重庆市不同类型屋顶绿化的降温增湿效应

屋顶绿化是城市立体绿化的主要方式之一,能有效改善城市生态环境。本文以重庆市主城区办公楼屋顶绿化为研究对象,开展不同类型屋顶绿化的降温、增湿效应研究。研究结果表明：绿化屋顶较未绿化屋顶具有明显的降温、增湿效应,且花园式屋顶绿化降温、增湿效应高于简单式屋顶绿化类型;花园式屋顶绿化降温率（T%）为22.14%,增湿效应（R%）为81.16%,而简单式屋顶绿化降温率（T%）为3.71%,增湿效应（R%）为14.7%。本研究以期为改善城市环境,实现城市的可持续发展提供理论依据。     

高速公路绿化综合效益评价体系

高速公路绿化效益的高低是衡量绿化工程质量优劣的关键因素,而缺乏成熟、规范的高速公路绿化综合效益评价体系是导致高速公路绿化失败的主要原因。通过对现有绿化效益评价方法进行总结与分析,发现层次分析法(AHP)是评价高速公路绿化综合效益科学合理的方法。本研究拟采用AHP法,采用专家调查论证的方式,建立了评价指标体系及各层次相关元素的权重值,构建绿化效益评价的基础模型,实现对不同高速公路、同一高速公路的不同路域、不同植物配置模式等的综合绿化效益的评价及比较,促进绿化质量的提高。使高速公路绿化工程建设管理走向规范化。     

浅谈城市的垂直绿化

立体绿化又称垂直绿化,它是利用攀缘、缠绕或悬垂植物覆盖、装饰建筑墙面、棚架或栏杆等的一种绿化形式,是迅速扩大城市园林绿化面的一种重要手段。 由于城市建筑密集、绿化用地不足,利用攀缘植物进行立体绿化可以增加绿地面积。1995年衡阳市城区绿化调查显示,全市人口55.2万人,城区面积约为5400余hm~2、绿地面积1197hm~2,绿化覆盖率24.7％、人平占有绿地1.8hm~2,其绿化指标较低。依据省统标准绿化覆盖率30％推称,全市尚有440余hm~2的绿化缺口。由于衡阳市城区建筑密集、王     

山东省典型地区村庄绿化供需关系研究

为了探索村民对村庄绿化的需求特征及其影响因素,揭示村庄绿化的供需关系,以期为美丽宜居的生态乡村建设提供科学依据,该研究运用典型抽样法,在山东潍坊市、临沂市抽取40个代表性村庄,实地调查绿化供给水平,并通过对村民进行随机访问获得有效问卷325份。研究表明:(1)大多数村民倾向于构建休闲游憩性游园和有益于观光旅游的绿化景观,对加强道路绿化、庭院绿化、乡村绿道及游园建设的需求较高。(2)有超过八成的村民对村庄绿化供给水平表示满意;缺乏政府部门的造林绿化资金补贴、缺少绿化规划等技术指导是制约村庄绿化的主要因素。(3)处于不同地形地貌、城镇距离、建设类型、经济发展模式的村庄以及不同年龄的村民对村庄绿化的认知需求存在显著差异。建议加强道路、庭院、水岸绿化,普及农田林网的益处及保护古树名木的重要性;重点构建休闲游憩型游园与有益于观光旅游的绿化景观;着重解决造林资金短缺及缺乏总体规划的困难,特别是要解决沿海村庄的绿化资金问题,并重点向山地区、工业型村庄提供绿化规划指导。     

藤本植物在城市垂直绿化中的选择与配置

藤本植物是指不能自由直立生长,需要借助于其他植物或支撑物的支持才能向上生长的植物的总称。藤本植物具有生长迅速、占地面积少、绿化面积大、种植管理容易等优点,它在现代城市绿化,特别是城市垂直绿化中运用十分广泛。城市垂直绿化的形式可分为:墙面绿化、立柱绿化、篱垣绿化、护坡绿化、棚架绿化、屋顶绿化。总结了藤本植物的特点和它的运用原则,重点介绍了它在不同垂直绿化形式中的具体的选择与配置技术。     

浅议墙面绿化设计

对传统的墙面绿化形式进行了总结和分析,同时通过实例研究了新的墙面绿化系统的组成,对比了不同的墙面绿化系统的优势、缺点以及墙面绿化存在的问题.图6,参3.     

绿化覆盖率对城市绿地破碎度与地表温度的关系的影响

优化绿地空间配置（如破碎度）是改善城市热环境的有效途径。然而绿地破碎度对城市热环境的影响可能随绿化覆盖率的变化而变化,对改善城市热环境提出了巨大挑战,但相关研究十分缺乏。以长沙市为例,利用Landsat地表温度表征城市热环境,使用解译于高分2号遥感影像的城市绿地图在1 m像元尺度量化绿化覆盖率和绿地破碎度（用绿地边界密度表征）。以419个1 km格网为分析单元,应用分段线性回归揭示绿化覆盖率与绿地破碎度间的非线性关系,识别绿化覆盖率阈值并以此为标准将419个1 km格网划分为高绿化覆盖率区和低绿化覆盖率区。以1 km格网平均地表温度为因变量,绿化覆盖率、绿地破碎度、水体覆盖率和裸地覆盖率为自变量从研究区、高绿化覆盖率区和低覆盖率区3个方面建立多元线性回归模型阐明绿地破碎度对地表温度的影响。最后进行方差分解分析绿化覆盖率、绿地破碎度和其他土地覆盖率对地表温度的独立和联合影响。结果显示,1）绿地破碎度随绿化覆盖率的增加先增加后降低,阈值为44.9%。2）整个研究区,4个指标可解释69.1%的地表温度变异,地表温度随绿化覆盖率、水体覆盖率、裸地覆盖率和绿地破碎度的增加显著降低。3）低绿化覆盖...     

中国城市建成区绿化覆盖率变化特征及影响因素分析

城市建成区绿地建设有利于改善城市环境,提高人居适宜度,优化城市生态系统服务功能。基于2002—2018年建成区绿化覆盖率及影响因子数据分析了中国城市建成区绿化覆盖率变化特征及其主要影响因素,结果表明,(1)中国建成区绿化覆盖率在2018年达到了41.11%,相比2002年增加了11.36%,2018年绿化覆盖率达到了35.0%以上的城市占全国城市的93.55%。(2)中国建成区绿化覆盖率存在明显的区域差异。按照华北、东北、华东、中南、西南和西北六个地区划分中国城市区域,华东地区的城市建成区绿化覆盖率最高,中南地区次之,其余四个地区为华北地区>东北地区>西北地区>西南地区;各地区建成区绿化覆盖率随时间发生显著变化(P<0.05),华北地区绿化覆盖率发生显著变化的城市占比最高达94.60%,中南地区最低为65.88%。(3)建成区绿化覆盖率与城市化指标(地区生产总值GDP、地区人均生产总值PGDP、绿化投入LP、建成区面积BUA、城区面积百分比UAP、建成区面积百分比BUAP、总人口TP、城市人口密度UPD、城区人口UP、建成区人口BUP、城区人口百分比UPP、建成区人口百分比BUPP)和气候因子(年平均温度YT、年平均湿度YH和年降雨量YW)均呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),其中PGDP、LI、BUAP、UAP、UPD、BUPP和YT、YW、YH是影响建成区绿化覆盖率的最主要因子。本研究结果可为中国未来城市绿地建设均衡发展提供重要的理论参考依据。     

屋顶绿化对屋面径流的影响研究综述

屋顶绿化作为城市人工生态系统,是改善城市绿化的补充,能缓解众多城市生态环境的问题.最近20年,虽然屋顶绿化在国内有一些发展,但发展速度十分缓慢,主要问题在于人们对屋顶绿化改善城市生态环境的作用认识不够.虽然国内外学者对于屋顶绿化吸收和截留屋面径流、减轻城市内涝灾害的认识已经取得了一致,但学术界对屋顶绿化怎样影响屋面径流水质还存在争议.通过对最近20年国内外学者在屋顶绿化对屋面径流的水质和水量的影响研究综述,系统介绍了这个领域的进展和争议,分析了存在的主要问题,展望了未来可能的发展方向.     

高校校园绿化环境评价指标体系构建

从景观生态学的角度，借助有关景观指数构建高校校园绿化环境评价指标体系，从绿化面积、空间格局、结构特征以及性能评价等4个层面着手，建立与其相对应的评价指标分体系；并设立相应的压力指标、状态指标、改进指标；最终为评价高校校园绿化环境提供新的思路，也为高校校园绿化环境建设提供一定的参考依据。     

Steps in the construction of underwater coral nursery, an essential component in reef restoration acts

Many coral reefs worldwide are rapidly declining, but efficient restoration techniques are not yet available. Here, we evaluate methodologies for reef restoration based on the “gardening concept”. A floating mid-water prototype nursery was placed at 6 m depth (14 m above sea-bottom) within the nutrient-enriched environment of a fish farm (Eilat, Red Sea). Ten colonies from five branching coral species provided 6,813 fragments (0.5–3 cm height). The fragments, each attached to a plastic pin, were inserted into plastic nets that were tied to a rope-net floating nursery. After 144 nursery days, only 13.1% of the fragments died and 21.2% were detached by mechanical forces. Small colonies ready for transplantation developed within 144–200 days. Ramets’ ecological volumes increased 13–46 folds and their heights by a factor of 3.5. After 306 days, the ecological volumes of the colonies increased 147–163 fold as compared to original volumes (revealing a daily growth rate constant of 1.67% during the first 5–10 months) and height values by a factor of six. Building and maintenance costs of the nursery were low. This nursery prototype demonstrates the feasibility of the coral “gardening concept” by fulfilling several important needs, namely, mass production of coral colonies at low costs, high survivorship, fast growth, short nursery phase and improved methodologies for handling farmed colonies.     

A floating mid-water coral nursery as larval dispersion hub: testing an idea

The global decline in reef health has prompted the need for effective management methodologies, including the development of active restoration measures. One such approach is the ‘gardening concept’ that involves use of underwater nurseries where coral fragments are farmed before their transplantation into denuded reefs. Here we document enhanced sexual reproduction in colonies of the coral Stylophora pistillata cultured in mid-water floating nursery situated in nutrient enriched water, near the fish farms in Eilat, Red Sea. We found that after 2 years of nursery, the average number of oocytes per polyp in farmed colonies was ca. 35% higher than in corresponding naturally growing colonies. Small branches in the nursery developed gravid colonies that released equal (or more) numbers of planula larvae as compared to similar size, 5-year old naturally growing colonies. These nursery-borne planulae possessed more zooxanthellae and contained more chlorophyll per larva. While settled and metamorphosed in equal rates compared to planulae originated from reef-grown colonies, the nursery borne planulae developed faster growing young colonies. We estimate that a coral nursery could generate, during the reproductive season, tens of millions of planula larvae and therefore should be regarded as a ‘larval dispersion hub’ that can be used as a management tool for natural recruitment enhancement.     

Variability in nursery function of tropical seagrass beds during fish ontogeny: timing of ontogenetic habitat shift

Seagrass beds are often considered to be important nurseries for coral reef fish, yet the effectiveness of these nursery functions (refuge and food availability) at different juvenile stages is poorly understood. To understand how the demands of juvenile fish on seagrass nursery functions determines the timing of ontogenetic habitat shifts from seagrass beds to coral reefs, we conducted visual transect survey and field tethering and caging experiments on three different sizes of the coral reef fish Pacific yellowtail emperor (Lethrinus atkinsoni) during its juvenile tenure in seagrass beds at Ishigaki Island, southern Japan. The study showed that although the number of individual L. atkinsoni juveniles decreased by >90 % during their stay in the seagrass nursery, the shelter and/or food availability functions of the nursery, at least for a juvenile size of approximately 5 cm total length (TL), provided the best survival and growth option. The timing of ontogenetic migration to coral reefs of larger fish (>8 cm TL) was attributed to foraging efficiency for larger food items in different habitats. Overall, the function of the seagrass bed nursery changed with juvenile body size, with marginally higher survival and significantly greater growth rates during early juvenile stages in seagrass beds compared to coral reefs. This would contribute to the enhancement in the number of individuals eventually recruited to adult populations.     

城市园林绿化用地土壤肥力诊断与综合评价——以广州市长虹苗圃为例

以广州市长虹苗圃为例,在实地调查与采样分析的基础上,首先对土壤肥力各单项指标进行诊断分析,然后采用修正的内梅罗指数对各地块进行土壤综合肥力评价。结果表明长虹苗圃土壤pH值偏低,有机质以及其它主要养分含量缺乏,各地块综合肥力系数大都属于贫瘠水平,其中南区、北区综合肥力明显低于东区。     

The importance of life stage to population connectivity in whiting (Merlangius merlangus) from the northern European shelf

Juvenile movements are rarely considered in studies of connectivity. This study investigates movements in juvenile and adult life stages of an ecologically important temperate piscivore, the whiting (Merlangius merlangus). Adult movement was assessed from tag-recapture data collected between 1958 and 1980 around the coast of Scotland. Displacement distances ranged from 53 to 123 km. Adults rarely dispersed offshore in the North Sea, and exchange with the west of Scotland was negligible. Connectivity between nursery and spawning grounds was investigated using otolith microchemistry. Five juvenile nursery areas were discriminated with an accuracy of 75–85%. Comparing isotopic signatures of adults and juveniles indicated that several nursery areas contributed to each spawning aggregation. The lack of evidence for return migrations suggested an opportunistic and non-philopatric recruitment strategy within a single population unit. Differences in the proportion contribution of juveniles to adult aggregations also indicated that the “value” of nursery areas differed and the Scottish west coast could be viewed as a net source of recruits to the North Sea. Given the extent of juvenile dispersal, this study highlights the fact that all stages of the life cycle should be considered in studies of connectivity.     

Bioenergetic responses of Chesapeake Bay white perch (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Morone americana</Emphasis>) to nursery conditions of temperature,dissolved oxygen,and salinity

Changes in the physical and chemical structure of estuaries control the aerobic scope for activity of coastal fishes and thereby influence the quality and extent of nursery habitats. We evaluated the effects of temperature, dissolved oxygen, and salinity on the ecophysiology of a species that completes its life cycle in estuaries: white perch (Morone americana), which were reared at treatment levels that emulated nursery conditions in the Chesapeake Bay. Salinity influenced only consumption rate and energy density, which were diminished at the highest salinity level (16). In hypoxic environments (≤40% saturation), routine metabolic rates increased as much as fourfold while growth rate decreased threefold and consumption rate decreased twofold. Experimental growth rates were within the range of growth rates observed in the field. Results indicate that hypoxia substantially reduces potential nursery production for a dominant estuarine species, through its influence on diminished aerobic capacity for growth and activity.     

Settlement patterns of newly settled plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) in a non-tidal Swedish fjord in relation to larval supply and benthic predators

In demersal fish species with a pelagic larval stage, settlement patterns may be a consequence of variations in larval supply, habitat selection at settlement, and processes acting between the time of settlement and the time of benthic sampling. This study describes temporal (1994-1998) and spatial variation in plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) settlement densities in four semi-isolated nursery areas with similar habitat characteristics, in the non-tidal Gullmarsfjord on the west coast of Sweden. Juvenile abundance varied by a factor of ten, both among years and among nursery grounds. For the 3 years when larval sampling was undertaken (1994-1996) and all nursery areas, there was a significant positive relationship between larval supply and juvenile abundance (linear regression: r²=0.45, n=24, P<0.001). On the southern side of the fjord, a significant positive relationship between larval and juvenile abundance was found in one area (r²=0.62, n=6, P<0.05). The absolute mortality rate of plaice after settlement was related to the initial settlement density (r²=0.95, n=20, P<0.001), and to the abundance of predatory shrimps Crangon crangon (r²=0.44, n=20, P<0.01). Plaice otoliths were found in 6% of the shrimp stomachs analysed from an area with high density (13.3 m^-2) of newly settled plaice. The present study suggests that the density of juvenile plaice was limited by larval supply to the nursery grounds. Consistency in the relative abundance of juveniles among nursery grounds between years also suggested that some nursery areas may be in the settlement shadow of others. The irregular nature of the coastline in combination with larval depletion could thereby cause small-scale (10³-10⁴ m) variation in settlement densities of the same order of magnitude as the inter-annual variability in recruitment to individual nursery grounds.     

Isolation of Atlantic cod (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gadus morhua</Emphasis>) nursery areas

This study examines the degree of isolation among 0-group Atlantic cod in a region where a number of resident adult congregations have been found. The location of key nursery areas in Scottish coastal waters was identified from trawl surveys of settled 0-group cod around the Scottish coast. Segregation among four of these key areas; within the Clyde, Shetland Isles, Moray Firth and Buchan was investigated using otolith elemental composition. Isotope concentrations in the otoliths of cod were analysed by solution-based inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry of the whole otolith. Discriminant analyses showed a clear separation between nursery areas based on the concentrations of three elements (manganese, barium and magnesium). The concentration of these elements was not affected by the age or size of individuals. Classification accuracy exceeded 90% for all four sites. Evidence of temporal persistence in the relative spatial differences in elemental concentrations between two sites for 2 year-classes was found. The results suggest limited exchange between sites during some period of the early life history. The significance of this limited exchange is discussed in relation to recent evidence for adult fidelity and the utility of closed areas for protecting nursery grounds.     

Managing the offspring environment: brood care in the bromeliad crab,Metopaulias depressus

Summary Maternal modification of the larval environment was studied in the bromeliad crab, Metopaulias depressus (Decapoda, Grapsidae). The bromeliad crab breeds in rain water stored in the leaf axils of large Jamaican bromeliads. The physico-chemical water conditions are highly unfavorable for the development of the larvae. Water in nursery axils contained no leaf litter and up to 14 empty snail shells, whereas other axils were partly or completely covered with leaf litter and rarely held snail shells. Mother crabs removed leaf litter from nursery axils, and occasionally from neighboring axils. Nursery axils contained twice as much dissolved oxygen (DO₂) at night when DO₂ is at a minimum, and less dissolved carbon dioxide (DCO₂) than axils unattended by a crab. The higher DO₂ content in nurseries meets the respiratory needs of an average sized brood, but the lower concentration in axils with litter may not. It is suggested that the higher DO₂ and lower DCO₂ concentrations in the nursery axils result from a water circulation produced by the mother and her leaf litter cleaning behavior. The low pH and the Ca²⁺ content in the water of unattended bromeliad axils are unfavorable for development of larvae and young. Mother crabs significantly increased pH and Ca²⁺ by adding empty snail shells to the nursery-axil water. In experiments where the brood was transferred to other axils, mothers switched from the nursery axil to the new axil containing the brood, and there continued caring for their offspring.     

Effects of chemical cues on orientation of blue crab, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Callinectes</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="Italic">sapidus</Emphasis>, megalopae in flow: implications for location of nursery areas

Megalopae (postlarvae) of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus Rathbun use flood-tide transport (FTT) for movement into and up estuaries. Since they settle around the time of slack water at the end of flood tide during FTT, it was predicted that orientation toward primary nursery areas of aquatic vegetation occurs at this time. This study tested the hypotheses that megalopae locate nursery areas by swimming upstream in the presence of chemical odors from potential nursery areas and avoid adverse microhabitats by swimming downstream when predator or adverse environmental odors are present. Megalopae were tested in a flume where they were exposed to the sequence of cues mediating FTT (i.e. 2 psu increase in salinity followed by an increase and a decrease in current speed and turbulence). The flume contained odor water either from the developmental area (offshore water), nursery area vegetation (seagrass, Zostera marina; salt marsh cord grass, Spartina alterniflora), predators (fiddler crab, Uca pugilator; mud crab, Panopeus herbstii; grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio), or chemicals associated with adverse environments (ammonium). Vertical positions of premolt and intermolt megalopae were similar in water devoid of estuarine chemical cues (offshore water) and water containing seagrass odor. Upstream swimming behavior (orientation) of intermolt megalopae was also similar in these waters. However, there was an ontogenetic behavioral change, as the proportion of premolt megalopae oriented upstream generally increased as the concentration of seagrass and salt marsh cord grass odor increased and as current speed decreased. Upstream orientation of premolt megalopae in response to seagrass odor decreased significantly (i.e. downstream swimming increased) in the presence of odor from U. pugilator, P. pugio, and ammonium, but not from P. herbstii. Thus, the hypothesis was supported. These results suggest premolt megalopae orient toward nursery areas by swimming upstream in response to odors from aquatic vegetation as current speeds decrease at the end of nocturnal flood tides. Moreover, these results also indicate that megalopae may discriminate among microhabitats and avoid adverse settlement habitat, as orientation toward nursery areas is reversed by predator odors and ammonium.