铜尾矿复垦后土壤微生物活性及其群落功能多样性研究

对安徽铜陵五公里尾矿区三叶草复垦后的土壤微生物活性和群落的功能多样性研究表明,复垦后每克土壤微生物细菌数已达2.3×107个,并存在一定量耐Cu2 、Cd2 、Zn2 、Cr6 、Pb2 、Ni2 的菌株,但种类少,主要为芽孢杆菌属、假单胞菌属和短杆菌属。BIOLOG测试结果显示,铜镉重金属离子的复合污染使土壤微生物群落丰富度降低;外源耐铜镉微生物菌剂的添加使尾矿区土壤微生物群落代谢剖面(AWCD)变化明显,提高微生物对单一碳源底物的利用能力,增加利用不同碳底物的微生物数量,减轻了重金属污染引起的土壤微生物群落功能多样性的下降,为尾矿区生境加速恢复提供一条有效途径。     

基于PCR-DGGE的重金属污染土壤微生物种群指纹分析

采用变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）分析方法,研究沈阳市细河沿岸重金属污染土壤中微生物结构多样性、种群丰富度及种群结构的动态变化规律。结果表明：直接从土壤中抽提总DNA,对16SrRNAV3可变区序列进行扩增,DGGE指纹图谱分析,微生物种群结构和变化规律明显,同时也表现为重金属污染程度越重,多样性指数越低;其中细河底泥重金属含量严重超标,多样性指数最低。经方差分析,重金属污染情况与Shannon-wiener多样性指数呈负相关,其中重金属污染对微生物的均匀度指数影响最显著,并且锌污染对其影响最大为-0.985。表明PCR-DGGE技术可以用于污染环境下微生物多样性研究,也为污染环境下土壤微生物多样性研究提供了新的实验方法与依据。     

Microbial community and functional genes in the rhizosphere of alfalfa in crude oil-contaminated soil

A rhizobox system constructed with crude oil-contaminated soil was vegetated with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to evaluate the rhizosphere effects on the soil microbial population and functional structure, and to explore the potential mechanisms by which plants enhance the removal of crude oil in soil. During the 80-day experiment, 31.6% of oil was removed from the adjacent rhizosphere (AR); this value was 27% and 53%higher than the percentage of oil removed from the far rhizosphere (FR) and from the non-rhizosphere (NR), respectively. The populations of heterotrophic bacteria and hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were higher in the AR and FR than in the NR. However, the removal rate of crude oil was positively correlated with the proportion of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in the rhizosphere. In total, 796, 731, and 379 functional genes were detected by microarray in the AR, FR, and NR, respectively. Higher proportions of functional genes related to carbon degradation and organic remediation, were found in rhizosphere soil compared with NR soil, suggesting that the rhizosphere selectively increased the abundance of these specific functional genes. The increase in water-holding capacity and decrease in pH as well as salinity of the soil all followed the order of AR>FR>NR. Canonical component analysis showed that salinity was the most important environmental factor influencing the microbial functional structure in the rhizosphere and that salinity was negatively correlated with the abundance of carbon and organic degradation genes.     

炼油厂周边PAHs污染土壤中微生物群落结构多样性研究

直接从污染土壤中提取微生物基因组DNA,对基因组DNA进行16S rDNA聚合酶链式反应（PCR）扩增和末端限制性片段多态性（T-RFLP）分析,进而对炼油厂附近PAHs污染区土壤微生物群落结构和多样性进行初步研究。结果表明,PAHs浓度较高的土壤中PAHs主要以高相对分子质量PAHs为主,此外,其土壤微生物群落多样性明显低于PAHs浓度较低的土壤。高浓度PAHs刺激了某些土壤微生物生长。不同污染程度的土壤存在一定数量相同的优势菌群,但相对丰度具有明显差异。其中α-变形菌是五个区域土壤中的主导微生物。研究结果将为炼油厂周边土壤的修复治理提供科学依据。     

多氯联苯复合污染土壤的微生物群落结构多样性变化

土壤微生物群落结构多样性是指示土壤生态系统稳定性及其功能的重要传感器。采用磷脂脂肪酸(Phospholipid fatty acids,PLFAs)方法,对长江三角洲地区某POPs高风险区PCBs长期复合污染土壤的微生物群落结构多样性进行了初步研究。结果表明,PCBs重度污染土壤中格兰氏阴性菌(16:1w9、cy17:0等)和厌氧微生物(18:1w7)的PLFAs组分含量较多,而格兰氏阳性菌(如i15:0、i17:0等)、放线菌(16:0(10Me))及真菌(18:2ω6,9)和好氧性微生物的PLFAs含量较低,表明PCBs污染土壤中微生物群落结构与组成发生了明显变化。这一结果为PCBs降解微生物资源的定向筛选提供了科学依据。     

High-energy milling to decontaminate soils polluted by polychlorobiphenyls and atrazine

Mechanical energy has been used so far for running chemical reactions and for preparing new materials in absence of solvents. Very recently, the technology has been applied to solve environmental problems. In this paper, we describe the application of high-energy milling (HEM) for the remediation of soils contaminated by chlorinated organic compounds such as polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) and agrochemicals like atrazine. NaBH₄ and LiAlH₄ have been successfully used for the total dehydrohalogenation of both classes of compounds, leaving a residue lower than 2 ppmw of the starting compound in the treated soil. LiAlH₄ was found to be more active than NaBH₄.     

污染土壤中有机质结合态重金属的研究

用物理与化学相结合的方法研究了2个污染土壤剖面中有机质结合重金属（Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn）的分布，把有机质相结合态重金属分为颗粒状有机质（POM）结合的重金属和与细土腐殖质结合的重金属。结果表明，土壤POM对重金属有明品的富集作用，其中〉2mmPOM重金属Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的富集系数分别在1．4～3．2、2．5～2．6、2．8—3．9和3．0～3．9之间；而0．05～2mmPOM重金属Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的富集系数分别在2．7～7．8、3．2～6．4、3．2～9．3和3．2～5．6之间，0．05～2mmPOM组分中重金属的平均富集高于〉2mmPOM组分。POM中重金属的富集程度与土壤重金属的积累呈正相关。有机质结合态重金属占土壤重金属总最的比例随土壤有机质积累而增高，表土层约40％以上的重金属以有机质结合态存在。     

Equation for isotope accumulation in products and biomass as a way to reveal the pathways in mesophilic methanol methanization by microbial community

Isotope-labelling of substrate is used to reveal the methabolic pathways of substrate transformation by microbial community. In this paper, in order to describe the batch mesophilic anaerobic methanization of ¹³C-labelled methanol and microbial ecology analysis (Li et al., 2008), an equation for the isotope accumulation in products and biomass was included into the basic mathematical model based on stoichiometric chemical reactions. The higher was the isotope level in substrate, the larger fraction of ¹³C accumulated in products and biomass. Acetate, total organic and inorganic carbon (TOC, TIC) concentrations and methane production were used for the model calibration, whereas ¹³C enrichment of acetate, TIC and biomass were used for model validation. In the model, chemical transformations including methanol and acetate oxidation, homoacetogenesis, hydrogenotrophic and aceticlastic methanogenesis were considered. The rate-limiting reactions were methanol and acetate consumption. According to the model, homoacetogens performing acetate formation and oxidation were competed with hydrogenotrophic methanogens for hydrogen. Biphasic methane production was due to hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis in the first phase and due to acetiticlastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis following acetate oxidation in the second phase.     

零价铁还原脱氯污染土壤中PCBs的实验研究

利用零价铁或铁的双金属对模拟污染土中多氯联苯(PCBs)在常温常压下的还原脱氯情况进行实验研究.采用高效离子色谱分析样本,结果表明:零价铁或者镍(Ni)铁双金属对土壤中浓度为5 mg·g-1的PCBs有一定的脱氯效果;当PCBs浓度降低为1 mg·g-1时只有钯(Pd)含量为0.05%的钯铁处理具有显著的脱氯效果;升高土壤温度到45℃,或者简单加入醋酸、活性炭、石墨以及硫粉等处理均不能有效提高脱氯效果;先添加硫粉和水培养,使土壤氧化还原电位降低后,添加含铜(Cu)为2%的铜铁及含钴(Co)为1%的钴铁双金属对土壤中的PCBs有明显的脱氯效果.     

玉米免耕秸秆覆盖对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

为了研究免耕对土壤微生物功能多样性的影响,本项试验运用Biolog-ECO检测手段,对连续2年的玉米（Zea mays L.）保护性耕作试验全部秸秆覆盖免耕和常规耕作2种耕作处理的土样进行了土壤微生物功能多样性研究。试验表明：（1）免耕土壤微生物对碳源利用率以及不同碳源利用率高于常规耕作,免耕对总体碳源利用率平均值比常规耕作高53.1%;（2）免耕土壤微生物丰富度指数、多样性指数显著高于常规耕作,免耕微生物群落丰富度指数22.33±0.57,多样性指数3.02±0.04,常规耕作微生物群路丰富度指数14.33±1.15,多样性指数2.56±0.12。免耕秸秆覆盖耕作措施促进了土壤微生物活性、增加土壤微生物数量。     

Phytoaccumulation prospects of cadmium and zinc by mycorrhizal plant species growing in industrially polluted soils

The natural vegetation growing along a wastewater channel was subjected to analyze the uptake of Cadmium (Cd) and Zinc (Zn) and their subsequent accumulation in aboveground and underground plant parts. Species which were mycorrhizal and growing in soils receiving industrially contaminated wastewater were collected along with their rhizospheric soil samples. The nearby uncontaminated control (reference) area was also subjected to sampling on similar pattern for comparison. Both Cd and Zn concentrations were significantly higher in soils of the study area as compared to the reference site. Five plant species i.e. Desmostachya bipinnata, Dichanthium annulatum, Malvastrum coromandelianum, Saccharum bengalense, and Trifolium alexandrinum were analyzed for metal uptake. The maximum phytoaccumulation of Cd was observed in Desmostachya bipinnata (20.41 μg g⁻¹) and Dichanthium annulatum (15.22 μg g⁻¹) for shoot and root tissues, respectively. However, Malvastrum coromandelianum revealed maximum Zn accumulation for both the shoot and the root tissues (134 and 140 μg g⁻¹, respectively). The examination of cleared and stained roots of the plants from both the areas studied revealed that all of them were colonized to a lesser or a greater degree by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. The Cd hyperaccumulating grasses i.e. Desmostachya bipinnata and Dichanthium annulatum, from study area had smaller root:shoot (R/S) ratio as compared to those growing on reference area indicating a negative pressure of soil metal contamination. The lower R/S ratio in the mycorrhizal roots observed was probably due to increased AM infection and its mediatory role in soil plant transfer of heavy metals. Furthermore, comparatively lower soil pH values in the study areas may have played a key role in making the overall phytoavailability of both the metals. Consequently variations in Cd and Zn tissue concentration among species were observed that also indicate the phytoaccumulation potential of the native species.     

环毛蚓在高羊茅修复土壤菲污染过程中的作用

为了解土壤动物在植物修复多环芳烃类化合物过程中的作用,采用盆栽试验法,对比研究了蚯蚓（Pheretima sp．）活动对高羊茅（Festuca arundinacea）修复土壤菲污染的影响效应以及各种生物、非生物因子在植物修复菲污染过程中的作用。结果显示,在20．05-322．06mg·kg^-1菲污染水平范围内,与相同污染水平下无蚯蚓作用的菲污染土壤中生长的植株相比,蚯蚓活动促进修复植物高羊茅的生长：试验期间（72d）,修复植物的单株生物量增加9．74％～21．53％,根冠比增加17．26％～21．44％。添加蚯蚓72d后,种植高羊茅的菲污染土壤中,菲的去除率高达61．70％～88．78％,其平均去除率（77．38％）比无蚯蚓活动的土壤-植物系统中的（68．36％）提高了9．02％,比无植物生长的对照组土壤（22．57％）提高54．81％。各种生物（如植物代谢、植物积累、动物积累、微生物降解、植物．微生物交互作用等）、非生物（如渗滤、吸附、光解、挥发等）因子中,植物．微生物交互作用对菲去除的平均贡献率（47．81％）最为突出,比无蚯蚓活动时（42．08％）提高5．73％。说明蚯蚓活动可强化土壤．植物系统对土壤菲污染的修复作用。     

螯合剂在污染土壤植物修复中的应用

向土壤中施加螯合剂可有效提高植物修复效率.根据螯合剂的作用原理,文章着重阐述了螯合剂施用后对污染土壤中重金属的活化、植物吸收和体内转移的影响,并对使用螯合剂的环境风险和今后的研究方向作了简要的讨论.     

菲在土壤中的微生物降解研究

研究了不同条件土壤中多环芳烃菲的降解动态。结果表明：温度和底物浓度对土壤中菲的降解有较大影响,未灭菌土壤中菲的降解半衰期为5.1d;从污染土壤中分离到一株高效降解菲的菌株,经16S rDNA鉴定为产碱杆菌属（Alcaligenes bacterium LBM.）,同源性高达99%;随着优势菌接种量增加,基础培养基中菲降解速率逐渐加快;Fe3＋、Co2＋和Cu2＋对优势菌降解菲能力均有不同程度影响,其中以Fe3＋影响最明显。     

土壤与沉积物对多环芳烃类有机物的吸附作用

吸附作用是疏水性有机物在土壤和沉积物环境中的重要迁移转化行为之一。多环芳烃是环境中一种重要的疏水性有机污染物。文章着重阐述了多环芳烃类有机物在土壤和沉积物中有机质和粘土矿物吸附机理，指出土壤、沉积物有机质的结构异质性是导致非线形吸附的重要原因；分析了影响多环芳烃吸附过程的诸多因素，并提出该研究领域存在的问题以及今后发展的方向。     

重金属污染土壤的微生物响应

土壤微生物在受到重金属污染胁迫后，往往能够在区系组成、生理生化、遗传等方面对重金属作出响应。微生物对土壤重金属污染的上述响应可用来评价土壤的重金属污染状况，并为土壤污染的生物修复提供理论指导。文章对近年来有关重金属胁迫下土壤微生物响应的研究成果作系统综述。     

Responses of microbial interactions to elevated salinity in activated sludge microbial community

● Salinity led to the elevation of NAR over 99.72%. ● Elevated salinity resulted in a small, complex, and more competitive network. ● Various AOB or denitrifiers responded differently to elevated salinity. ● Putative keystone taxa were dynamic and less abundant among various networks. Biological treatment processes are critical for sewage purification, wherein microbial interactions are tightly associated with treatment performance. Previous studies have focused on assessing how environmental factors (such as salinity) affect the diversity and composition of the microbial community but ignore the connections among microorganisms. Here, we described the microbial interactions in response to elevated salinity in an activated sludge system by performing an association network analysis. It was found that higher salinity resulted in low microbial diversity, and small, complex, more competitive overall networks, leading to poor performance of the treatment process. Subnetworks of major phyla (Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Chloroflexi) and functional bacteria (such as AOB, NOB and denitrifiers) differed substantially under elevated salinity process. Compared with subnetworks of Nitrosomonadaceae, Nitrosomonas (AOB) made a greater contribution to nitrification under higher salinity (especially 3%) in the activated sludge system. Denitrifiers established more proportion of cooperative relationships with other bacteria to resist 3% salinity stress. Furthermore, identified keystone species playing crucial roles in maintaining process stability were dynamics and less abundant under salinity disturbance. Knowledge gleaned from this study deepened our understanding of microbial interaction in response to elevated salinity in activated sludge systems.     

微胶囊EDTA对2种土壤中铅释放的影响

选用不同铅污染程度及pH值的土壤,采用连续批浸提实验和土柱淋溶实验,比较研究微胶囊EDTA（Cap-EDTA）和未微胶囊化EDTA（Ncap-EDTA）对不同土壤溶液中pH值和铅离子浓度动态变化影响,以及土壤渗滤液中铅离子淋失特征。结果表明：施加2种不同形式的EDTA,可极显著地增加土壤溶液中铅离子浓度,Cap-EDTA能控制土壤溶液中铅浓度的突增幅度,且使土壤溶液中的铅持续保持在适度浓度的时间更长。同一种土壤不同处理间土壤pH值的变化趋势基本一致,无显著差异。施用2种不同形式EDTA可极显著地增加土壤渗滤液中铅离子含量,土壤铅累积淋失量呈对数曲线上升,但施用Cap-EDTA处理能显著降低土壤中铅的初始淋失量和淋失总量。在相同浓度及形式的EDTA下,高铅浓度和高pH值的土壤铅更易活化和淋失。因此,在进行污染土壤植物修复的EDTA调控时,采用微胶囊化EDTA,能降低其带来的污染地下水风险。     

桑园土壤微生物群落功能多样性对PAHs污染的响应

为了探明桑园土壤微生物群落功能多样性与多环芳烃(PAHs)污染的关系,采用Biolog检测法研究某路域桑园土壤微生物功能多样性对PAHs污染的响应。结果表明,不同区域PAHs污染程度由大到小依次为区域2(位于区域1和3之间)、3(离公路最远)和1(离公路最近);Biolog分析发现不同区域土壤微生物对碳源利用的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)由大到小依次为区域2、3和1;区域2的Shannon指数和Gini指数均显著高于区域1和3,而区域1的Shannon均匀度显著低于区域2和3,区域2土壤微生物活性最强且群落结构最丰富,其后依次为区域3和1。主成分分析结果显示,3个区域微生物群落的生理功能差异明显,主要表现在对糖类和氨基酸类物质的代谢上。冗余分析表明,区域2土壤微生物与PAHs含量关系最密切,说明较高的PAHs含量更能激发桑园土壤微生物的生理活性,微生物群落代谢功能因PAHs污染而有所提高。