沼泽红假单胞菌的番茄红素含量

研究了沼泽红假单胞菌适宜培养条件下番茄红素的含量．结果发现，在厌氧、30℃条件下，培养基中加入Fe^3 0．01g L^-1，有利于提高番茄红素的含量；培养基中Mg^2 浓度对其产量影响不显著；当光照强度为20001x时培养的菌体中番茄红素的含量最高，处于生长稳定初期(6d)，沼泽红假单胞菌中番茄红素的积累量可达53．7μgmg^-1．图3表1参11     

恶臭假单胞菌DLL-E4对硝基苯酚降解途径关键基因pnpC的突变分析

通过同源重组成功地敲除了恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)DLL-E4菌株的偏三苯酚1,2-双加氧酶基因(pnpC).pnpC插入失活菌株DLL-△pnpCl失去了降解对硝基苯酚(PNP)和对苯二酚(HQ)的能力,而pnpC敲除菌株DLL-△pnpC恢复了利用PNP和HQ的能力,但是降解速率降低.在不同硫酸铵分级梯度下PNP和邻苯二酚分别诱导的DLL-E4和DLL-△pnpC粗酶液对邻苯二酚的降解活性存在明显差异,表明恶臭假单胞菌DLL-E4中除pnpC参与PNP降解代谢过程外,还存在另一个双加氧酶替代了敲除的pnpC的功能,使得DLL-△pnpC代谢PNP的过程得以继续.     

降解氯氰菊酯光合细菌的分离鉴定及降解特性研究

从农药厂污水处理池的活性污泥中分离到一株高效氯氰菊酯农药降解菌,命名为PSB07-13。根据该菌体培养特征、菌落形态特征、活细胞光谱吸收特征、生理生化特性、光合作用内膜系统结构类型,并结合16S rRNA（Genebank Accession NO.EU366142）序列相似性分析,将其鉴定为沼泽红假单胞菌（Rhodopseudomonas palustris）。利用气相色谱对PSB07-13的降解能力进行了测定,结果表明：该菌培养6d后,对50mg·L-1的氯氰菊酯的降解率达到80.94%。降解特性研究结果表明：该菌在含氯氰菊酯培养基中的最适生长温度为30℃、pH为7.0及光照强度为7500lx;该菌不能以氯氰菊酯为唯一碳源和能源生长;该降解菌还能较好地降解甲氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、溴氰菊酯等菊酯类农药。该农药残留降解菌可以用于农药厂有机废水处理及农田农药残留降解,具有一定的应用前景。     

Cu2+,Cd2+和Cr(Ⅵ)抑制沼泽红假单胞菌生长的毒性效应

运用标准方法进行有毒化学品对水生生物急性毒性实验 ,得到Cu2 + ,Cd2 + ,Cr(Ⅵ )对光合细菌沼泽红假单胞菌生长抑制作用的 96h剂量反应方程 ,分别为 :y =- 1.72 6 7x +8.70 0 4 ,R2 =0 .96 5 5c(Cu2 + ) ;y =$C1.15 5 1x +8.9996 ,R2 =0 .92 5 2c(Cd2 + ) ;y=$C1.342 7x +10 .785 ,R2 =0 .975 8c〔Cr(Ⅵ )〕 ,由此计算出Cu2 + ,Cd2 + ,Cr(Ⅵ )的 96h -EC50 分别为 2 .172× 10 -6mol/L ,2 .5 6 6× 10 -5mol/L和 3.92 6× 10 -4mol/L .从而得出它们对沼泽红假单胞菌生长毒性作用大小的顺序为Cu2 + >Cd2 + >Cr(Ⅵ ) .表 2参 11     

红球菌Chr-9降解吡啶和苯酚的特性

研究了红球菌(Rhodococcus)Chr-9菌株在基础盐培养基中降解吡啶和苯酚的特性,分析了菌株降解苯酚和吡啶间的差异.结果表明,菌株Chr-9能够在72 h内将基础盐培养基中的吡啶(200 mg L-1)和苯酚(200 mg L-1)完全降解,同时利用吡啶和苯酚进行生长.菌株降解吡啶的最适温度为35℃,最适pH为8.0.菌株降解吡啶和苯酚的速度与底物的初始浓度呈负相关;在无其它氮源的基础盐培养基中,菌株能够利用吡啶和苯酚协同生长.图7参12     

施氏假单胞菌N2代谢邻/间/对甲酚的特性研究

本论文以施氏假单胞菌N2为受试菌株,研究了N2菌对邻/间/对甲酚及其混合物的生物降解特性.结果表明,N2菌能以邻/间/对甲酚为唯一碳源和能源生长,但对3种异构体的降解速率各异.完全降解600 mg·L~(-1)的对甲酚仅需6 h,间甲酚则需24 h,但对邻甲酚的降解明显减缓;200 mg·L~(-1)邻甲酚48 h的降解率仅为11.38%.GC-MS结果分析发现,N2菌代谢甲酚途径主要为甲基氧化、芳环羟化,随后脱羧、开环裂解、降解转化至矿化,但3种甲酚的降解途径及酸性代谢产物的形成次序不一致.3种甲酚混合存在时可促进N2菌对其降解,这主要是因为混合碳源的协同作用减少了体系中因产酸过多引起的毒性,从而促进了N2菌对甲酚的降解矿化.     

DLL-1菌对甲基对硫磷农药的降解作用及其降解机理

研究了假单胞菌 (DLL - 1)在水溶液介质中降解甲基对硫磷的性能与影响因素及其降解机理。结果表明 ,当菌体浓度为 10 5个·ml-1时 ,即发生快速的降解作用 ,3h时 ,降解率达 88.5 %。在pH为 5 .0、7.0和 9.0条件下 ,DLL - 1菌均产生对甲基对硫磷农药的高效降解作用。采用气相色谱 -质谱联用技术与离子色谱法 ,测定了DLL - 1菌 -甲基对硫磷作用过程产生的中间产物和最终产物 ,表明对硝基苯酚为主要中间产物 ,且DLL - 1菌能将其进一步降解为NO2 -和NO3 -。     

石油降解菌株G5 16S rDNA全序列的系统学分析

用PCR方法扩增了一株石油降解菌株G5的16S rRNA基因全序列，并对其进行了克隆和测序．对该序列在GenBank中的BLAST结果表明，所有与该序列高度同源的序列都是假单胞菌的16S rRNA基因．其中假单胞菌的代表菌株Pseudomonas aeruginosa，P．fluoroscens，P .putida，P.syringae的16S rRNA基因序列与G5的16S rRNA基因序列同源性分别为93．4％，98．4％，96．3％，97．5％．对G5和其他39株假单胞菌的16S rRNA基因序列进行聚类分析，获得的系统发育树与RDP(Ribosomal Database Project)报道的系统发育树基本一致，其中菌株G5与5株P．chlororaphis聚类在一起．图2参7     

乙羧氟草醚降解菌Reudomonas sp.YF1的分离、鉴定与降解特性

从生产乙羧氟草醚工厂的污水处理池污泥中分离到一株乙羧氟草醚降解细菌,命名为YF1.根据表型特征、生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列系统发育分析,将其鉴定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.).接种量为5%时,菌株YF1在含200 mg/L乙羧氟草醚的基础盐液体培养基中降解乙羧氟草醚,7 d后降解率约80%.加大接种量和外加营养碳氮源可以促进乙羧氟草醚的降解.该菌株降解乙羧氟草醚的最适pH为7.0,最适温度为30℃.菌株YF1能利用苯酚、邻苯二酚、对苯二酚、苯甲酸、龙胆酸、对硝基苯酚和邻氯苯酚为底物生长,不能利用3-苯氧基苯甲酸为碳源生长,菌株YF1细胞内邻苯二酚1,2-双加氧酶受到乙羧氟草醚或其代谢产物的诱导.图5表1参25     

低温条件下苯酚降解菌的分离鉴定及降解特性

在15℃低温的条件下,从本溪钢铁集团公司焦化厂曝气池活性污泥中分离、筛选得到1株高效苯酚降解菌,即Bb-2,它对起始质量浓度为400 mg·L-1的苯酚降解率为74.8%.经形态观察和生理生化实验,初步鉴定为假单胞菌属.该菌株能在4～40℃的温度条件下生长繁殖,因此为耐冷菌.当醋酸钠和葡萄糖作为第二碳源存在时,促进了低温下Bb-2对苯酚的生物降解.采用反应动力学方程拟合其降解过程,初始苯酚质量浓度较低时,遵循Monod方程;初始质量浓度较高时,其降解过程以基质抑制型的Haldane方程为主.     

Applications of chitosan in food,pharmaceuticals, medicine,cosmetics, agriculture,textiles, pulp and paper,biotechnology, and environmental chemistry

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from chitin, one of the most abundant and renewable materials on Earth. Chitin is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the...     

Fragmentation of Phragmites Habitats, Minimum Viable Population Size, Habitat Suitability, and Local Extinction of Moths, Midges, Flies, Aphids, and Birds

Results from populations of insects and birds inhabiting Phragmites habitats were used to analyze effects of fragmentation. Flush-crash cycles of the stem-boring moth Archanara geminipuncta (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) showed regionally concurrent, local extinctions despite an originally enormous population size (more than 180,000 adults), emphasizing the importance of metapopulation dynamics. Further, A. geminipuncta could be considered a keystone species, since shoot damage facilitated more than twenty species of herbivores, saprovores (of the caterpillars' feces), and their parasitoids. The gall midge Lasioptera arundinis could survive only in side shoots induced by shoot damage of A. geminipuncta .
Small Phragmites stands had thinner shoots (due to a water or nutrient deficiency) and shoots with more leaves (due to a better light supply) than large stands, thereby influencing species-specific demands for habitat suitability and nutritiousness of reed tissue. In other words significance of habitat fragmentation could not be assessed by area alone. For example, two chloropid flies depending on thin, yellowish shoots survived only in small habitats or in the unmown edges of large habitats.
Local persistence of Phragmites herbivores depended on much larger population sizes than could be expected from a population size sufficient to maintain genetic variation. At least 11,000 adults of the gall midge Giraudiella inclusa (or more than 84,000 galls) were necessary to avoid local extinction.
With regard to conservation management of reed habitats, nature reserves should consist of old and unmown reeds, have fewer disturbed (particularly, fewer mown) habitat edges, measure more than two hectares (priority should go to the largest remaining fragments), and be surrounded by nearby reed habitats providing reservoir populations and diverse shoot types.     

Metal passivity as mechanism of metal carcinogenesis: Chromium,nickel, iron,copper, cobalt,platinum, molybdenum

For the transition metals chromium, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, platinum, and molybdenum, mechanisms of stable bonding in biochemistry (emphasis on carcinogenic mechanisms), chemistry, industrial chemistry, as well as epidemiological, occupational, orthopedic (implant devices) effects related to carcinogenesis, were reviewed. Hypothetically, the propensity to stable bonding (inertness), which ensures the metals’ performance capacity for consumers and industrial application, relates to their carcinogenicity. For chromium, a relationship between industrial/chemical and biological reactivity was noted for the tendency of Cr(III) ions to cause hydrolysis previous to stable bonding, as occurs during anodic passivation, leather tanning, and as indicated in biochemical studies pertaining to a mechanism of DNA condensation, which was suggested as a carcinogenic mechanism. The involvement of metal hydrolysis in both anodic passivation and biochemistry was noted also for nickel, iron, and platinum; the DNA interaction of platinum (cis-platin) is known to depend on hydrolysis. For nickel, issues of potential (V) were found important in both passivation and carcinogenicity. Comparably, the passivity behavior of cobalt and copper was found atypical, and their carcinogenicity yet unclear. Molybdenum, contained in passivated metallic implants, may relate to implant-associated carcinogenesis. Occupational carcinogenic effects were indicated for chromium, nickel, iron, and cobalt as caused by both reactive and passivated metal species. Exposure to acids and chronic respiratory irritation/infection/inflammation in workers were important cofactors in metal carcinogenesis. For wood and leather workers exposed to dust, the assumed presence in dust of metal particles abraded from alloys (sawing or cutting blades) may be a carcinogenic exposure hazard.     

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

Concentrations of V,Cr, Mn,Fe, Ni,Co, Cu,Zn, As and Cd in mesopelagic crustaceans from the North East Atlantic Ocean

Specimens of oceanic decapods, mysids and euphausiids, collected from the North East Atlantic Ocean during July 1985, were analysed for V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As and Cd. Measurement of the metals was carried out using two techniques: inductively-coupled plasma-source mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption (AAS). With the exception of the iron data, good agreement was observed between the data from the two techniques. Baseline-metal data are presented for the species measured, along with any effects of animal size on metal concentration. The data presented for oceanic animals from different trophic levels are important in studies of metal fluxes and for the assessment of markers within the food web in the oceans.     

Research progress on distribution,sources, identification,toxicity, and biodegradation of microplastics in the ocean,freshwater, and soil environment

• Microplastics are widely found in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. • Cleaning products and discarded plastic waste are primary sources of microplastics. • Microplastics have apparent toxic effects on the growth of fish and soil plants. • Multiple strains of biodegradable microplastics have been isolated. Microplastics (MPs) are distributed in the oceans, freshwater, and soil environment and have become major pollutants. MPs are generally referred to as plastic particles less than 5 mm in diameter. They consist of primary microplastics synthesized in microscopic size manufactured production and secondary microplastics generated by physical and environmental degradation. Plastic particles are long-lived pollutants that are highly resistant to environmental degradation. In this review, the distribution and possible sources of MPs in aquatic and terrestrial environments are described. Moreover, the adverse effects of MPs on natural creatures due to ingestion have been discussed. We also have summarized identification methods based on MPs particle size and chemical bond. To control the pollution of MPs, the biodegradation of MPs under the action of different microbes has also been reviewed in this work. This review will contribute to a better understanding of MPs pollution in the environment, as well as their identification, toxicity, and biodegradation in the ocean, freshwater, and soil, and the assessment and control of microplastics exposure.     

Fractionation of trace metals (Mn,Zn, Cu,Pb) in Red Sea sediments,Gulf of Aden,Yemen

A sequential extraction technique was applied to estimate the chemical association of Mn, Zn, Cu and Pb in five chemical phases (exchangeable, carbonate, Fe–Mn oxides, organic matter and residual) in sediments of the Gulf of Aden, Yemen. The results indicated that a higher level of Mn was associated with the residual fraction (natural sources) than the non-residual fraction (anthropogenic sources). Zn fractionations revealed that it was associated more with Fe–Mn oxides and organic fractions than exchangeable and carbonate fractions. Most of the Cu was present in the residual form (60–72%) except for in the main port area (zone III), where it was associated with the organic phase (77% of the total Cu content, the organic matter content was 5%). Similarly, most Pb was bound in the residual fraction (56–71%) except the main port area where ～ 62% of the total Pb was bound in non-residual fractions. It was also found that the Pb concentration in the exchangeable fraction was very high compared with other metals. The risk assessment code for the metals showed a low risk for Zn and Cu, but low to medium risk for Mn. Fractionation of Pb showed medium risk at most of the regions except at the eastern area, which revealed a high risk for the aquatic environment.