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1.
为评估重金属镉(Cd2+)对鱼类抗氧化酶活性的影响,本文采用静水生物测试的方法,将尼罗罗非鱼暴露于不同浓度水平(0、0.5、1.5、3.0和6.0mg/L)的Cd2+溶液中,21d后测定尼罗罗非鱼肌肉、肝脏、肾脏、脾脏和鳃5种组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性和谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量。结果表明:重金属镉对尼罗罗非鱼抗氧化酶活性产生影响。尼罗罗非鱼肝脏组织的SOD、CAT活性和GSH含量显著高于其他4种组织,具有组织特异性。肝脏组织的SOD、CAT活性和GSH含量随着镉浓度的升高呈下降趋势,高浓度组(3.0mg/L)和极高浓度组(6.0mg/L)尼罗罗非鱼肝脏组织的SOD活性显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。肝脏组织中SOD、CAT活性和暴露水体中镉的浓度水平呈现明显的剂量-效应关系。与对照组相比,暴露组尼罗罗非鱼肾脏组织中SOD、CAT活性及GSH含量均处于诱导状态;对于鳃组织而言,SOD、CAT活性呈现低浓度(0.5mg/L)时被诱导,高浓度时被抑制。不同暴露组尼罗罗非鱼肌肉和脾脏组织中SOD、CAT活性与对照组没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。  相似文献   

2.
通过研究不同浓度原油污染对缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)鳃和内脏团抗氧化酶活性、脂质过氧化及鳃结构的影响,结合综合生物标志物响应(IBR),探讨潮间带原油污染对生物的毒性效应.结果显示:在剂量-效应方面,2种组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和内脏团中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)总体上表现为低浓度诱导、高浓度抑制效应;SOD诱导与过氧化氢酶(CAT)抑制同时出现,规律大致相反.在时间-效应上,SOD活性呈升高-降低-升高的趋势, CAT与GPx呈先降低后升高的趋势;谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)在鳃中呈现先升高后降低的趋势,酶活性最高为371.663U/mgprot.暴露前期(6h)缢蛏2种组织中丙二醛(MDA)含量显著增加,鳃和内脏团中MDA含量最高值分别为5.030和10.705nmol/mgprot,后期逐渐平稳.IBR结果表明鳃中生物标志物对原油污染敏感度更高.原油暴露会使鳃丝结构发生变形或引起鳃丝脱离等现象.研究表明,缢蛏鳃更适宜作为潮间带原油暴露生物监测与评价的器官.  相似文献   

3.
选择0#柴油和平湖原油乳化液对缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)进行氧化胁迫实验,选取典型的抗氧化酶-超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷光甘肽硫转移酶(GST)及过氧化物酶(POD)用于衡量油类污染物对生物体造成的氧化压力大小.此外,结合综合生物标志物响应(Integrated Biomarker Responses,IBR)指标,对2种石油污染物对缢蛏的毒性响应进行定量化评价.结果表明,不同浓度的0#柴油和平湖原油对缢蛏消化腺中的4种酶表现出不同程度的诱导效应,各试验组在暴露前期均表现出诱导或抑制,但对4种酶的影响存在时间顺序性,SOD、CAT和GST的酶活性表现为升高-降低的过程,POD表现为降低-升高的过程,活性达到峰值的时间SOD和CAT要早于GST和POD.结合计算出的IBR数值来看,高浓度0#柴油能够引起最为显著的生物效应变化,显示该石油污染物高毒性的特征,0#柴油生物毒性大于平湖原油生物毒性.  相似文献   

4.
镉对厚壳贻贝急性毒性及对其鳃抗氧化酶活性的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
研究选用东海区常见种厚壳贻贝(Mytilus coruscus)开展了镉作用下的急性毒性和亚慢性毒性的实验研究。根据预实验结果设计了2.92、3.34、3.81、4.36、4.98 mg/L 5个Cd2+浓度梯度进行急性毒性实验,结果表明镉对厚壳贻贝24、48、72、96 h LC50(半数致死浓度)分别为4.85(4.30~5.47)、4.15(3.77~4.57)、3.55(3.25~3.89)、3.10(2.81~3.42)mg/L。厚壳贻贝于不同亚致死浓度镉(0.194、0.388、0.775mg/L)溶液中连续暴露8 d,结果显示,暴露初期鳃组织中SOD、CAT、GSH-Px的活性随镉浓度升高而升高,整个暴露期间三者均呈先升后降的规律。厚壳贻贝鳃中SOD、CAT、GSH-Px对水环境中镉反应敏感,且存在一定的剂量-效应关系,可尝试将三者共同作为指示海洋重金属污染的指标。  相似文献   

5.
镉胁迫对虾夷扇贝抗氧化防御系统的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
实验研究了虾夷扇贝在96 h的急性毒性效应,以及不同浓度Cd2+(0,0.005,0.025,0.050,0.150和0.300 mg/L)对虾夷扇贝内脏团超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽-过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活力的影响,以探讨其用于污染暴露的生物标记的可行性。结果表明:虾夷扇贝96 h的LC50为1.73 mg/L;其95%的置信区间是1.58~1.90 mg/L;安全浓度为0.0173 mg/L。酶活力:0.025 mg/L及以上的各实验组SOD活力先上升后下降,在第3 d时达到峰值,与对照组呈显著差异(P<0.05);处理第6 d,各浓度组SOD活力有所下降,到第9 d时受到抑制;CAT活力在处理0.5 d时,0.025mg/L0、.150 mg/L和0.300 mg/L三个浓度组均受到显著诱导(P<0.05),处理第6 d时,各实验组酶活力开始受到抑制。两种酶对实验设计的Cd2+浓度反应敏感,呈现出"诱导-抑制"规律,对海洋Cd2+早期污染具有指示作用。GSH-PX对Cd2+污染没有SOD和CAT那样敏感,GSH-PX的各个实验组与对照组相比差异均不显著,因而它作为对海洋Cd2+早期污染指示物的意义不大。  相似文献   

6.
五溴联苯醚-镉胁迫下蚯蚓抗氧化防御反应   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
文章采用自然土壤染毒法,研究了Cd2+和DE-71对蚯蚓体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的影响。结果表明,两种污染物对蚯蚓的三种酶活性均产生一定的影响,DE-71主要表现为诱导效应,而高浓度的Cd2+则会产生抑制作用,SOD和CAT较POD敏感,对环境污染有很好的指示作用。Cd2+和DE-71复合染毒对抗氧化防御系统产生一定的联合毒性效应,SOD主要由协同转变为拮抗作用;以CAT指示的联合效应则受DE-71染毒浓度的影响,当Cd2+与10和100mg/kg(干重)DE-71复合时,联合毒性作用由协同转变为拮抗,而与400mg/kg(干重)DE-71复合时则呈现协同作用;POD指标下两种污染物间则表现为拮抗作用。总体来说Cd2+与DE-71对蚯蚓的抗氧化防御反应主要表现为拮抗效应。  相似文献   

7.
为评估重金属、多环芳烃单一及复合污染对海洋多毛类抗氧化酶活性及膜脂过氧化水平的影响,分别以镉(Cd)、苯并(a)芘(B[a]P)作为重金属和多环芳烃的代表,研究了Cd、B[a]P及二者复合污染胁迫下双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的响应特征。结果显示:Cd污染胁迫下,双齿围沙蚕体内SOD、CAT活性与Cd没有明显的"剂量-效应"关系,MDA含量则随其浓度升高而升高;B[a]P污染胁迫下,SOD、CAT活性及MDA含量均表现出明显的"剂量-效应"关系;Cd和B[a]P复合污染胁迫下,双齿围沙蚕体内SOD活性低浓度下被诱导,高浓度下被抑制,而CAT活性则随暴露浓度升高先降低然后恢复至对照水平,MDA含量仅在高浓度下被显著诱导(P0.05)。本研究表明,Cd能够干扰B[a]P对沙蚕抗氧化系统的影响,二者复合污染胁迫表现为拮抗效应。  相似文献   

8.
采用亚急性毒性实验方法,研究了铅(Pb2+)对河南华溪蟹(Sinopotamon henanense)卵巢组织抗氧化酶活性与脂质过氧化产物的影响.实验设置了5个Pb2+浓度组(3.675、7.35、14.70、29.40和58.80mg·L-1)和1个空白对照组,在3个染毒时间(5、10和15d)下对超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)活力和丙二醛(MDA)含量进行了测定.结果显示,在不同浓度和不同暴露时间下,铅对河南华溪蟹卵巢SOD、CAT、GPx活力及MDA含量均有明显的影响.SOD、CAT活力表现为低浓度诱导激活,高浓度抑制,即先升后降的变化规律,GPx活力在5d和10d时表现出先升后降的趋势,在15d时活力不断下降,且SOD在10d、14.70mg·L-1Pb2+浓度组,CAT在5d、7.35mg·L-1Pb2+浓度组,GPx在10d、3.675mg·L-1Pb2+浓度组分别升至峰值,而卵巢MDA含量随染毒时间的延长和染毒浓度的升高逐渐增多,且在15d、58.80mg·L-1Pb2+浓度组中较对照组差异极显著。结果表明,Pb2+暴露对河南华溪蟹卵巢产生了明显的氧化胁迫作用,且抗氧化酶和脂质过氧化物水平可以作为重金属对水生生物毒理学研究的生物标志物.  相似文献   

9.
刘慧  王晓蓉  王为木  沈骅 《环境科学》2005,26(1):173-176
选择幼龄鲫鱼为材料 ,研究锌(Zn2+)及其配合物(Zn-EDTA)低浓度长期暴露(40d)对鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)肝脏锌富集和抗氧化防御系统的影响 .结果表明 ,鲫鱼肝脏中锌的积累量随锌暴露浓度的升高而增加,且Zn2+处理明显高于Zn EDTA处理 .2种形态锌对鲫鱼肝脏超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、过氧化氢酶 (CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GPx)均表现出抑制作用 ,其中Zn2+暴露浓度与酶活性之间存在良好的剂量效应关系;Zn2+在低浓度时对谷胱甘肽转硫酶(GST)有诱导作用 ,高浓度时为抑制作用 .Zn EDTA对GST活性始终产生抑制作用 .CAT与GPx对锌暴露比GST和SOD更为敏感 ,适合作为水环境锌污染的早期监测指标 .  相似文献   

10.
大型海藻对重金属镉、铜的富集动力学研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
以人工培育的龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)活体为实验材料,在低浓度Cu2+、Cd2+污染水体中,进行龙须菜对Cu、Cd富集的模拟实验,探索龙须菜对Cu、Cd的污染水体的修复,以及龙须菜食品的安全性.应用两箱动力学模型,对实验结果进行了曲线拟合,对拟合优度进行检验.结果表明,在本实验条件下,龙须菜对重金属Cu、Cd的生物累积符合两箱动力学模型,并获得龙须菜富集Cu、Cd的吸收速率常数(Ku)和排出速率常数(Kc).当Cu2+的浓度£50mg/L、Cd2+的浓度£20mg/L时,经过28 d的暴露,随Cu2+、Cd2+的暴露浓度以及暴露时间增大,龙须菜中Cu、Cd的含量升高.龙须菜对Cu、Cd的吸收速率常数分别为15.4~51.1和13.9~55.7,基本随实验水体中元素的暴露浓度升高而降低;排出速率常数分别为0.023~0.070和0.030~0.050,与暴露浓度无明显相关性.理论平衡状态下龙须菜中Cu、Cd含量(质量分数)随水体中暴露浓度升高而增加.龙须菜对Cu、Cd的生物富集因子分别为663~1008和463~1113,Cu、Cd的生物半衰期分别为23.1 d和20.1d.  相似文献   

11.
Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity (both in gene richness and diversity index values) and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor (50 mg/kg) recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos (150 mg/kg) caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos (250 mg/kg) produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes (bands) responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals: four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.  相似文献   

12.
The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.  相似文献   

13.
In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato (Solanum tuberosum) and brinjal (Solanum melongena), for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.  相似文献   

14.
RemovalofheavymetalsfromsewagesludgebylowcostingchemicalmethodandrecyclinginagricultureWuQitang,NyirandegePascasie,MoCehuiF...  相似文献   

15.
Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease   总被引:6,自引:3,他引:3  
The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury (Hg) on urease activity in 4 soils (meadow burozem and phaeozem) was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase (up to 13%-21%) in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship (P〈0.05) between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose (ED50) values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.  相似文献   

16.
A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several (halo)aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no (chloro)catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.  相似文献   

17.
A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field > tree land > fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT >1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.  相似文献   

18.
The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.  相似文献   

19.
Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.  相似文献   

20.
Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus (P). In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite (AP), Juraperle (JP) and phosphate-modified Juraperle (M-JP) were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.  相似文献   

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