Towards an international limit value for occupational trauma risk: industrial exposures associated with occupational trauma,permanent impairment and fatalities in a five-year national claims material

In order to provide some advice on the priorities for occupational safety and health and the restriction of child labour in developing industrial systems, AFA—the Swedish labour market insurances—claims information system on work-related injuries associated with permanent impairment and fatalities was analysed for all occupations over the five-year period 1997–2001.After screening and merging with employment data, the occupational groups which exhibited a stable rate of trauma injuries associated with permanent impairment and fatality three times higher than the national average were selected and information about the typical accident mechanism and equipment/process resulting in trauma in these occupational groups was retrieved.It is suggested that the resulting lists of occupational exposures associated with high injury risks can be used to indicate the nature of restrictions necessary for children under the age of 18 in relation to harmful industrial exposures (ILO Conv 138, Art 3).     

An overview of research advances in road traffic trauma in China

With rapid development of social economies, road traffic accidents (RTAs) have continued to increase, and have become the "primary public hazard" to humans. Road traffic trauma (RTT) is a major cause of death in young people of all motorized countries. This article reviews the current advances in RTT research, in order to find some approaches to improving traffic administration and reducing RTAs and RTT. All available data were collected from government, literature, our own research, and conference proceedings. Statistical analysis from every country showed that human factors were still the main cause of RTAs, accounting for more than 90%. Vehicle and road factors caused 3-5% and less than 2% of the total RTAs, respectively. Approximately 85% of RTAs were caused by 21 to 45-year-olds. About 50% of deaths due to RTAs in the United States were related to drinking. In China, RTAs due to driver drinking accounted for 0.29-1.48%. About 6-8% of drivers were prone to RTA, causing 30-40% of RTAs. Seat belts are an effective way to prevent casualties, reducing mortality and morbidity by 13-50%. In China, about 70% of RTAs were related to bicycles. Prehospital emergency treatment is very important. About 35% of deaths may be avoided if the injured receive early and effective treatment. From 1983 to 1992 the mortality of RTT increased by 13% in 18 developing countries, while it decreased by 18% in 13 developed countries, indicating the importance of comprehensive treatment of traffic administration. In addition many advances have been made in basic scientific research of RTT, such as development of serial bioimpact machines and investigation of biomechanical and biochemical mechanisms of impact injuries. In this century, RTAs and RTT are predicted to continue to increase in many countries, especially in developing ones. Full cooperation and comprehensive treatment should be performed in order to improve traffic safety.     

Access to trauma centers for road crashes in the United States

Introduction: Existing research indicates that around 90% of all U.S. residents have access to at least one level I or II trauma center within 60 min. However, a limitation of these estimates lies in that they are based on where people live and not where people are injured, which may overestimate the access to trauma centers for seriously injured patients in fatal crashes. Method: In this study, the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data between 2013 and 2014 were collected and analyzed to quantify the access of injured patients to trauma centers for fatal crashes across states. Two types of distance, linear distance and route distance, were calculated using ArcGIS. The estimated transport time to the nearest level I/II trauma center was also calculated and compared to the recorded on-scene and transport time. Results and Conclusions: The Northeast region had the nearest average linear and route distance between fatal crash and trauma center (25.3 km and 31.7 km, respectively), followed by the Midwest (44.4 km and 54.1 km), the South (47.3 km and 57.0 km), and the West (50.9 km and 67.5 km). The comparison between the estimated and actual transport time revealed that the different states adopted different trauma triage protocols, resulting in different utilization rates of the level I/II trauma center among states. A linear regression analysis demonstrated that the longer the average route distance, the less the seriously injured patients in fatal crashes were taken to level I/II trauma center directly. Practical applications: These findings may help to identify the access to trauma centers for road crashes and the variation of delivery ratio to trauma center among the states, therefore a better utilization of trauma centers for road crashes can be achieved for the emergency medical services (EMS) systems.     

Road trauma among young Australians: Implementing policy to reduce road deaths and serious injury

Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate the likely reduction in road trauma associated with the implementation of effective interventions to reduce road trauma among young Australians.

Methods: A desktop evaluation was conducted to model the likely reduction in road trauma (deaths and serious injuries resulting in hospitalization) among young people aged 17–24 years residing in Queensland, New South Wales, and Victoria. Potential interventions were identified using a rapid literature review and assigned a score based on evidence of effectiveness and implementation feasibility with the 3 highest scoring interventions included in the modeling. Likely reduction in road trauma was estimated by applying the average risk reduction effect sizes for each intervention to baseline risk (passenger or driver death or serious injury per 100,000 population) of road trauma for young Australians. Point estimates were calculated for the potential number of deaths and serious injuries averted in each state and per 100,000 population, with a one-way sensitivity analysis conducted using uncertainty ranges identified.

Results: Peer passenger and night driving restrictions as well as improved vehicle safety measures had the greatest potential to reduce road trauma. Peer passenger restrictions could avert 14 (range: 5–24) and 24 (range: 8–41) hospitalizations per year in Queensland and New South Wales, respectively, and night driving restrictions could avert 17 (range: 7–26), 28 (range: 12–45), and 13 (range: 6–21) hospitalizations annually in Queensland, New South Wales, and Victoria. These interventions reduced fatalities by less than 1 death annually in each state. Improved vehicle safety measures could avert 0–3, 0–4, and 0–3 deaths and 3–91, 4–156, and 2–75 hospitalizations in Queensland, New South Wales, and Victoria.

Conclusions: Key elements of graduated licensing (peer passenger and night driving restrictions) along with vehicle safety interventions offer modest but practically significant reductions in road trauma for young Australians. State governments need to revise current legislation to ensure that these reductions in road trauma can be realized.     

Occupational accident: An example of fatalistic beliefs among medical waste workers in Bangladesh

This study was conducted to see whether fatalism is an important factor in explaining occupational accidents among medical waste operatives in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Data were collected using a variety of qualitative techniques and included observation, formal and informal dialogue. Sampling strategies included formal representative sampling, purposive and authoritative sampling. Employers did not supply PPE or offer training to their staff. Most workers (73%) did not wear PPE regularly, and a further 18% wore only insufficient PPE. Consequently, most waste workers (95%) reported that they had experienced occupational accidents, mostly (75%) from used needles and other sharps. These observations were associated with fatalistic beliefs among the participants, both managers and employees, who attributed these events to “fate” reflecting their perceived lack of control over such accidents. This study reveals many examples of a lack of organisational awareness that can occur within a culture of fatalism.     

林区公路的管护与交通事故

简要地介绍了伊春林区公路运输中存在的问题，分析了交通事故的原因，提出了具体整改措施。     

Prevalence of alcohol among nonfatally injured road accident casualties in two level III trauma centers in northern Ghana

Background: Alcohol use is pervasive among motorists on the road in Ghana; however, we do not know the extent to which this behavior is implicated in road accidents in this country.

Objectives: The main objective of this research was to establish the prevalence of alcohol in the blood of nonfatally injured casualties in the emergency departments (EDs) in northern Ghana.

Method: Participants were injured road traffic crash victims, namely, pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists, and drivers seeking treatment at an ED. The study sites were 2 level III trauma centers located in Wa and Bolgatanga. Participants were screened for alcohol followed by breath tests for positive participants using breathalyzers.

Results: Two hundred and sixty-two accident victims visited EDs, 58% of whom were in Wa. Among the victims, 41% were hospitalized and 57% experienced slight injuries. The vast majority (76%) of the casualties were motorcyclists, 13% were pedestrians, 8% were cyclists, and 2% were drivers. Casualties who had detectable alcohol in their blood were predominantly vulnerable road users. In all, 34% of participants had detectable blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) and the mean BAC for all casualties who tested positive and could give definitive BACs was 0.2265 (226 mg/dl). The prevalence of alcohol use was 53% among cyclists, 34% among motorcyclists, 21% among pedestrians, and 17% among drivers. Male casualties were more likely to test positive for alcohol than females. In addition, the prevalence of alcohol was significantly higher among injured casualties in Bolgatanga compared to Wa.

Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of alcohol use among nonfatally injured casualties in northern Ghana and injury severity increased with BAC. AUDIT screening in the hospital, alcohol consumption guideline, road safety education with an emphasis on minimizing or eliminating alcohol consumption, and enhanced enforcement of the BAC limit among motorists are recommended.     

加强职业卫生监督管理减少员工职业中毒

近年来,我国南方经济发展迅速,在许多发达地区均出现了群发职业危害事件,导致劳动者身体健康受到损害,并造成不良的社会影响。据卫生部统计,70%涉外企业存在职业危害因素,其中50%的工人在工作中接触有机溶剂。据调查,导致中毒的物质主要为正己烷等化学品。     

Occupational embeddedness and job performance

While researchers have recently focused their attention on organizational embeddedness, occupational embeddedness has received little theoretical and empirical attention. Using multisource data on 162 employees in multiple jobs and organizations, we found that occupational embeddedness is positively related to both task performance and creativity and is negatively related to counterproductive work behavior, even after controlling for the effects of organizational embeddedness. In addition, we found that trait affect moderated the relationships of occupational embeddedness to job performance. Occupational embeddedness was more strongly related to counterproductive work behavior when trait negative affect was high, while occupational embeddedness was more strongly related to both citizenship behavior and creativity when trait positive affect was high. Results also indicated that the various components of occupational embeddedness had different effects on job outcomes. Fit had a strong positive effect on core task performance, links had a positive effect on creativity, and sacrifice had a small positive effect on citizenship behavior. The article concludes with a discussion of implications for future research and management practice. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

职业健康与个体防护

职业健康与工作环境的职业危害密切相关,职业健康风险正比于作业时间与暴露程度.个体防护就是为了降低职业健康风险、减少人们职业健康危害程度而采取的技术措施.任何作业环境““安全与健康““的状况都是相对而言的,只要作业人员暴露于作业环境中,就有接触职业健康危害的可能,就必须进行个体防护.通常,人们将““个体防护““视为安全生产的最后一道防线,但对于职业健康而言,个体防护是常设的防线.     

Occupational Health and Social Resources

There is a relationship between the changes in work-related diseases and the following factors: the transformation of the organization of work, organizational development, as well as human and social changes in the work environment. These factors also influence the maintenance of industrial health and safety standards at work. Safety technology will continue to be important, but will be reduced in significance compared to the so-called soft factors, that is, all dimensions and parameters affecting people’s health and social environment at the work place.

It seems that in the future the relationship between the social resource development and work protection will become more relevant. Social resource development influences the quality of work performance and motivation, the quality of work and work protection, the likelihood of accidents and breakdowns, and the level of self-control and capacity of change.

The consequences of work protection research will be discussed in this article with a focus on the contribution of social sciences.     

Occupational injuries and work experience

The relationship between occupational injury rates and work experiences was studied in a population of 344 volunteer industrial workers by monitoring visits to the medical clinic of their employer. Subjects were assigned to one of three categories depending upon their work experiences: Incumbent (at least one year of experience prior to entering the study), Recent Hire (more than 3 months but less than one year of experience), or Probationary (less than 3 months of experience). The relationship was found to follow the shape of an inverted-U with the Recent Hire group suffering the highest injury rate. The Probationary group (also the most carefully supervised group) experienced the lowest injury rate.     

激光的特性与职业危害

对激光的特性及对人体组织的损伤进行了描述,特别是对眼睛、皮肤、皮下组织及内部器官的危害及防护办法作了介绍。     

铅职业危害及其防治

通过对某铅冶炼厂职业铅危害情况及防治现状进行调查分析,提出了防治铅中毒、铅吸收的措施。     

俄罗斯职业安全健康管理（二）

国家卫生监察,实施卫生与流行病监察的部门是俄罗斯卫生部下属的国家卫生与流行病学监察司,又称国家卫生与流行病学监察部。其主要职能是参与制定和执行卫生保健和卫生防疫方面的国家政策;对卫生保健和卫生防疫措施的执行情况进行监察;制定和完善国家卫生防疫标准,完成各级政府部门的健康保护和健康促进项目;协调各企业、各俄罗斯主体和联邦执行机构卫生与流行病学部门的活动;确定卫生保健和卫生防疫方面的科研发展方向;     

英国的职业安全与健康（二）

安全与健康的改善措施和活动措施进行风险评估对风险进行评估是保证健康和安全的重要方法。如果被评估的工作存在很大危害或风险,不能降低到可容忍的水平,就需要予以取消。安全与健康执行局公布了题为“风险评估5个步骤”的指南,帮助雇主和个体户评估风险。5个步骤是寻找危险点;确定可能的受害人以及可能如何受害;评估由此危险引起的风险,确定现有预防方法是否足够;记录评估结果;审查风险评估结果。     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

浅析职业服装的分类及设计

1 前言 职业服装是融标志性、功能性、时尚性、实用性及科学性于一体并具有行业特点和职业特征．能满足职业功能，体现团队精神和服饰文化的标志性服装。