乙二胺还原的氧化石墨烯对镉离子的动态吸附

以乙二胺(EDA)还原氧化石墨烯(GO)制得一种吸附剂材料,即还原态氧化石墨烯(RGO)。考察了动态条件下Cd2+溶液的初始浓度、流速及吸附床高度对穿透曲线的影响,同时利用Bed-Depth-Service Time(BDST)模型对吸附床高度与穿透时间的关系进行线性拟合分析,研究了RGO对Cd2+溶液的动态吸附性能。结果表明,RGO可以有效地去除水溶液中的Cd2+,随着吸附床高度的增加,离子的去除率增大,穿透时间延长;当溶液初始浓度增大时穿透时间缩短,离子的去除率减小;而溶液的流速加快,穿透时间和去除率都相应减小。吸附床高度与穿透时间的关系可用BDST模型较好地进行描述,预测新的操作条件下的穿透时间与实验值误差均小于5%。     

聚甲醛单宁酸树脂对水体中苯胺的动态吸附研究

以单宁酸为原料,甲醛为交联剂制备了聚甲醛单宁酸树脂(PFTR),利用扫描电子显微镜和氮吸附仪对其表面孔径进行了表征和分析,并对模拟废水中的苯胺浓度进行了动态吸附性能研究,采用Thomas、Yoon-Nelson和BDST 3种模型对实验数据进行拟合分析,探讨PFTR对苯胺的吸附性能和原理。结果表明,PFTR表面含有丰富的孔状结构,能有效吸附水体中的苯胺。当PFTR用量为0.1g,吸附柱填充高度为1cm,流速为0.1cm/min,苯胺初始质量浓度为1 000~2 500mg/L时,其穿透时间随苯胺初始浓度的增大而提前。Thomas模型可较好地估算饱和吸附量,Yoon-Nelson和BDST模型能预测穿透时间。     

涂铁多孔陶瓷对水中亚甲基蓝的动态吸附

研究了涂铁多孔陶瓷填料柱对水中亚甲基蓝（MB）的动态吸附性能。探讨了填料高度、MB初始质量浓度和流速对穿透曲线的影响;分别用BDST模型、Thomas模型和线性回归对动态吸附实验数据拟合,获得了相关参数,并研究了填料的再生性能。结果表明,涂铁多孔陶瓷（IOCPC）能有效去除水中MB,填料层升高,穿透曲线上的穿透点向右移动,穿透时间延长;而随流速、MB初始质量浓度的增大,穿透曲线上的穿透点向左移动,穿透时间缩短。用BDST模型能准确预测穿透时间,误差＜5%;用Thomas模型可较好地描述了MB浓度为10和50 mg/L、初速为2 mL/min时IOCPC对MB的吸附动力学,相关系数分别为0.99和0.93,平衡吸附容量分别为0.078和0.13 mg/g。对吸附饱和后的涂铁多孔陶瓷可用pH=3的硝酸再生,重复使用3次穿透曲线上的穿透点基本不变。     

改性木屑对水中苯胺的动态吸附

采用β-环糊精对木屑改性用于吸附苯胺,通过固定床实验考察了吸附床高度(10~30 mm)、进水流速(2.7~8.1 m L·min-1)和苯胺初始浓度(50~200 mg·L-1)对穿透曲线的影响,同时使用BDST模型对吸附穿透曲线进行拟合。结果表明,改性木屑可以有效吸附苯胺,随着高度的增加,穿透时间延长,固定床对苯胺的去除率增大;随着苯胺进水流速和初始浓度的增加,穿透时间缩短,固定床对苯胺的去除率降低;BDST模型对穿透曲线的拟合效果较好(Ct/C0=0.7,R2=0.999 0),随着运行时间的增加,固定床的吸附速率常数(Ka)变小,对苯胺的吸附量(N0)增大;当改变流速时,运用该模型能较准确的预测吸附固定床的操作时间。     

改性废弃皮革对U(Ⅵ)的动态吸附

以改性废弃皮革为吸附剂对U(Ⅵ)进行动态吸附实验,采用直径3 cm、高50 cm的玻璃吸附柱,在填料高度为3、4和5 cm,U(Ⅵ)溶液进水流速为0.85、1.7和2.55 m L·min~(-1),初始U(Ⅵ)浓度为6、12和18 mg·L~(-1)的条件下,考察了各因素对U(Ⅵ)吸附穿透曲线的影响。动态实验表明:柱高的降低、流速的增大和U(Ⅵ)浓度的增加均会使穿透时间提前;动态吸附穿透曲线能很好地符合Thomas模型的条件(R2 0.95),同时吸附量的预测值与实际测试值较为接近。使用穿透时间(ta)与填料高度(h)的关系式ta=220h-433(R2=0.998),在仅改变流速和初始U(Ⅵ)浓度时,穿透时间预测值与实际测试值相差较小,表明BDST模型能确定固定床的动态吸附周期。     

粉状褐煤对水中草甘膦的动态吸附

采集内蒙霍林河煤矿褐煤样品,加工成粒径0.38~0.83 mm作为吸附剂,对模拟草甘膦废水进行动态吸附实验。考察了吸附柱高(3、5和10 cm)、草甘膦初始浓度(0.5%、0.75%和1.0%)、流速(1、2和3 m L/min)、pH(9、11和13)和离子强度(IS,0.001、0.01和0.1 mol/L)对草甘膦的吸附穿透曲线和传质区长度的影响。实验结果表明,降低柱高、增大初始浓度、提高流速、增加离子强度均会使穿透时间提前,pH变化对穿透时间影响很小;柱高、初始浓度、流速、IS和pH引起的传质区长度的平均变化率绝对值分别为0.675、6.300、1.625、47.727和0.263,可见,与柱高、初始浓度和流速相比,IS对传质区长度的影响较大,pH影响较小。低浓度条件下,吸附穿透曲线的实验数据符合BDST模型拟合条件(R20.99),在仅改变柱高或流速时,穿透时间理论值与实测值的最大误差均为5.71%,运用该模型能够准确地预测褐煤吸附柱的操作时间。     

改性陶粒对水中卡马西平去除的动态吸附实验及模型

用CTMAB(十六烷三甲基溴化铵)对陶粒进行改性,以卡马西平(CBZ)为目标污染物,研究了吸附去除饮用水中CBZ的性能并探讨了其应用的可行性。通过滤料吸附去除CBZ的动态实验,发现改性陶粒的去除效果优于陶粒。进水CBZ浓度为2μg·L~(-1)时,改性陶粒对CBZ的去除率最高为50%,陶粒最高的去除率为40%。研究了滤料再生对吸附性能的影响,发现陶粒和改性陶粒对CBZ的去除均随再生次数的增加而降低,改性陶粒的去除效果仍优于陶粒,改性陶粒的使用期限更长久。讨论了修正前后的Thomas模型,推导得到能更准确描述穿透曲线的Thomas模型取值范围。滤料穿透曲线用原始Thomas模型能很好地计算的速率常数kTh和平衡吸附量q0。利用原始Thomas模型也能较为准确地预测滤柱的穿透时间。     

粉煤灰对模拟河流中DMP的动态吸附

针对污染物泄露导致的河流污染问题,以邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)为研究对象,以粉煤灰作为吸附剂、有机玻璃反应槽作为反应装置,向其持续注入初始浓度相同的DMP溶液,将其所得实验数据拟合Logistic穿透模型,研究模拟河流条件下,粉煤灰对DMP的动态吸附规律;同时,分析了水流速度、DMP初始浓度及吸附剂投加方式3种因素对粉煤灰去除DMP性能的影响。结果表明:Logistic穿透模型能较好地拟合河流中粉煤灰动态吸附DMP的过程;提高溶液的进水流速,污染物更容易穿透吸附剂表面,单位时间内的最大吸附量由17.81μg·g~(-1)增加至27.78μg·g~(-1),最大去除率由35.63%升高至55.57%,穿透时间提前;随着DMP溶液初始浓度的增加,粉煤灰与DMP分子之间的浓度差增大,相同时间内与粉煤灰接触的DMP污染物增多,达到饱和的时间由131 min缩短至119 min,穿透曲线上的穿透点左移,粉煤灰的吸附性能提高;将粉煤灰全部平铺在槽体底部时,吸附质能够充分地与其接触,传质阻力减小,吸附速率常数由0.003 9提高至0.004 7,粉煤灰的吸附率升高。该研究可为河流突发性污染的应急处理提供一定理论依据。     

活性炭负载I-TiO_2对气体中甲苯的吸附

利用溶胶凝胶-浸渍烧结法制备了碘掺杂二氧化钛修饰的活性炭复合吸附剂。利用XRD、SEM、BET、Boehm滴定、亚甲蓝吸附值等手段研究了活性炭负载前后表面结构与性质。利用动态吸附实验研究了活性炭负载I-TiO_2复合材料(IT/AC)和再生IT/AC对气体中甲苯的吸附。考察了活性炭粒径、气体的流速、吸附床层高度和气体中甲苯的浓度对活性炭吸附性能的影响及甲苯在活性炭固定床上的吸附动力学。结果表明:由于介孔I-TiO_2和活性炭的协同作用,负载适量I-TiO_2对活性炭结构和吸附性能影响较小。活性炭的粒径越小、复合材料的吸附穿透点和饱和吸附量越大;气体的流速和甲苯的初始浓度越大,复合材料的吸附穿透点越小但饱和吸附量越大。YOON-NELSON模型可以预测复合材料吸附甲苯的动力学过程。     

H103大孔树脂吸附苯酚性能研究

通过静态吸附实验,研究了不同条件下H103大孔树脂对水中苯酚的吸附性能。结果表明,树脂对水中苯酚的吸附速率较快,60 min内基本达到平衡。树脂对水中苯酚的吸附量随其初始浓度的增加而增加,并呈线性关系。吸附数据采用Freundlich吸附等温线模型拟合结果较好。动态处理某精细化工含酚废水结果表明,室温下固定床流速为3 ...     

水质模型、生态模型及计算机模型软件

本文系统地介绍了有关水环境主要的形态模型、表面络合模型、点源和非点源污染模型及其计算机模型软件,并着重阐述了生态模型的发展及应用等     

干法脱硫非均匀初始孔隙率数学模型

分析了晶粒模型的优缺点,并针对晶粒模型的缺陷提出了一种晶粒模型的改进模型。改进后的模型考虑到颗粒内部初始孔隙率的非均匀性,建立了一个初始孔隙率沿半径变化的单颗粒脱硫数学模型。     

Inverse modeling of multicomponent reactive transport through single and dual porosity media

Compacted bentonite is foreseen as buffer material for high-level radioactive waste in deep geological repositories because it provides hydraulic isolation, chemical stability, and radionuclide sorption. A wide range of laboratory tests were performed within the framework of FEBEX (Full-scale Engineered Barrier EXperiment) project to characterize buffer properties and develop numerical models for FEBEX bentonite. Here we present inverse single and dual-continuum multicomponent reactive transport models of a long-term permeation test performed on a 2.5 cm long sample of FEBEX bentonite. Initial saline bentonite porewater was flushed with 5.5 pore volumes of fresh granitic water. Water flux and chemical composition of effluent waters were monitored during almost 4 years. The model accounts for solute advection and diffusion and geochemical reactions such as aqueous complexation, acid-base, cation exchange, protonation/deprotonation by surface complexation and dissolution/precipitation of calcite, chalcedony and gypsum. All of these processes are assumed at local equilibrium. Similar to previous studies of bentonite porewater chemistry on batch systems which attest the relevance of protonation/deprotonation on buffering pH, our results confirm that protonation/deprotonation is a key process in maintaining a stable pH under dynamic transport conditions. Breakthrough curves of reactive species are more sensitive to initial porewater concentration than to effective diffusion coefficient. Optimum estimates of initial porewater chemistry of saturated compacted FEBEX bentonite are obtained by solving the inverse problem of multicomponent reactive transport. While the single-continuum model reproduces the trends of measured data for most chemical species, it fails to match properly the long tails of most breakthrough curves. Such limitation is overcome by resorting to a dual-continuum reactive transport model.     

Geochemical modeling of cadmium sorption to soil as a function of soil properties

Cadmium sorption experiments were conducted to infer Cd sorption mechanisms to a reference smectite and three fractions of a Vertisol soil. Untreated Vertisol has a higher adsorption capacity for Cd than that of reference smectite. Surface complex modeling was used to calculate the potential contributions of Cd complexation reactions with permanent charge sites and pH-dependent charge sites over ranges in pH, for soils with given surface areas, and sorption site densities. The Langmuir model produced relatively good predictions of Cd sorption on reference smectite and Vertisol. However, the results of the triple-layer model (TLM) were inadequate to describe Cd adsorption on fixed-charge sites because the model could not account for the ion-exchange reaction on the basal plane. Based upon the two geochemical models of Cd adsorption to the reference smectite and Vertisol, it appears that the basal plane siloxane cavities are the most important sites for Cd complexation at pH < 6.5. For the pH-dependent sites, the edge-site aluminol appears to be the dominant surface functional group responsible for Cd adsorption at pH > 6.5.     

网箱养鱼对简阳三岔湖水库总磷浓度和溶解氧影响的模型研究

本文依据湖泊、水库的箱式模型理论，建立了简阳三岔湖水库网箱养鱼总磷模型和容解氧模型。并利用这一模型对不同网养面积下三岔湖水库总磷浓度和溶解氧进行了模拟实验。结果指出：按照三岔湖１９９１年养鱼特征和水文特征，网养面积最好不超过４．４×１０４ｍ２，绝对不能超过６×１０４ｍ２。     

综合调水对苏州河周边水系水质影响的数值模拟

进行长期有效的水资源综合调度是实现2010年苏州河河水变清的综合整治目标的一项重要措施。为进一步论证该项措施对周边水系的水质影响,为综合调水提供科学的决策依据,利用MIKE11模型系统建立了上海市苏州河水系的水动力、水质模型,进行苏州河综合调水对黄浦江以及蕴藻浜水质的影响作用的数值模拟。分析表明,苏州河综合调水对松浦大桥取水口水质基本没有影响,并可以在一定程度上改善黄浦江干流中下游河段的水质;东引北排初期会增加蕴藻浜干流的污染负荷,持续调水6d后蕴藻浜干流河段的水质将得到改善。     

A design of two simple models to predict PCDD/F concentrations in vegetation and soils

The vegetation and soil levels of the 17 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) toxic congeners were calculated by means of a vegetation and a soil model, respectively. Both models predicted the levels of the 17 PCDD/F congeners in quite good agreement with the observed results although the soil model was more accurate than the vegetation model. Four different pathways of contribution to the vegetation concentrations were taken into account: vapour-phase absorption, dry particle deposition, wet particle deposition and uptake by root. The most important pathway was the vapour-phase absorption and the less was the uptake by root. In the soils model four pathways were considered: background soil concentration, dry particle deposition, wet particle deposition and uptake by root. After the background concentration, the most important pathway was the wet deposition.     

NitroScape: a model to integrate nitrogen transfers and transformations in rural landscapes

Modelling nitrogen transfer and transformation at the landscape scale is relevant to estimate the mobility of the reactive forms of nitrogen (N_r) and the associated threats to the environment. Here we describe the development of a spatially and temporally explicit model to integrate N_r transfer and transformation at the landscape scale. The model couples four existing models, to simulate atmospheric, farm, agro-ecosystem and hydrological N_r fluxes and transformations within a landscape. Simulations were carried out on a theoretical landscape consisting of pig-crop farms interspersed with unmanaged ecosystems. Simulation results illustrated the effect of spatial interactions between landscape elements on N_r fluxes and losses to the environment. More than 10% of the total N₂O emissions were due to indirect emissions. The nitrogen budgets and transformations of the unmanaged ecosystems varied considerably, depending on their location within the landscape. The model represents a new tool for assessing the effect of changes in landscape structure on N_r fluxes.     

基于结构化设计的湖、库富营养化模型研究

基于结构化设计概念，将LEEDs模型与人工神经网络模型耦合，建立湖、库富营养化模型，模型包含N、P、COD、水温、水深和流速等6个控制模块。并以三峡水库为例预测结果表明，在3月和9～10月，月平均气温约为17℃，水深约为5m，流速约为0．02m／s时，三峡库区水体富营养化指标最大。模型具有可扩展性强，维护、升级容易等优点，可对模型中各个相对独立的模块进行调整，以适应不同湖库的实际情况。     

Three long-range transport models compared to the ETEX experiment: a performance study

For operational or research purposes (dispersion computations of radioactive effluents during nuclear emergency situations, simulations of chemical pollution in the vicinity of thermal power plants), different models of passive dispersion in the atmosphere have been developed at the Environment Department of EDF’s R and D Division. This report presents the comparison of the performances of three such models: DIFTRA (lagrangian puff model, with operational goal), DIFEUL (three dimensional eulerian) and DIFPAR (Monte Carlo particle model) for the simulation of the first ETEX release, an international tracer campaign during which a passive tracer cloud has been followed over Europe. The results obtained in this study give model vs. experience differences of the same order as the model vs. experience differences observed during an international model comparison experiment using data of the Chernobyl release, the ATMES exercise. In addition to the standard statistical scores used in the evaluation of the performances of the transport models two asymmetric scores (in contradistinction with the Figure of Merit in Space) are proposed: “efficiency” and “power”. Their aim is to separate the two manners in which a model may be wrong: by predicting presence of pollutant while none is measured or conversely predicting absence when pollutant is actually detected.