沈阳市郊区蔬菜保护地土壤交换性钙镁含量及钙镁比值的变化

对沈阳市郊区43对蔬菜保护地与相邻的露地土壤中交换性Ca、Mg含量状况及Ca/Mg比值进行对比研究的结果表明:与露地土壤相比,保护地土壤交换性Ca平均含量下降6.38%,Ca/Mg比值下降10.34%,交换性Mg平均含量上升4.74%。蔬菜保护地及露地土壤的Ca/Mg比值与交换性Ca含量呈极显著相关(r分别为0.721和0.757,n=43,P<0.01),Ca/Mg比值与交换性Mg含量无显著相关性(r分别为-0.065和-0.117,n=43)。交换性Ca含量下降的主要原因是随蔬菜输出到系统外的Ca量相对较多、含钙肥料施用量减少及土壤pH下降;交换性Mg含量上升的主要原因是土壤中适宜的pH范围(5.0～6.5)有利于Mg以交换性形态存在,土壤中高浓度的Ca2 、K 、NH 4抑制了蔬菜对Mg2 的选择性吸收。     

Enhanced adsorption of arsenate on titanium dioxide using Ca and Mg ions

In this study, we report the effects of pH and divalent cations on the adsorption of arsenate (As(V)) by titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles. The extent of As(V) adsorption on TiO₂ decreased with increasing pH due to the decrease of positively charged binding sites on the TiO₂ surface. The Langmuir maximum uptake capacity at pH 4 is about three times higher than that at pH 7. Here we show that the relatively low As(V) uptake at circumneutral pH could be substantially enhanced by the addition of common divalent cations such as magnesium and calcium. At a concentration of approximately 7 mM, magnesium and calcium increased the extent of As(V) adsorption from 2.1 to 6.5 and 7.7 mg As(V)/g TiO₂, respectively.     

大气CO_2浓度升高对稻田土壤Ca、Mg含量的影响

为了研究稻田生态系统中土壤钙、镁元素生物地球化学循环对大气CO2浓度升高的响应。利用中国稻/麦轮作FACE（Free Air Carbon-dioxide Enrichment）试验平台,研究大气CO2浓度升高（比周围大气高200μmol mol-1）对2007年稻季各生育期不同深度土壤溶液ρ（Ca）、ρ（Mg）的影响。结果表明,大气CO2浓度升高降低了5 cm处土壤溶液ρ（Ca）、ρ（Mg）,有增加稻季30、60和90 cm处土壤溶液ρ（Ca）的趋势,其增幅分别为18.3%、12.4%和15.3%;大气CO2浓度升高会增加稻季Ca淋溶损失风险;稻季不同深度土壤溶液ρ（Ca）、ρ（Mg）对大气CO2浓度升高的响应有所不同。稻田生态系统不同深度土壤Ca、Mg循环对大气CO2浓度升高的响应值得深入研究。     

The effects of operational sex ratio and food deprivation on copulation duration in the water strider (Gerris remigis Say)

Summary A North American water strider, Gerris remigis (Hemiptera) copulates for prolonged periods of time, apparently beyond the time necessary for insemination (Rubenstein 1984; Wilcox 1984; Clark 1987), I tested predictions from two different hypotheses of the adaptive significance of this behavior. Manipulations of the operational sex ratio in artificial streams revealed that water striders copulate significantly longer when the sex ratio is male-biased. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that prolonged copulation functions as a type of contact mate guarding, which reduces sperm competition by preventing the female from remating prior to oviposition. The finding is also consistent with the hypothesis that copulation is prolonged to enhance female foraging efficiency. In a second experiment, sex ratio and total population density were held constant, and the period of food deprivation of females was manipulated. Contrary to the predictions of the female foraging hypothesis, starved females did not copulate longer than fed females. Of the two hypotheses considered, only the copulatory guarding hypothesis explains both results. This does not mean, however, that there is no selective benefit from the enhanced foraging efficiency resulting from prolonged copulation. Nor does it exclude the possibility that this benefit has been necessary for the evolution of prolonged copulation in water striders.     

氨氮对中华绒螯蟹仔蟹肝组织RNA/DNA及肝细胞结构的影响

以中华绒螯蟹（Eriocheir sinesis）仔蟹为研究对象。采用静水试验法,温度在20℃左右,用氨氮与过滤海水分设5个质量浓度组（2.04、6.35、9.04、11.75和19.13 mg.L-1）,同时以过滤海水为对照组（氨氮质量浓度为0.30 mg.L-1）,每一个质量浓度组设3个平行样本,对中华绒螯蟹仔蟹进行6 d胁迫试验。每2 d观察仔蟹的蜕壳情况,并分别于实验后的2、4和6 d取仔蟹肝组织样,应用激光共聚焦技术分析测定RNA/DNA荧光相素比,同时用透射电镜观察6 d后,最高浓度组和对照组仔蟹肝细胞结构的变化情况。试验结果表明;对于氨氮的胁迫,仔蟹的变态率随染毒浓度的增高而降低,同时变态蜕壳的时间也会产生延迟现象。氨氮的胁迫会引起仔蟹的肝组织细胞内的DNA和RNA的质量分数逐渐降低,导致RNA/DNA比率的不断下降。在高质量浓度氨氮的胁迫下,使得仔蟹肝细胞线粒体部分解体、胞质空泡化和染色质浓缩、转运泡数量增多,体积增大,细胞出现许多空泡和微绒毛消失等一系列的损伤变化。破坏了仔蟹自身机能正常的代谢和生长水平。     

酸胁迫对不同基因型玉米生长和钙镁养分吸收的影响

采用盆栽试验系统研究了不同耐酸特性的4个玉米自交系苗期、拔节期和散粉期的生长状况和钙、镁营养特性.结果表明,铝毒对玉米生长发育的影响贯穿于全生育期,但是影响强度随时间推移而减轻.在苗期,铝毒严重影响玉米对钙、镁营养的吸收,且对钙吸收的影响大于镁,不同基因型间存在明显差异.与酸敏感自交系相比,耐酸自交系苗期可保持较高的钙、镁浓度,地上部钙、镁耐酸指数显著高于酸敏感自交系.苗期之后,玉米钙、镁营养受酸胁迫的影响相对较小,除散粉期耐酸自交系功能叶中钙镁比表现较稳定外,其它钙镁营养特性没有表现出明显规律.     

Temperature, salinity and growth rate dependences of Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios of the skeleton of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck): an experimental approach

The skeletal Mg/Ca ratio of echinoderms is known to increase with temperature but the relation has never been established in controlled experimental conditions. The present study investigated the effect of temperature, salinity and growth rate on Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios in calcite skeletons of juvenile sea urchins grown in experimental conditions. Mg/Ca ratio was positively related to temperature, increasing until a plateau at high but field occurring temperatures. It was not linked to salinity nor growth rate. We suggest that this plateau is due to properties of the organic matrix of mineralization and recommend to take it into account for the use of Mg/Ca as proxy of seawater Mg/Ca. Skeletal Sr/Ca ratio was mainly dependent on temperature and growth rate, as usually observed in calcite skeletons.     

长期不同施肥对水稻土交换性钙、镁和有效硫、硅含量的影响

为探明合理施肥和土壤培肥的理论依据,研究了4种长期定位施肥(CK、NPK、OM30、OM60)对湖南主要水稻土交换性钙、交换性镁、有效硫、有效硅含量的影响.结果表明,长期不同施肥改变了供试水稻土中上述养分的含量.在含钙较低的黄泥田、河沙泥、红黄泥中,施肥使土壤交换性钙含量显著升高,在相同土壤中其含量高低依序为OM30,OM60,NPK;在含钙较多的青灰泥、白鳝泥、紫潮泥中,施肥使土壤交换性钙含量降低.降低幅度与施入的有机肥量呈负相关.在黄泥田、河沙泥、青灰泥、白鳝泥、紫潮泥中,施肥使交换性镁含量降低,而在红黄泥中施肥则使交换性镁含量升高.N-PK处理使含硫较高的黄泥田、青灰泥、白鳝泥、紫潮泥有效硫含量升高,使含硫较低的红黄泥有效硫含量降低;有机、无机肥配施处理(OM30、OM60)使所有试验水稻土有效硫含量升高.施用钙镁磷肥和有机肥能够提高土壤有效硅含量.     

镁碱化对土壤微生物活性和水解酶的影响

研究了镁碱度对土壤微生物生物量及其活性的影响,研究地点位于甘肃河西走廊疏勒河中游昌马洪积冲积扇缘。从10个具有不同镁碱化程度的采样点,采集土壤样品30个,测定了土样的pH、镁碱度、Mg2＋/Ca2＋、HCO3-＋CO32-、钠碱度、有机碳、全氮、微生物生物量碳、微生物熵、精氨酸氨化率、β-葡萄糖苷酶、磷酸酶、蛋白酶-casein、蛋白酶-BAA、脲酶等指标。结果表明：土壤pH和钠碱度没有明显的相关性,而和镁碱度、Mg2＋/Ca2＋、HCO3-＋CO32-显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.70、0.69和0.72。镁碱度和Mg2＋/Ca2＋显著正相关,相关系数为0.84。有机碳、全氮、微生物生物量碳、微生物熵、精氨酸氨化率的变化范围分别是6.4-18.5 g·kg-1、0.28-1.20 g·kg-1、23.1-351.9 mg·kg-1、0.37-2.52%、0.77-1.83μmol.g-1.d-1,和Mg2＋/Ca2＋之间显著负相关,相关系数分别是-0.52、-0.50、-0.59、-0.62、-0.65。β-葡萄糖苷酶、磷酸酶、蛋白酶-casein、蛋白酶-BAA、脲酶的变化范围分别是6.68-27.79μmol.g-1.h-1、7.03-25.99μmol.g-1.h-1、0.11-0.76μg.g-1.h-1、0.05-0.48μmol.g-1.h-1、0.07-0.61μmol.g-1.h-1吗,和微生物生物量碳之间显著正相关,相关系数分别是0.73、0.71、0.78、0.87、0.81,和Mg2＋/Ca2＋之间显著负相关,相关系数分别是-0.59、-0.58、-0.60、-0.56、-0.54。可见,镁碱化会造成土壤有机质含量下降、微生物生物量变小、微生物活性降低、水解酶活性低下,镁碱化是导致土地生产力低下的原因之一。     

Individual and combined effect of mercury and manganese on phenol and proline content in leaf and stem of mungbean seedlings

Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczelk cv. Pusa Baisakhi seedlings were raised in individual (0, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 ppm) and combined solutions (1 : 1, 10: 1, 1: 0 ppm Hg : Mn) of mercury and manganese for 6 days. Phenol and proline were found to accumulate in leaves in response to treatment with heavy metals. The magnitude of accumulation correlated with concentration of metals. However, a reverse trend was noticed in stem for phenol. Accumulation of phenol in response to heavy metal treatment was organ specific and occurred at higher rate in plant parts, which faced the stress mostly. However, accumulation of proline helped the plant to survive stress situation. In combined solutions, amelioration of mercurial toxicity by manganese was recorded.     

Experimental studies on water strider mating dynamics: spatial variation in density and sex ratio

Summary We used field surveys, field experiments and experiments in artificial pools to study the effects of variation in sex ratio and density on mating dynamics of a stream water strider, Aquarius remigis. Our field survey documented the existence of hot spots, sites of higher than average total gerrid density, a male-biased sex ratio, and higher than average female mating activity. Female gerrids frequently changed sites, usually moving upstream, perhaps to spread their eggs among many sites. Male gerrids showed two movement strategies: some males frequently changed sites, while other males were stationary at hot spots. Surprisingly, smaller males tended to be stationary at hot spots. A field manipulation of the availability of refuges for females to avoid harassment by males supported the notion that males prefer hot spots because they are sites where a scarcity of refuge for females makes it relatively easy for males to intercept females. Experiments in plastic pools compared sites with 20 males: 5 females (simulating hot spots) to pools with 5 males: 5 females. The rate of male harassment of females was higher in 20:5 pools as compared to 5:5 pools. In response to increased male harassment, females reduced their activity on the water and increased their time spent out of the water and thus unable to forage. Males showed a large male mating advantage (LMMA) in 5:5 pools, but, surprisingly, not in 20: 5 pools. This pattern can explain the field observation that small males prefer hot spots. A behavioral mechanism that can explain the LMMA is as follows. Mating occurs when males overcome female resistance. Larger males have a mating advantage over smaller males if females resist heavily. Increased harassment (e.g., in 20:5 pools as compared to 5:5 pools) might result in reduced female resistance to males and thus a reduced LMMA. Females also showed some non-random mating by size that might reflect an interplay between male preference for large females and the avoidance of males by large females. Correspondence to: A. Sih     

紫花芒果NPKCaMg叶片诊断的DRIS标准初步研究

按诊断与推荐综合系统（DRIS）标准建立的常规方法.通过比较低产和高产组叶片N、P、K、Ca、Mg养分含量以及两元素间的养分比和养分积,初步筛选出N／P、N／K、N／Ca、N／Mg、K／P、Ca/P、P／Mg、K／Ca.K／Mg和Ca／Mg作为DRIS参项,并初步提出紫花芒果DRIS诊断标准.     

白洋淀芦苇型水陆交错带水化学动态及其净化功能研究

于2007年3月-11月对富营养化湖泊一白洋淀进行了现场调查,分析了温度、溶解氧（DO）、叶绿素、总磷（TP）及其他水化学指标的动态变化规律,并讨论了它们之间的相互关系。结果表明：白洋淀芦苇（Phragmites australis var．baiyangdiansis）型水陆交错带对营养物质具有强烈的截留作用,可以达到净化白洋淀水体的效果。从水质指标的空间分布看,污染较重的府河河口区域其水体TP、化学需氧量（CODc,）含量明显高于污染较轻的湖泊中心区域,空间梯度上呈逐步递减趋势。根据水体盐度、总溶解性固体、TP及DO含量进行聚类分析,可以将采样点分为3类：Ⅰ区、污染较重河口区域;Ⅱ区、中间过渡缓冲区域;Ⅲ区、污染较轻中心区域。Ⅰ区其水体DO含量明显低于Ⅲ区,而水体盐度则明显高于Ⅲ区。通过调查发现：在8月份,白洋淀水体DO含量突然增加;相关分析表明：叶绿素含量与DO（P=0．046）及温度（P〈0．01）之间呈显著正相关关系。结合叶绿素等指标的动态变化规律,8月份左右可能是白洋淀藻类爆发的危险时期。     

Watershed land use effects on lake water quality in Denmark

Mitigating nutrient losses from anthropogenic nonpoint sources is today of particular importance for improving the water quality of numerous freshwater lakes worldwide. Several empirical relationships between land use and in-lake water quality variables have been developed, but they are often weak, which can in part be attributed to lack of detailed information about land use activities or point sources. We examined a comprehensive data set comprising land use data, point-source information, and in-lake water quality for 414 Danish lakes. By excluding point-source-influenced lakes (n = 210), the strength in relationship (R2) between in-lake total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations and the proportion of agricultural land use in the watershed increased markedly, from 10-12% to 39-42% for deep lakes and from 10-12% to 21-23% for shallow lakes, with the highest increase for TN. Relationships between TP and agricultural land use were even stronger for lakes with rivers in their watershed (55%) compared to lakes without (28%), indicating that rivers mediate a stronger linkage between landscape activity and lake water quality by providing a "delivery" mechanism for excess nutrients in the watershed. When examining the effect of different near-freshwater land zones in contrast to the entire watershed, relationships generally improved with size of zone (25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 m from the edge of lake and streams) but were by far strongest using the entire watershed. The proportion of agricultural land use in the entire watershed was best in explaining lake water quality, both relative to estimated nutrient surplus at agricultural field level and near-lake land use, which somewhat contrasts typical strategies of management policies that mainly target agricultural nutrient applications and implementation of near-water buffer zones. This study suggests that transport mechanisms within the whole catchment are important for the nutrient export to lakes. Hence, the whole watershed should be considered when managing nutrient loadings to lakes, and future policies should ideally target measures that reduce the proportion of cultivated land in the watershed to successfully improve lake water quality.     

Recognition of water masses according to geochemical signatures in the Central Mediterranean sea: Y/Ho ratio and rare earth element behaviour

This study reports the results of geochemical investigations carried out in the Strait of Sicily (Central Mediterranean Sea) during the oceanographic cruise BANSIC 2000, focusing on the area around the Pantelleria Island. We evaluate the interface processes between dissolved phase and suspended particulate matter in the water columns on the basis of Y/Ho ratio and rare earth elements and yttrium distributions that are suitable to trace the occurrence of different water layers in Central Mediterranean Area. The main source of trace elements to the sea water system was recognized in the atmospheric fallout, while different scavenging mechanisms among Y and rare earth elements occur. Cation exchange at the dissolved phase-suspended media interface is driven by their external electronic configurations as monitored through the Y/Ho ratios, shape, and amplitude of the tetrad effects calculated along the water columns. The shape and amplitude of the tetrad effects in bottom waters suggest that the preferential Y scavenging from deep water layers depends on the hydrothermal activity in the seafloor. Here, Y is surface-complexed through the formation of inner-sphere complexes; Ho and other heavy rare earth elements are sorbed onto suspended particulate matter surfaces as weak outer-sphere complexes; these materials have a montmorillonite like nature; and preferential incorporation medium rare earth elements in crystal structures of biogenic carbonates is suggested by the relationship between the Eu anomaly and the nutrient contents of water masses.     

舒芬太尼联合小剂量硫酸镁胃肠术后静脉镇痛

目的比较小剂量硫酸镁联合舒芬太尼与单纯舒芬太尼术后静脉镇痛的临床效应.方法选择行胃肠道手术后患者60例,随机均分为二组,每组30例,以一次性静脉镇痛泵(2ml/h)分别行静脉术后镇痛,S组:单纯舒芬太尼镇痛,2μg/kg舒芬太尼+3mg格拉司琼,MS组:硫酸镁联合舒芬太尼镇痛,2μg/kg舒芬太尼+50mg/kg硫酸镁+3mg格拉司琼,各组镇痛泵中药物均用生理盐水稀释至100ml,观察各组患者镇痛48 h内的静息镇痛评分(VAS方法),恶心呕吐,皮肤瘙痒和尿潴留的发生情况,术后血清镁离子和钙离子的浓度变化情况.结果二组患者的静息镇痛评分在MS组明显低于S组(P0.05),恶心呕吐发生率MS组显著低于S组(P0.01).两组患者血清中钙离子浓度差异无统计学意义(P0.05).两组患者血清镁离子浓度减少有统计学意义(P0.05).结论小剂量硫酸镁用于术后静脉镇痛可明显减少舒芬太尼的剂量,使恶心呕吐等不良反应发生率降低,镇痛效果明显优于单纯舒芬太尼术后静脉镇痛,且可改善术后镁离子浓度下降的程度.表3,参9.     

水肥耦合效应对保护地土壤硝态氮运移的影响

采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计,研究了水肥耦合效应对保护地土壤硝态氮运移的影响。结果表明,0—20cm土层硝态氮含量主要受灌水和施氮的影响,且灌水影响程度大于施氮,灌水与0—20cm土层硝态氮含量呈负相关,而与施氮呈正相关。20—40cm土层和40—60cm土层硝态氮也主要受灌水和施氮的影响,但施氮影响程度大于灌水。灌水和施氮对0—20cm土层硝态氮含量影响有相互拮抗作用。施磷对3个层次土壤硝态氮含量影响都很小。     

植物浮床-微生物对污染水体的修复作用

在唐山市南湖公园进行了植物浮床-微生物修复富营养化水体的研究.研究结果表明:凤眼莲Eichhomia crassipes、美人蕉Canna indica Linn、鸢尾Iris tectorum Maxim是较好的修复污染水体的植物,因为它们既有良好的修复效果又有良好的观赏价值.将人工填料悬挂于植物浮床下,形成植物和微生物相结合的修复系统,其修复效果明显好于单独植物修复技术,因此温度较高时用植物和微生物共同结合的生物修复技术修复水体污染;秋末冬初温度较低时,植物开始死亡,必须将植物收割,以免植物残体造成二次污染,此时用固定化氮循环细菌(INCB)和水体中原有微生物相结合的技术来修复水体的污染.应用这些技术经过为期3 a的修复试验,南湖公园的水体由地表水劣Ⅴ类恢复到了Ⅲ类标准,基本解决了南湖公园水体的污染问题.     

Effect of salinity fluctuation on the osmotic pressure and Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ ion concentrations in the hemolymph of bivalve molluscs

Specimens of Chlamys opercularis, Modiolus modiolus, Mytilus edulis, Crassostrea gigas, Scrobicularia plana and Mya arenaria were exposed to both gradual (sinusoidal) and abrupt (square-wave) salinity fluctuations and measurements made of osmotic, Na⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ concentrations in the hemolymph and where applicable in the mantle fluid. In both sinusoidal and square-wave regimes fluctuating between 100 and 50% seawater (100%=ca. 32 S), the hemolymph Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and osmotic concentrations followed the concentrations of the external medium in Chlamys opercularis. The hemolymph and mantle fluid osmotic Na⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ concentrations of Modiolus modiolus, Mytilus edulis, Crassostrea gigas and S. plana followed those of the external medium as long as the molluscs' shell valves remained open. There were no changes in the ionic or osmotic concentrations of the hemolymph or mantle fluid of any of these species during periods of shell-valve closure. The hemolymph osmotic, Na⁺ and Mg²⁺ concentrations of wedged-open Modiolus modiolus, Mytilus edulis, C. gigas and S. plana followed those of the external medium. Hemolymph Ca²⁺ concentrations showed a damped response in C. gigas and Mytilus edulis. The hemolymph osmotic, Na⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ concentrations of Mya arenaria fluctuated in a similar manner to the external medium, but were damped. Wedged-open Mytilus edulis exposed to fluctuating salinity and supplied with a constant supply of 10 mM Ca²⁺ showed greater changes in hemolymph ionic and osmotic concentrations than M. edulis exposed to the same salinity fluctuation without a constant Ca²⁺ supply. Chlamys opercularis and Modiolus modiolus survived in a 50% seawater minimum sinusoidal salinity fluctuation for 10 days; wedged-open M. modiolus survived only 3 days. Burrowing had no effect on the osmotic, Na⁺, Mg²⁺ or Ca²⁺ concentrations of the hemolymph of Mya arenaria or S. plana exposed to fluctuating salinities. All of the species studied were shown to be osmoconformers.     

Male choice and competition in Tetraopes tetraophthalmus: effects of local sex ratio variation

Summary Male milkweed beetles (Tetraopes tetraophthalmus) are shown to exhibit choice between potential mates. Males, however, also exhibit direct competition for access to potential mates. These differences in male behavior are dependent on the local sex ratio, with males becoming increasingly choosy when the sex ratio is female-biased, and more competitive when the sex ratio is malebiased. Females show neither choice nor competition. In both the laboratory and in the field, body size is important in determining patterns of competition and choice. Larger males win most aggressive encounters, and males generally prefer large females as mates. The combination in a single sex, of competition for mates and mate choice is not predicted by classical sexual selection theory. Male choice and competition may have evolved in T. tetraophthalmus due to the combination of (1) the mating system (2) the pattern of variation in female fecundity, and (3) the spatially and temporally variable operational sex ratios. This explanation is not dependent on high heritability of body size.