流及主要支流东河健康状况明显下降,得分最低的3个样点都位于昌江于流,而健康样点大都接近源头;改进后的河流健康综合评价指数法可更好地区分昌江不同样点的水体健康状态.     

应用鱼类生物完整性指数评价荔浦河河流健康

生物完整性指数是河流生态系统健康评价主要方法之一。为评价荔浦河河流健康状况,选择鱼类作为指示生物,构建了基于鱼类生物完整性指标体系。2017年1月、4月、7月和10月对荔浦河4次采样共采集到鱼类21 192尾,经鉴定共计94种,隶属于6目17科62属。以S1(修仁镇)、S10(马岭镇)、S11(双江镇)作为参考点,经过分布范围分析、箱体图判别能力分析及相关性分析等指标筛选过程从25个候选指标筛选出5个指标,即鱼类总物种数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、肉食性鱼类数量百分比、敏感性鱼类数量百分比、产漂浮型卵鱼类数量百分比。将荔浦河河流健康等级分为"健康"、"一般"、"较差"、"极差"和"无鱼"5个等级。结果表明,荔浦河青山镇、荔浦县及蒲芦乡河段健康状态为"一般"水平,东昌镇、龙怀乡、杜莫镇及新坪镇河段健康状态为"较差"水平,茶城乡河段健康状态为"极差"水平。筑坝工程、架桥工程和修路工程等人类活动导致荔浦河支流上的健康状况比干流更差。上述研究结果可为荔浦河的河流管理和保护提供理论依据和技术支持。     

基于环境管理的河流健康评价体系的研究进展

随着河流环境的逐渐退化,其自然功能和社会功能都受到了严重的威胁,河流健康评价的研究也逐渐成为河流生态研究的热点之一。河流健康评价体系能够明确河流的健康状态,为环境管理和生态修复提高理论基础,同时提高环境管理和生态修复的针对性和有效性。然而,环境管理也是河流健康评价体系的制定基准和目标。文章从国内外研究对河流健康的内涵和河流健康评价的指标体系两个方面进行了综述和分析。目前,国际上对于河流健康的内涵逐渐由仅关注自然功能,向与社会功能等方面结合的方向扩充。河流健康评价指标体系主要有两种：一是指示物种评价法,二是指标综合体系评价法。通过比较这两种方法的发展和优劣,我国更适宜于指标综合体系评价方法,有助于环境管理措施的制定。最后,通过结合和借鉴国内外已有的研究成果,构建了针对我国国情的、基于环境管理的河流健康评价理论框架。     

神农架林区河流生态系统健康评价

为监测神农架林区河流健康状况及人为活动对其水体理化特征和生物群落的影响,基于水质类别、大型底栖动物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数及BMWP记分系统(Biological Monitoring Working Party Score System)对神农架林区河流生态系统健康进行评价.结果显示,水质、大型底栖动物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数以及BMWP记分系统评价为健康的样点比例分别为36.67%、63.30%和50%.大型底栖动物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和BMWP记分系统2种评价方法的结果存在极显著的相关性(P0.01),具有较好的一致性.3种评价方法均显示亚健康或健康状态的样点比例达到了66.67%,表明神农架林区河流生态系统总体健康状况良好,但部分样点受到了一定程度的污染与干扰.     

基于河流环境与生物复合指标评价辽北地区河流生态系统健康

基于河流环境与生物指标,构建了适用于以农田和城镇等土地利用格局为主的平原地区河流健康综合评价指数(River health comprehensive assessment index,RHCAI),该指数主要由河流水文、河流形态、河岸带状况、水体理化参数以及水生生物5大类指标构成.考虑到生物因子对河流干扰的敏感性和准确性较高,利用层次分析法适当提高了生物指标的权重.以辽北地区辽河、浑河及其支流为例,利用RHCAI对其健康状况进行了评价,结果表明,该区域河流的健康状态处于"一般"到"亚健康"水平,在被评价河流中,卧龙湖入湖河流的得分最高,接近"健康"水平,而北沙河、蒲河、柳河与东马莲河的健康状态相对较差.河流是淡水资源的重要载体,对其健康状态的科学评价可以为河流的生态修复、水资源的合理开发利用及流域的可持续发展决策提供重要的科学依据和有益借鉴.     

基于鱼类生物完整性指数的拒马河北京段河流健康评价

拒马河是北京周边具有独特生物多样性的河流,目前面临很多水生态环境问题.鱼类生物完整性指数(F-IBI)是评价河流生态健康的重要方法.本研究于2018年5月和10月,在拒马河北京段设置9个采样点,利用地笼和刺网进行调查,共获得鱼类样本2001尾,隶属于4目9科.根据采样情况,初步设置了5大类21个初选指标,经过对指标完整性、相关性和取值范围分析,筛选得出6个评价指标:鱼类总物种数(M1)、鲤科占总种数的百分比(M3)、中上层鱼种类数百分比(M9)、杂食性鱼类种类数百分比(M13)、产粘性卵鱼类种类数百分比(M19)和鱼类总个体数(M20),构建了适用于拒马河的F-IBI指标体系,运用该体系对拒马河北京段的河流健康状况进行了评价,并将F-IBI与几个主要水环境参数和拦河坝相关数据进行了相关性分析.研究结果表明,拒马河北京段河流健康整体处于较差水平,F-IBI与水质理化因子无显著相关性,与参数"采样点与上游最近拦河坝的距离"呈显著相关.结果表明,拒马河北京段河流健康指数的关键影响因素不是水质理化因子,可能与拦河坝导致的河流片段化有关.     

上海罗泾水源地保护区河网水系生态健康评价

健康的河道生态系统是保持河道水生态环境物理、化学、生物的完整性,从而实现生态功能的完整性.基于河道生态健康的内涵,参考"上海市中小河道生态健康评价指标体系",从水质、生物2个方面15个指标对上海罗泾水源地河网水系的39条河道生态健康状况进行评价.结果表明,罗泾水源地保护区内河道水质子系统的健康状态多处于优、良的水平,生...     

中国生物多样性重点保护区评价标准探讨

从基于景观大尺度的评价和基于保护区域小尺度的评价2个层次,综述了国内外研究者在生物多样性重点区域评价方面开展的工作.尝试构建一般标准和鉴定标准的双重中国生物多样性重点保护区评价标准.其中,一般标准是作为重点保护区的基本条件,必须全部满足,而鉴定标准是依据相应指标进行判断,凡具有任意1项或多项指标的区域可被确认为重点保护区.并就指标体系和评价标准的具体内涵作了阐述.     

基于属性理论的长株潭城市群生态系统健康评价

城市生态系统是一种高度人工化的自然-社会-经济复合生态系统,其健康状况直接影响到城市的可持续发展。针对城市生态系统健康评价标准的不确定性问题,在构建评价指标体系的基础上,提出了基于属性理论的城市生态系统健康评价模型及评价方法。以长株潭城市群为研究区域,运用该模型和方法对其生态系统健康进行了综合评价。评价结果表明：长株潭城市群的生态系统现状属于一般健康类,其中自然生态子系统对区域整体健康状况有较大影响,评价结果与实际情况大体吻合。通过对各子系统层的健康度分析,识别了健康限制因素,并提出了相应的调控措施。采用属性理论方法开展城市生态系统健康评价,能较好地识别系统层综合健康状况和子系统层的健康状况,具有一定的实用价值,其评价结果为促进城市生态建设,有效实施生态系统健康管理提供了科学依据。     

海门市蛎岈山牡蛎礁海洋特别保护区生态系统健康评价

在分析海门市蛎岈山牡蛎礁海洋特别保护区海域生态系统现状及特点基础上,构建了包含环境、结构、稳定性3个方面24个指标的海洋特别保护区生态系统健康评价指标体系,并采用熵权综合指数模型和模糊综合评价模型对保护区的生态系统健康状况进行评价及对比分析。熵权综合指数法评价结果表明,保护区生态系统处于健康趋向亚健康的状态;熵权模糊综合模型评价结果表明,保护区生态系统处于健康状态。由于模糊综合评价模型能反映保护区各生态要素的健康状况,其评价结论更趋近于保护区客观现状,更适用于海洋保护区健康评价。     

Aquatic ecological health assessment of Shaying River Basin based on indices of physico-chemistry and aquatic organisms北大核心CSCD

With a variety of ecosystem services, river ecosystem plays an important role in the process of human society development. On the other hand, health condition of most aquatic ecosystems is seriously threatened by human activities. Restoring and maintaining a healthy ecosystem has already become a vital goal of river management. As a basis of river management, river health assessment is therefore particularly important. Based on indices of physics, chemistry and aquatic organisms, this research tried to establish a comprehensive evaluation system of aquatic ecological health suitable for the situation of Shaying River Basin. The system included 6 factors including riparian zone, river morphology, nutrients, oxygen balance, periphyton and benthic macroinvertebrates, which were defined into 19 indices reflecting the aquatic ecological health from different aspects. The assessment results indicated that the health condition of overall basin was normal, varying among different parts of the region, with Shahe River, Lihe River and Beiru River in the upper part sub-healthy, and Jialu River in the same part sub-sick. The middle region was generally in normal or sub-sick level; the health condition of the lower part was comparatively better due to a good condition. Within the indices, the nutrients and benthic macroinvertebrates were the major constraining factors to the health condition of Shaying River Basin for their poor health condition. The health conditions showed significant differences among the rivers (P < 0.01), with Jialu River being the worst. The result indicated that the aquatic ecological health of Shaying River Basin is affected by many factors, with urban and industrial sewage being the main ones, And that different protective measures should be employed for rivers of different conditions. The result can provide theoretical basis for the ecological restoration of Shaying River Basin and reasonable exploitation and conservation of the water resource of the whole Huaihe River Basin.     

Multi-scale evaluation of river health in Liao River Basin, China

Previous studies on river health evaluation mainly focused on characterizations at a river-corridor scale and ignored the complex interactions between the river ecosystem and other components of the river basin. Based on the consideration of the interactions among rivers, associated river basin and habitats, an assessment framework with multi-scale indicators was developed. An index system divided among these three scales to characterize the health of river ecosystems in China’s Liao River Basin was established. Set pair analysis was applied to integrate the multi-scale indicators and determine the health classes. The evaluation results indicated that the rivers in the western and eastern zones of the Liao River were classified as sick, and rivers in the main stream of the Liao and Huntai rivers were classified as unhealthy. An excessive level of disturbances, such as large pollution loads and dense construction of water conservation projects within the river basin, were the main causes of the river health deterioration.     

黄河"断流”对该河段河水中主要离子化学特征的影响

根据全球水质监测计划（GEMS/WaterProgram)和我国水利部黄河流域的水质监测数据,对1970s-1990s期间黄河下游河水主要离子含量的变化趋势及其与“断流”现象之间的关系进行了研究,结果表明,近年来黄河下游“断流现象”的频频出现,主要与枯水期中、上游地区引水量急剧增加有关;黄河的“水质浓化”趋势也主要由中、上游地区大量引水灌溉农田引起,因此,黄河“断流”与“水质浓化”现象是同一人类活动的两个平行的生态后果。     

河流底泥污染及其控制与修复

水体底泥污染是世界范围内的一个环境问题。污染物通过大气沉降、废水排放、雨水淋溶与冲刷进入水体,最后沉积到底泥中并逐渐富集,使底泥受到严重污染。在河流环境中,河床沉积底泥以推移和悬浮形式输送,很大程度上导致了上覆水和沉积底泥的相互物理作用。河流有强有力的自然环境,在河流系统中趋向有利于沉积底泥的解吸作用,从而将会影响上覆水的水质。因此,在水质管理计划中,应该将已污染的沉积底泥作为一个污染源予以考虑,沉积底泥是河流污染的一个重要方面。文章根据近年来国内外对河流底泥污染的控制、处理、修复及利用的文献资料,分析了河流底泥的污染现状及主要类型,包括重金属、NP营养物质、难降解有机物和持久性有毒污染物等,指出了目前在底泥污染修复中存在的问题。针对河流底泥污染控制与修复技术,介绍了除控制外源污染物外的物理修复、化学修复和生物修复等几种主要的修复方法和技术,分析了各种方法的利弊以及适用情况。在阐述了堆肥、建材利用、低温热解、湿地及栖息地建设、修复废弃地和建设填方等利用方式后,提出具体的控制和修复应因地制宜,综合各种恢复技术及利用方式,以达到控制及修复污染的河流底泥,恢复河流生态系统之目的。     

近30年来黄河水质变化趋势及原因分析

根据我国水利部水文年鉴黄河监测站及全球水质监测计划中国济南站的水化学资料,对黄河流域４４个主要水文站自六十年代以来河水水质进行了分析研究。结果发现黄河流域河水各主要离子及离子总量有缓慢增长趋势。     

Evaluation of aquatic rehabilitation technologies for polluted urban rivers and the case study of the Foshan Channel

An index system for evaluation of technologies for urban river rehabilitation was proposed and discussed. The index system includes indicators of cost, resources, environmental improvement, and social effects. The calculation method for an objective value of each index based on its attributes and weights was presented. The Foshan Channel, which is a seriously polluted, black and malodorous urban river in Foshan City, China, was selected as a case study. The values of the attributes and the weights of the indices for the Foshan Channel were determined. The technologies for the rehabilitation of the Foshan Channel were evaluated based on this index system. Finally, a rehabilitation scheme for the Foshan Channel was proposed.     

Calculation of the minimum ecological water requirement of an urban river system and its deployment: A case study in Beijing central region

The minimum ecological water requirements of an urban river system and water deployment are key elements in integrated water resources planning and urban ecological construction. Based on a review of ecological water requirement calculation methods and considering the different ecological functions of an urban river system, the ecological function method was used in this paper to calculate the components of the ecological water requirements of an urban river. An envelope curve-based method was proposed for assessing the minimum ecological water requirements of an urban river system. Water resources deployment strategies designed to meet the minimum ecological water requirements were described. Then, the minimum ecological water requirements of the urban river system in Beijing central region, selected as a case study, were investigated. The key parameters for assessing the minimum ecological water requirement in the Beijing urban river system were determined. Based on the ecological objectives and the current status of the different urban river systems within the Beijing central region, the minimum ecological water requirements were calculated. Different types of water sources, including rainwater, upstream water, and reclaimed water, were deployed to meet the ecological water requirements for the urban river system in the Beijing central region.     

华东某铀矿区周边河流表层沉积物的天然放射性评价

利用高纯锗γ能谱分析仪测量中国华东某铀矿区附近河流沉积物的放射性核素比活度,计算γ辐射吸收剂量率(D)、有效镭浓度(Ra_(eq))、外照射指数(H_(ex))、内照射指数(H_(in))、年有效剂量当量(AEDE(室内和室外))和年性腺剂量当量(AGDE)等放射性参数,并开展沉积物的放射性危害评估,最后通过Pearson线性系数确定放射性核素比活度之间的相关性。结果表明,河流沉积物中放射性核素~(238)U、~(226)Ra、~(232)Th和40K的平均比活度分别为51.55、37.32、57.63和756.86 Bq·kg~(-1),除~(226)Ra外,其他放射性核素的比活度均高于中国平均值;距离污染区较远或存在河流稀释作用的区域,沉积物的天然放射性核素处于正常水平,作为建筑材料使用时比活度不存在超标;放射性核素~(238)U、~(226)Ra和~(232)Th之间存在显著相关性。     

白洋淀芦苇型水陆交错带水化学动态及其净化功能研究

于2007年3月-11月对富营养化湖泊一白洋淀进行了现场调查,分析了温度、溶解氧（DO）、叶绿素、总磷（TP）及其他水化学指标的动态变化规律,并讨论了它们之间的相互关系。结果表明：白洋淀芦苇（Phragmites australis var．baiyangdiansis）型水陆交错带对营养物质具有强烈的截留作用,可以达到净化白洋淀水体的效果。从水质指标的空间分布看,污染较重的府河河口区域其水体TP、化学需氧量（CODc,）含量明显高于污染较轻的湖泊中心区域,空间梯度上呈逐步递减趋势。根据水体盐度、总溶解性固体、TP及DO含量进行聚类分析,可以将采样点分为3类：Ⅰ区、污染较重河口区域;Ⅱ区、中间过渡缓冲区域;Ⅲ区、污染较轻中心区域。Ⅰ区其水体DO含量明显低于Ⅲ区,而水体盐度则明显高于Ⅲ区。通过调查发现：在8月份,白洋淀水体DO含量突然增加;相关分析表明：叶绿素含量与DO（P=0．046）及温度（P〈0．01）之间呈显著正相关关系。结合叶绿素等指标的动态变化规律,8月份左右可能是白洋淀藻类爆发的危险时期。