高氨氮污泥脱水液短程硝化反硝化的启动及稳定

采用A/O-CSTR工艺处理高氨氮污泥脱水液。进水氨氮浓度浓度约为375 mg/L,C/N比小于1.0,反硝化碳源明显不足。A/O反应器完成短程硝化反应,CSTR定期投加初沉污泥作为碳源进行反硝化。两者联合达到总氮去除的目的。实验研究短程硝化反应的启动过程,以及CSTR出水回流对短程硝化和系统脱氮效果的影响。实验结果表明系统具有良好的硝化反硝化效果。A/O反应器亚硝酸盐积累率迅速提高并稳定在90%以上。CSTR有效利用初沉污泥实现了稳定的反硝化。出水回流有利于提高总氮去除率,在回流比为200%时,系统平均总氮去除率达到85%以上。     

内源电子受体对剩余污泥释磷行为的影响

采用生物脱氮除磷工艺中剩余活性污泥所含硝化细菌处理生产废水的新型硝化工艺,将生产废水中所含氨氮转化为硝酸盐,获得一种从污水处理工艺中产生的内源电子受体。研究内源电子受体的产生特征及其用于抑制富磷剩余污泥在重力浓缩过程中磷的释放特征。结果表明:(1)采用剩余污泥处理生产废水工艺用于产生内源电子受体时,最佳曝气时间为24 h,可将液相中氨氮由41.20 mg/L降为0.19 mg/L;同时,硝酸盐由1.14 mg/L升高至32.62 mg/L,可作为一种潜在的内源电子受体用于抑制重力浓缩过程中剩余活性污泥释磷;(2)当内源电子受体硝酸盐浓度为36.16 mg/L时,经后续的重力浓缩(24 h)后,回流液中磷浓度为44.87 mg/L,与浓缩池上清液直接回流(100%回流并积累)相比,磷积累量降低了65.44%;同时,硝酸盐氮在这一过程中发生反硝化,由36.16 mg/L降至4.84 mg/L。同时,与生产废水直接回流(100%回流并积累)相比,该新型工艺引起氨氮积累量仅为17.68%。上述结果表明:采用内源电子受体,不仅可以有效降低生物脱氮除磷工艺中生产废水回流而引起的磷积累量,而且可同步减少氨氮的循环积累量。     

Hybrid process for heavy metal removal from wastewater sludge.

Bioleaching processes have been demonstrated to be effective technologies in removing heavy metals from wastewater sludge, but long hydraulic retention times are typically required to operate these bioprocesses. A hybrid process (coupling biological and chemical processes) has been explored in laboratory pilot-scale experiments for heavy metals (cadmium [Cd], copper [Cu], chromium [Cr], and zinc [Zn]) removal from three types of sludge (primary sludge, secondary activated sludge, and a mixture of primary and secondary sludge). The hybrid process consisted of producing a concentrate ferric ion solution followed by chemical treatment of sludges. Ferric iron solution was produced biologically via oxidation of ferrous iron by A. ferrooxidans in a continuous-flow stirred tank (5.2 L) reactor (CSTR). Wastewater sludge filtrate (WSF) containing nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) has been used as culture media to support the growth and activity of indigenous iron-oxidizing bacteria. Results showed that total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations of the culture media in excess of 235 mg/L were found to be inhibitory to bacterial growth. The oxidation rate increased as ferrous iron concentrations ranged from 10 to 40 g Fe2+/L. The percentage of ferrous iron (Fe2+) oxidized to ferric iron (Fe3+) increased as the hydraulic retention time (HRT) increased from 12 to 48 h. Successful and complete Fe2+ oxidation was recorded at a HRT of 48 h using 10 g Fe2+/L. Subsequently, ferric ion solution produced by A. ferrooxidans in sludge filtrate was used to solubilize heavy metals contained in wastewater sludge. The best solubilization was obtained with a mixture of primary and secondary sludge, demonstrating a removal efficiency of 63, 71, 49, and 80% for Cd, Cu, Cr, and Zn, respectively.     

Co-conditioning of the anaerobic digested sludge of a municipal wastewater treatment plant with alum sludge: benefit of phosphorus reduction in reject water.

In this study, alum sludge was introduced to co-conditioning and dewatering with an anaerobic digested sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment plant, to examine the role of the alum sludge in improving the dewaterbility of the mixed sludge and also in immobilizing phosphorus in the reject water. Experiments have demonstrated that the optimal mix ratio for the two sludges is 2:1 (anaerobic digested sludge:alum sludge: volume basis), and this can bring approximately 99% phosphorus reduction in the reject water through the adsorption of phosphorus by alum in the sludge. The phosphorus loading in wastewater treatment plants is itself derived from the recycling of reject water during the wastewater treatment process. Consequently, this co-conditioning and dewatering strategy can achieve a significant reduction in phosphorus loading in wastewater treatment plants. In addition, the use of the alum sludge has been shown to beneficially enhance the dewaterability of the resultant mixed sludge, by decreasing both the specific resistance to filtration and the capillary suction time. This is attributed to the alum sludge acting in charge neutralization and/or as adsorbent for phosphate in the aqueous phase of the sludge. Experiments have also demonstrated that the optimal polymer (Superfloc C2260, Cytec, Botlek, Netherlands) dose for the anaerobic digested sludge was 120 mg/L, while the optimal dose for the mixed sludge (mix ratio 2:1) was 15 mg/L, highlighting a huge savings in polymer addition. Therefore, from the technical perspective, the co-conditioning and dewatering strategy can be viewed as a "win-win" situation. However, for its full-scale application, integrated cost-effective analysis of process capabilities, sludge transport, increased cake disposal, additional administration, polymer saving, and so on, should be factored in.     

Hydraulic residence time effects on performance of an activated sludge unit treating wastewater containing dichlorophenol.

Wastewaters containing chlorophenol compounds are difficult to treat by biological means because of the toxic effects of those compounds on microorganisms. To investigate the adverse effects of chlorophenols on microorganisms, synthetic wastewater containing 2,4 dichlorophenol (DCP) was biologically treated in an activated sludge unit at different hydraulic residence times (HRTs) between 5 and 40 hours, whereas the feed chemical oxygen demand (COD), DCP concentrations, and sludge age were kept constant at 2500 +/- 50 mg/L, 150 mg/L, and 20 days, respectively. The resazurin method based on dehydrogenase activity was used for assessment of the feed and effluent wastewater toxicity. Percent COD, DCP, and toxicity removals increased, and the effluent COD, DCP, and toxicity levels decreased with increasing HRT. Biomass concentration in the aeration tank increased with increasing HRT because of low levels of DCP at high HRT levels, resulting in high COD, DCP, and toxicity removals. The sludge volume index decreased with increasing HRT, yielding well-settling organisms as a result of low levels of toxicity and high concentrations of active cells. Percent DCP and COD removals decreased with increasing specific DCP loading rate. The rates of DCP and COD removals showed a maximum at a low DCP concentration of 6 mg/L in the aeration tank, corresponding to a 25-hour HRT.     

亚硝酸盐反硝化颗粒污泥的二次启动试验研究

接种0～4℃贮存2个月亚硝酸盐反硝化颗粒污泥,以甲醇为电子供体、亚硝酸盐为电子受体在USB(上流式污泥床)反应器内进行二次启动。结果显示,在逐步提高进水负荷下,约46 d完成了反应器二次启动,污泥床负荷达到3.43 g N/（L·d）,NO₂-N去除率为99%;在稳定运行阶段,当进水NO₂-N浓度为50 mg/L、负荷从1.7 g N/（L·d）逐步提高至5.1 g N/（L·d）时,NO₂-N去除率均大于98%;当表观流速为2.68 m/h、进水负荷逐步提高至8.0 g N/（L·d）时,脱氮率下降至63%,过程中污泥床最大去除速率约为5.7 g N/（L·d）。研究认为,亚硝酸盐颗粒污泥床具有稳定和去除效率高等特点。     

内源电子受体产生及其在抑制富磷剩余污泥释磷行为中的应用

根据生物脱氮除磷系统产生的富磷剩余污泥含有硝化细菌和生产废水含有高浓度氨氮的特点,将生产废水中的氨氮转化为硝酸盐(内源电子受体),并将获得的内源电子受体利用在富磷剩余污泥浓缩过程,同步实现内源电子受体反硝化及其抑制富磷剩余污泥释磷行为。结果表明,将富磷剩余污泥(excess activated sludge,EAS。EAS1是在好氧方式下添加,EAS2是在缺氧方式下添加)与生产废水(reject water)按4种比例(Ⅰ、生产废水∶EAS1∶EAS2=15%∶85%∶0%;Ⅱ、生产废水∶EAS1∶EAS2=15%∶80%∶5%;Ⅲ、生产废水∶EAS1∶EAS2=15%∶75%∶10%;Ⅳ、生产废水∶EAS1∶EAS2=15%∶65%∶20%)混合曝气用于产生内源电子受体时,最佳硝化时间均为12 h,可将液相中的氨氮分别由初始的(113.16±0.85)mg/L、(117.18±4.39)mg/L、(129.48±4.85)mg/L及(142.53±0)mg/L降至(0.74±0.41)mg/L、(0.45±0.15)mg/L、(0.41±0.15)mg/L及(0.38±0.08)mg/L;同时,硝酸盐氮分别由初始的(7.48±7.91)mg/L、(12.87±5.81)mg/L、(12.87±5.81)mg/L及(13.55±6.18)mg/L升为(128.37±11.03)mg/L、(141.43±12.71)mg/L、(148.01±14.84)mg/L及(146.22±7.53)mg/L。内源电子受体可将重力浓缩过程中释磷量分别削减85%、63%、64%及83%,同时使得由生产废水回流引起的氨氮积累量分别减少89.25%、69.93%、74.31%及85.40%。在整个内源电子受体产生及其应用于抑制污泥释磷阶段,TN去除率分别为39.59%、44.54%、51.86%及57.33%。上述内源电子受体胁迫条件下的浓缩过程中,不仅可以有效降低由重力浓缩释磷引起的磷积累量,且可同步实现减少由生产废水回流引起的氨氮积累量。     

水力停留时间对反应沉淀一体化反应器中半亚硝化反应的影响

由于反应沉淀一体化反应器的HRT与SRT不同,因此HRT是否会影响反应器中氮的存在状态,亚硝态氮积累是否能实现尚无明确结论。针对以上问题,研究不同水力停留时间对反应沉淀一体化反应器中半亚硝化反应的影响,研究结果表明：反应器运行虽然运行过程中无污泥流失,但仍可实现亚硝酸盐的积累,出水亚硝态氮和氨氮的浓度比例受水力停留时间的影响。HRT为24 h时,亚硝酸盐积累率可达到70%,但出水氨氮接近于0,很难满足ANAMMOX 的进水要求;HRT为16 h和12 h时,亚硝酸盐积累率均可超过80%,出水氨氮和亚硝态氮的比例分别达到1.39：1和1.46：1,可为后续ANAMMOX反应提供良好进水条件。水力停留时间对污泥亚硝化潜力的影响为12 h>16 h>24 h,对硝化潜力的影响为24 h>16 h>12 h。不同水力停留时间下氨氧化速率和亚硝酸盐氧化速率均为24 h>16 h>12 h。     

影响侧沟式膜泥法一体化OCO工艺脱氮效率的因素研究

采用侧沟式膜泥法一体化OCO工艺处理模拟生活污水,考察了DO、HRT和C/N 3种影响因素对模拟生活污水脱氮的效果。研究结果表明：在好氧区DO为2 mg/L左右、HRT=12 h、C/N为7.5左右时,具有较理想的脱氮效果,TN去除率达到了80%;试验还表明本工艺具有较强的抗冲击负荷能力。     

水力停留时间对反应沉淀一体化反应器中半亚硝化反应的影响

由于反应沉淀一体化反应器的HRT与SRT不同,因此HRT是否会影响反应器中氮的存在状态,亚硝态氮积累是否能实现尚无明确结论。针对以上问题,研究不同水力停留时间对反应沉淀一体化反应器中半亚硝化反应的影响,研究结果表明：反应器运行虽然运行过程中无污泥流失,但仍可实现亚硝酸盐的积累,出水亚硝态氮和氨氮的浓度比例受水力停留时间的影响。HRT为24h时,亚硝酸盐积累率可达到70％,但出水氨氮接近于0,很难满足ANAMMOX的进水要求;HRT为16h和12h时,亚硝酸盐积累率均可超过80％,出水氨氮和亚硝态氮的比例分别达到1．39：1和1．46：1,可为后续ANAMMOX反应提供良好进水条件。水力停留时间对污泥亚硝化潜力的影响为12h〉16h〉24h,对硝化潜力的影响为24h〉16h〉12h。不同水力停留时间下氨氧化速率和亚硝酸盐氧化速率均为24h〉16h〉12h。     

Assessment of sewage sludge bioremediation at different hydraulic retention times using mixed fungal inoculation by liquid-state bioconversion

Sustainable, environmental friendly, and safe disposal of sewage treatment plant (STP) sludge is a global expectation. Bioremediation performance was examined at different hydraulic retention times (HRT) in 3–10 days and organic loading rates (OLR) at 0.66–7.81 g chemical oxygen demand (COD) per liter per day, with mixed filamentous fungal (Aspergillus niger and Penicillium corylophilum) inoculation by liquid-state bioconversion (LSB) technique as a continuous process in large-scale bioreactor. Encouraging results were monitored in treated sludge by LSB continuous process. The highest removal of total suspended solid (TSS), turbidity, and COD were achieved at 98, 99, and 93 %, respectively, at 10 days HRT compared to control. The minimum volatile suspended solid/suspended solid implies the quality of water, which was recorded 0.59 at 10 days and 0.72 at 3 days of HRT. In treated supernatant with 88 % protein removal at 10 days of HRT indicates a higher magnitude of purification of treated sludge. The specific resistance to filtration (SRF) quantifies the performance of dewaterability; it was recorded minimum 0.049 × 10¹² m kg^?1 at 10 days of HRT, which was equivalent to 97 % decrease of SRF. The lower OLR and higher HRT directly influenced the bioremediation and dewaterability of STP sludge in LSB process. The obtained findings imply encouraging message in continuing treatment of STP sludge, i.e., bioremediation of wastewater for environmental friendly disposal in near future.     

Petroleum refinery stripped sour water treatment using the activated sludge process

A pilot study was performed over 91 days to determine if the activated sludge process could treat a segregated stripped sour water (SSW) stream from a petroleum refinery. The study was performed in two periods. The first period was terminated after 19 days, as a result of excessive sludge bulking. The elimination of sludge bulking during the 70-day second period is attributed to operational changes, which included aerating the influent to oxidize reduced sulfur, adjusting the influent pH, and adding micronutrients to satisfy biological requirements. The pilot plant provided a chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of up to 93%. Nitrification was achieved, with effluent ammonia values < 1 mg-N/L. These results indicate that direct treatment of SSW with the activated sludge process is possible and has direct application to full-scale petroleum refinery wastewater plant upgrades.     

生产性IC反应器厌氧颗粒污泥的生物学特征

IC反应器以絮状污泥接种用于处理酒糟废水,运行至第180d时分别测定反应器第1、第2反应室颗粒污泥的VSS、产甲烷活性、胞外多聚物和辅酶F420等各项生物学指标。结果表明反应器内颗粒污泥具有较强活性,反应器COD去除率基本稳定在95%以上,出水COD不超过1000mg/L。     

A+OSA污泥减量工艺的微生态特性

采用16S rDNA序列与PCR-DGGE(polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis)分析技术相结合的方法,研究了A+OSA(the anoxic+oxic-settling-anaerobic)污泥减量工艺在不同工况下的减量效果及其微生态特性。结果显示,在自然条件下,A+OSA工艺可有效减少剩余污泥27%左右。分子生物研究表明,解耦联池的插入可以明显改变系统微生物的群落结构,且随着解耦联池水力停留时间的延长,系统中部分微生物被"淘洗",微生物丰富度和多样性指数均有所降低。相似性分析表明,参照系统和A+OSA工艺分属于2个不同的集群,但在A+OSA工艺内部各反应池样品间具有较高的相似性,且各反应池在HRT为5.16 h和7.14 h时,表现为显著相似。通过上述研究可为该工艺优化及调控提供理论指导。     

超声波对污泥水解的促进作用

以超声波预处理城市污水处理厂剩余污泥,考察不同功能密度下的超声波对污泥水解释放碳源过程的影响。结果表明,污泥经超声波预处理,可缩短污泥水解时间,促进VFA释放,且声能密度越大,促进作用越显著;当声能密度为0.138 W/mL、作用时间为1 min时,污泥水解4~5 d后,释放VFA达到800 mg/L,VFA/TN由初始的1.98提升至4.15,VFA/TP由初始的24.78提升至42.35。同时,超声波不仅破坏污泥絮体结构,而且提高了微生物中蛋白酶和辅酶F420的活性,更有利于污泥水解。     

SBR法降解高浓油脂废水的活性污泥菌驯化及小型连续处理

根据高浓度油脂废水生物降解处理采用酵母一级处理-SBR法二级处理的连续净化工艺的要求,使用规模为20 L的SBR反应器对城市生活污水处理用的活性污泥进行强制性驯化,并以驯化的活性污泥菌直接应用于SBR法处理含油废水.实验发现该小型SBR法的工艺技术方案可行,系统抗冲击负荷能力强,整个系统运行比较稳定,对于含高浓度油脂的油脂精练加工厂实际排放污水处理效果良好,油脂和COD的去除率分别连续稳定在95%和90%以上,出水水质指标达到国家一级排放标准的要求.     

Use of autotrophic sulfur-oxidizers to remove nitrate from bank filtrate in a permeable reactive barrier system

This study was conducted to evaluate the potential applicability of an in situ biological reactive barrier system to treat nitrate-contaminated bank filtrate. The reactive barrier consisted of sulfur granules as an electron donor and autotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria as a biological component. Limestone was also used to provide alkalinity. The results showed that the autotrophic sulfur oxidizers were successfully colonized on the surfaces of the sulfur particles and removed nitrate from synthetic bank filtrate. The sulfur-oxidizing activity continuously increased with time and then was maintained or slightly decreased after five days of column operation. Maximum nitrate removal efficiency and sulfur oxidation rate were observed at near neutral pH. Over 90% of the initial nitrate dissolved in synthetic bank filtrate was removed in all columns tested with some nitrite accumulation. However, nitrite accumulation was observed mainly during the initial operation period, and the concentration markedly diminished with time. The nitrite concentration in effluent was less than 2 mg-N/l after 12 days of column operation. When influent nitrate concentrations were 30, 40, and 60 mg-N/l and sulfur content in column was 75%, half-order autotrophic denitrification reaction rate constants were 31.73 x 10(-3), 33.3 x 10(-3), and 36.4 x 10(-3) mg(1/2)/l(1/2)min, respectively. Our data on the nitrate distribution profile along the column suggest that an appropriate wall thickness of a reactive barrier for autotrophic denitrification may be 30 cm when influent nitrate concentration is less than 60 mg-N/l.     

The fate of lindane in the conventional activated sludge treatment process

A pilot-scale treatability study was performed to evaluate the fate of lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane) in wastewater treatment plants operating in the conventional activated sludge mode. Different types of wastewater (industrial and municipal) spiked with variable lindane concentrations were used at different dosing rates in order to determine distribution and removal under various operational conditions. The major amount (67-91%) of lindane inputs to the treatment process was found to concentrate in primary sludge. A significant linear correlation between the compound's partition coefficient (logKp) and the organic fraction of primary sludge (foc) was found. Sorption on primary sludge solids was concluded to be the major removal mechanism. Only 0.1-2.8% of lindane inputs was concentrated in activated sludge. Lindane losses in primary treatment were low (4-26%). Higher losses (up to 61%) were observed during the biological treatment probably due to biodegradation. These losses were negatively correlated with the inflow rate of lindane into the aeration tank. Activated sludge aged about 23 d presented the maximum loss of lindane. Increased sludge age was associated with increased percentages of lindane in the final effluent.     

低强度超声波强化剩余活性污泥好氧消化的研究

污泥是城市污水处理厂的副产物,若处理不当,将会带来一系列严重的环境问题.实验采用低强度超声波对剩余活性污泥(WAS)的好氧消化过程进行强化,选取超声强度、超声时间、超声间隔3个因素设计正交实验.结果表明,经超声辐照的WAS,其好氧消化时间最短仅约为13 d,比未经超声辐照的缩短了18.00 d.对实验结果的极差分析和方差分析表明,低强度超声波强化WAS好氧消化的最佳参数为:超声强度1.0 W/cm2、超声时间10 min、超声间隔8 h.实验还研究了WAS达标前后溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)和总化学需氧量(TCOD)的变化情况,发现在相对较短的处理时间内,经低强度超声波强化处理的WAS的TCOD降解率仍然能与对照相近甚至高于对照,主要原因是低强度超声波强化了微生物的新陈代谢,促进了其对有机物的吸收分解.     

SBR法降解高浓油脂废水的活性污泥菌驯化及小型连续处理

根据高浓度油脂废水生物降解处理采用酵母一级处理-SBR法二级处理的连续净化工艺的要求,使用规模为20 L的SBR反应器对城市生活污水处理用的活性污泥进行强制性驯化,并以驯化的活性污泥菌直接应用于SBR法处理含油废水.实验发现该小型SBR法的工艺技术方案可行,系统抗冲击负荷能力强,整个系统运行比较稳定,对于含高浓度油脂的油脂精练加工厂实际排放污水处理效果良好,油脂和COD的去除率分别连续稳定在95%和90%以上,出水水质指标达到国家一级排放标准的要求.