潮河流域非点源污染控制关键因子识别及分区

将GIS技术、ArcSWAT模型与分析技术相结合,以农耕养殖程度较高的北京密云水库上游潮河流域为研究区,通过对流域近20年非点源污染负荷时空变异情况进行模拟,识别影响非点源污染流失的关键因子,进行非点源污染控制区划.结果表明,总氮和总磷年均负荷量分别为563.3,28.7t/a,氮磷负荷空间分布特征表现为:丰水年以地势较高且农业耕作活动频繁区域为主,平水年和枯水年表现为靠近河道的农业用地与畜禽养殖区为主.采用多因素方差分析11种不同因素对流域非点源污染负荷的影响程度表明,施肥量是影响氮磷输出的最主要的因子,坡长、土壤类型、土地利用方式及坡度是影响氮磷输出的次重要因子;针对潮河流域长期传统耕作以及化肥过量施用的现状,土壤有机磷的含量也会对总磷的输出产生一定的影响.潮河流域可划分为3个污染控制区,第1类:污染控制区(以近河道耕种区为主,面积186.74km²),第2类:污染治理区(农村生活及畜禽养殖区为主,面积23.09km²),第3类:生态修复区(高坡度强降雨区为主,面积1365.25km²).该研究结果可有效提升流域非点源污染治理的效率,为水源地流域环境保护提供参考.     

估算非点源污染负荷的平均浓度法及其应用

不了满足水质预测和流域水污染控制规划的迫切需要，结合我国非点源污染监测资料少的实际，以非点源污染的形成过程为基础，提出了一种简便易用的流域非点源污染负荷估算方法－平均浓度法，应用实例表明，该方法是可行的。     

基于降雨事件监测的非点源污染对灞河水质的影响

在对灞河马渡王水文站断面5次降雨事件过程和2次非洪水过程监测的基础上,分析了灞河流域非点源污染对灞河水质的影响.结果表明:降雨过程期间,COD、总氮、氨氮、硝氮、亚硝氮、总磷指标监测平均值均小于非洪水期监测平均值.各指标负荷输移速率随时间的变化趋势和径流量变化趋势大体相同,即先逐渐增大达到峰值,再逐渐变小;各指标浓度随时间的变化规律大致为:COD、硝氮、总氮浓度先增大后减小;亚硝氮为先减小后增大,总磷的变化规律不明显.总氮、硝氮的浓度峰和负荷输移速率峰均接近或滞后于流量峰;COD的浓度峰接近或滞后于流量峰,而负荷输移速率峰接近或超前于流量峰;总磷、氨氮的浓度峰和负荷输移速率峰均接近或超前于流量峰;而亚硝氮的浓度峰变化规律不明显,负荷输移速率峰接近或超前于流量峰.采用平均浓度法计算了各指标的非点源污染平均浓度及负荷:2009年灞河流域马渡王断面COD、总氮、氨氮、总磷的非点源污染负荷分别为8707.28,723.63,245.52,43.07t.2009年灞河流域马渡王断面NSP负荷COD、总氮、氨氮、总磷所占总负荷相应的比例分别为31.86%、32.69%、42.21%、34.42%.由此可见,非点源污染在灞河水污染中占有较大比重,其对于灞河水质的影响不容忽视.     

基于HSPF及回归模型的淡水河流域非点源负荷计算

应用分布式水文模型HSPF结合回归模型,对广东省东江流域中淡水河流域的非点源负荷进行计算.研究结果显示,模型较好地再现了悬浮泥沙(SS)、CODCr、NO3--N及TP在2010年内的通量随时间的变化过程.统计结果表明,淡水河流域的SS、CODCr、NO3--N及TP在汛期的通量对年通量的贡献十分显著,分别占年通量的86.81%、77.56%、69.83%和73.08%;NH4+-N和TN的计算结果与实测值之间拟合程度较弱,可能是由于这两类污染物与人类活动的点源排放关系密切,而本研究中所用回归方程只考虑了径流量与污染物通量之间的关系,并没有更多地考虑与人类活动相关的因素.     

Modeling the effects of constructed wetland on nonpoint source pollution control and reservoir water quality improvement

This article describes the integrated modeling approach for planning the size and the operation of constructed wetlands for maximizing retention of nonpoint source pollutant loads and reservoir water-quality improvement at a catchment scale.The experimental field-scale wetland systems (four sets,0.88 ha each) have been in operation since 2002,where water depth was maintained at 30–50 cm and hydraulic loading rate was at 6.3–18.8 cm/day.The wetland system was found to be adequate for treating polluted stream water with stable removal efficiency even during the winter.The integrated modeling system (modified-BASINS) was applied to the Seokmoon estuarine reservoir watershed and calibrated with monitoring data from constructed wetland,stream,and reservoir.The calibrated integrated modeling system estimated that constructing wetlands on 0.5% (about 114 ha) of the watershed area at the mouth of reservoir could reduce 11.61% and 13.49% of total external nitrogen and phosphorus loads,respectively.It also might improve the nitrogen and phosphorus concentration of the reservoir by 9.69% and 16.48%,respectively.The study suggested that about 0.1%–1.0% of the watershed area should be allocated for constructed wetland to meet specified water-quality standards for the estuarine reservoir at the polder area where land use planning is relatively less complicated.     

Modeling the e ects of constructed wetland on nonpoint source pollution control and reservoir water quality improvement

This article describes the integrated modeling approach for planning the size and the operation of constructed wetlands for maximizing retention of nonpoint source pollutant loads and reservoir water-quality improvement at a catchment scale. The experimental field-scale wetland systems (four sets, 0.88 ha each) have been in operation since 2002, where water depth was maintained at 30–50 cm and hydraulic loading rate was at 6.3–18.8 cm/day. The wetland system was found to be adequate for treating polluted stream water with stable removal e ciency even during the winter. The integrated modeling system (modified-BASINS) was applied to the Seokmoon estuarine reservoir watershed and calibrated with monitoring data from constructed wetland, stream, and reservoir. The calibrated integrated modeling system estimated that constructing wetlands on 0.5% (about 114 ha) of the watershed area at the mouth of reservoir could reduce 11.61% and 13.49% of total external nitrogen and phosphorus loads, respectively. It also might improve the nitrogen and phosphorus concentration of the reservoir by 9.69% and 16.48%, respectively. The study suggested that about 0.1%–1.0% of the watershed area should be allocated for constructed wetland to meet specified water-quality standards for the estuarine reservoir at the polder area where land use planning is relatively less complicated.     

生物标志物在水环境研究中的应用

生物标志物是指示污染物危害效应的生物信号．可分为两类,一类指示生物体对有害物质的暴露;另一类指示污染物的毒性效应．与其它手段相比,生物标志物具有专一性、预警性和广泛适用性．本文介绍了指示水环境污染的主要几类生物标志物．生物转化酶和金属硫蛋白能有效地表征水体中的有机物和重金属对生物的影响．DNA加合物将有机污染与遗传物质变异相关联,因此成为生态毒理学研究的新热点．文中还讨论了生物标志物的缺陷和不足,并展望了该领域的应用前景．     

Predicting the impacts of climate change on nonpoint source pollutant loads from agricultural small watershed using artificial neural network

This study described the development and validation of an artificial neural network (ANN) for the purpose of analyzing the e ects of climate change on nonpoint source (NPS) pollutant loads from agricultural small watershed. The runo discharge was estimated using ANN algorithm. The performance of ANN model was examined using observed data from study watershed. The simulation results agreed well with observed values during calibration and validation periods. NPS pollutant loads were calculated from load-discharge relationship driven by long-term monitoring data. LARS-WG (Long Ashton Research Station-Weather Generator) model was used to generate rainfall data. The calibrated ANN model and load-discharge relationship with the generated data from LARS-WG were applied to analyze the e ects of climate change on NPS pollutant loads from the agricultural small watershed. The results showed that the ANN model provided valuable approach in estimating future runo discharge, and the NPS pollutant loads.     

Estimation of ammonia nitrogen load from nonpoint sources in the Xitiao River catchment, China

Ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) is one of the three main forms of total nitrogen (TN). Most studies have estimated the load of TN from nonpoint sources instead of one specific form. The relationship between land use and concentrations of NH4+-N in runoff was analyzed using the hydraulic analysis functions of a Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and the annual loads of NH4+-N in the Xitiao River catchment were estimated according to model results. The results suggested that the calculated annual loads of NH4+-N...     

Introductory remarks on mercury pollution in China

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我国非点源负荷研究中的问题探讨

在非点源研究实践和查阅大量非点源文献的基础上,总结出我国非点源负荷估算中通常使用的4种方法,即断面实测总负荷减去统计的点源负荷法、单位负荷法、水文线分割法和SWAT模型估算法.分析对比了这些方法在我国和北美地区使用条件的不同和使用过程中的差异,讨论了这些方法在使用中可能产生的错误.研究结果表明,在我国目前情况下前3种方法会相当程度地高估非点源负荷量,而SWAT模型在我国的应用没有充分体现其"分布式"模型的特点;同时,由于北美和中国的情况存在较大差异使得北美地区不同土地使用方面的校正数据在中国并不可用,导致在径流模拟方面也存在很大误差,因此,负荷计算将产生更大误差.在此讨论基础上,提出了在我国农业非点源负荷研究中需注意的若干问题,并结合目前我国环境现状,提出了对国内非点源污染研究和控制的见解.     

厦门海域海上污染源对环境质量的影响

1998年，对厦门海域港口码头、船舶以及海水养殖等主要海上污染源进行了监测和调查。结果表明，港口、船舶排放入海的石油类达148．8t，远远超过工业污水中油的排放量；海水养殖排放的无机氮和地磷分别达538．4t和200．4t；P的排放量已超过生活污水，几乎与城市污水排放P的总量相当。海上污染源污染负荷比占12．3％，大于工业污水，已是污染物的主要入海途径之一，是影响厦门海域环境质量的一个不容忽视的污染强源。     

水环境非点源污染模型研究

随着工业污染源的有效控制,非点源污染已经成为我国重要污染类型之一,如何科学地认识并有效控制非点源污染已成为研究课题.在此介绍了非点源的基础工具--非点源模型的主要类型、结构和特点,并对目前主要的非点源模型进行了比较分析,探讨了非点源模型发展的趋势.     

Review of water pollution control in China

Water resource shortage and pollution has seriously threatened the survival and development of developing countries. Because of China’s specific economical and social circumstances, complete adoption of developed countries’ experience is unrealistic. At present, China needs to develop strategies and technologies in source water pollution control and municipal environmental remediation that embrace the country’s specific need to battle the water resource problem. Among them, efficient source water pretreatment is a critical step to ensure a safe municipal water supply. Unlike developed countries, it is not yet feasible in China to treat water supplied to the household and have it meet the standard of direct drinking; therefore, it is more appropriate to refer to it as service water. As a beneficial supplement, an additional community drinking water network and household drinking water apparatus can be considered.     

呼和浩特市种植业面源污染现状分析及防治对策

介绍了呼和浩特市化肥、农药、地膜和农作物秸秆四种主要种植业面源污染源的现状,指出存在的问题及危害,分析原因并提出相关的防治对策。     

暴雨径流污染负荷计算的响应函数模型

暴雨径流污染具有影响面广,监测、控制和处理困难而复杂的特点,其负荷定量化是进行治理与控制的重要基础与中心环节。从我国的实际出发,建立了一个完整的流域暴雨径流污染负荷模型,包括降雨径流模型、流域产污模型与污染物迁移转化模型。野外实测资料检验表明,该模型具有计算简便、精度高、适应性强的特点。重点论述暴雨径流过程中的污染物迁移转化模型     

大尺度区域非点源污染负荷计算方法

针对我国非点源污染研究中存在的主要矛盾,即已有的实验和研究多集中在小流域和小区域范围内(10000 km2以下),而缺乏全流域尺度下的非点源污染负荷估算方法,通过分析非点源污染负荷研究中的尺度问题及其解决途径,提出了大尺度区域非点源污染负荷的计算方法,以适应规划层次下非点源污染控制和管理的需要.研究在分析非点源污染负荷产生和迁移途径的基础上,依据水文产汇流和污染物迁移过程,建立了大区域尺度非点源污染负荷估算模型;在地理信息系统(GIS)支持下,分别按城市径流、农业生产、农村居民点和畜禽养殖4种类型,计算了2000年我国10个一级水资源区的溶解态非点源污染负荷量.结果表明,2000年全国范围内非点源污染情况比较严重,耗氧有机物(以COD计)、TN、TP和NH4 -N的人河量分别达到6.65×106t、3.28×106t、1.56×106t和0.83×106t.最后,采用各流域机构的非点源污染调查数据(2000年),对模型计算结果进行了验证,结果表明,模型结构基本合理,计算结果具有一定的可靠性.     

地下水水源地污染防治优先性研究

在总结地下水水源地污染防治相关研究的基础上,提出了地下水水源地污染防治优先性问题,并建立了优先性评价的指标体系,采用基于灰色关联度和理想解法的综合决策方法实现水源地优先性排序.利用优先控制指标以及指标与工程的对应关系,确定了各水源地工程建设的优先次序.应用案例显示,华北平原9大水源地污染防治可按I期和II期分期进行.城镇生活垃圾无害化处理率、工业固废集中处置利用率、林木覆盖率、地下水固有脆弱性4个指标,在各水源地工程建设的优先次序确定过程中出现最为频繁,体现了华北平原地下水水源地普遍存在的问题.     

我国城市非点源污染特征及其模型应用探讨

总结了城市非点源污染的定义,探讨了城市非点源污染的种类、来源、危害、影响因素等特征。为估算城市非点源污染负荷,国外学者研发了许多模型,如SWMM、STORM、MOUSE等。但因我国城市非点源污染具有浓度高,来源多（包括城市道路、屋面、广场、天然降雨、路边垃圾、重点生活源、管网淤积等）,且主要来自于城市道路等特点,国内学者在应用国外模型计算城市非点源污染负荷时可能会遇到一些问题和困难。基于我国城市非点源污染特征及当前SWMM模型在我国的应用,提出了我国在应用模型模拟计算城市非点源污染时需注意的模型参数取值及验证、模拟污染物类型选取、基础资料获取等相关问题,并展望了我国未来城市非点源污染的研究方向。     

The determinants of citizen complaints on environmental pollution: an empirical study from China

Using China’s environmental statistical data set for the period 2001-2006, this paper presents an extensive empirical analysis of the relationships among citizens’ environmental complaints, pollution intensities, and socio-economic characteristics. We found that exposure to harmful pollutants significantly influence people’s complaint behaviors because higher densities of chemical oxygen demand and SO₂ emissions are correlated with a higher incidence of citizen’s complaints of water pollution and air pollution, respectively. In terms of demographical variables, household income has significantly positive impacts on the likelihood of citizens lodging environmental complaints regarding air, water, and solid waste pollution. Citizens in municipality and coastal regions tend to complain more than those in interior regions. Our results support the view that environmental complaints can provide valuable information for regulators to efficiently allocate inspection resources; however, the information may be noisy since complaints are more likely to arise from wealthier and more-educated regions. In order to mitigate this problem, we argue that it may be helpful to strengthen basic education in poorer regions and to encourage environmental information disclosure for attracting more people’s attention to pollution problems. In addition, regular inspection capabilities in poor and seriously polluted regions must be enhanced for investigating regulatory violation.