木薯酒精废水高温厌氧发酵产氢研究

以木薯酒精废水为厌氧发酵产氢底物,以中温(37℃)厌氧颗粒污泥作为接种物.研究了高温条件(60℃)下厌氧发酵产氢的可行性;并比较了60～80℃条件下的累积产氢量,产氢速率和液相发酵产物组成,以确定温度对木薯酒精废水厌氧发酵产氢的影响以及不同温度下厌氧发酵产氢菌的代谢类型.结果表明,60℃时累积产氢量为383 mL(木薯酒精废水用量140 mL)、产氢率为70.0 mL(以每克挥发性固体(VS)计),中温厌氧颗粒污泥适合作为高温条件下木薯酒精废水厌氧发酵产氢的接种物;从60℃升高到80℃时,累积产氢量逐渐下降,最大产氢速率逐渐降低,80℃时产氢完全受到抑翩.70℃为产氢的临界点,低于70℃时厌氧发酵产氢菌的代谢类型属典型的丁酸型发酵,此过程中伴随着大量氢气产生,大于等于70℃时,正丁酸生成受到严重抑制,累积产氢量迅速降低;氢气的产生主要来自于溶解性碳水化合物的分解.     

不同来源污泥接种餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢效果研究

在相同接种配比(接种污泥占餐厨垃圾的质量分数为30%)条件下,研究了4种不同来源污泥(压滤污泥、厌氧污泥、曝气污泥和河底淤泥)添加或不添加缓冲剂时对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢效果的影响.结果发现,在不添加缓冲剂时.4种污泥接种餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵平均产氢量依次为厌氧污泥>河底淤泥>压滤污泥>曝气污泥,接种厌氧污泥的餐厨垃圾平均产氢量最高,达10.11mL(以每克挥发性固体(VS)计,下同);而添加缓冲剂时.4种污泥接种餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵平均产氢量依次为厌氧污泥>曝气污泥>压滤污泥>河底淤泥,接种厌氧污泥的餐厨垃圾平均产氢量也最高,为33.72 mL,且体系pH得以缓冲.     

初始pH对原污泥厌氧发酵产氢的影响

市政污泥(简称污泥)厌氧发酵产氢既可解决污泥的出路问题,又能产生清洁能源——氢气,是一种较为理想的处理处置方式。调节污泥适合的初始pH值能够提高污泥的产氢效率。为了考察不同初始pH值对污泥厌氧发酵产氢的影响,将未经任何预处理污泥(原污泥)的初始pH分别调到2.0~12.0,用于批式实验。研究表明:调节原污泥初始pH,适当条件下能促进氢气的生成。初始pH为强酸性条件时,污泥基本不产氢;初始pH在4.0~11.0,污泥总体产氢量也很低;初始pH=12.0条件下,污泥总体产氢量最高,比产氢率达到3.39 m L·(g VS)-1。不同初始pH下污泥的降解均以蛋白质降解为主。酸性条件下,蛋白质及糖类物质有一定降解;中性条件下,蛋白质及糖类物质都得到较好的降解,浓度均较低;碱性条件下,糖类物质的酸化较微弱,但蛋白质却得到较好的降解,降解蛋白质生成的TVFA由于甲烷菌受到抑制而产生积累。     

ZnO纳米材料对污泥厌氧发酵产氢的影响及其机理研究

在序批式反应器中探究了ZnO纳米材料(ZnO NP)对污泥厌氧发酵产氢的影响及其影响机理。结果表明:与空白组相比,5mg/L ZnO NP对污泥厌氧发酵产氢影响不明显,而120 mg/L ZnO NP能抑制污泥厌氧发酵产氢,并且氢气产量是空白组的23.4%;高浓度ZnO NP能抑制溶解性蛋白质和多糖的溶出,并能严重抑制蛋白酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶和氢化酶活。     

不同碱剂对污泥与餐厨垃圾联合厌氧发酵产氢余物产甲烷的影响

为了使污泥与餐厨垃圾联合厌氧发酵产氢余物产甲烷后的沼渣得到有效利用,研究了以Ca(OH)_2代替NaOH作为碱剂调节产氢余物与污泥混合物初始pH进行厌氧发酵产甲烷情况。结果表明,以NaOH和Ca(OH)_2作为碱剂的消化系统厌氧发酵产甲烷的最佳接种量均为50%,且产甲烷率和比产甲烷速率相差不大,分别为60.48mL/(g·DS)、2.16mL/(g·DS·d)和58.68mL/(g·DS)、2.35mL/(g·DS·d),两种消化系统的COD、总糖和总蛋白质的降解率分别为63.0%、25.7%、47.1%和56.7%、23.6%、45.7%。以Ca(OH)_2代替NaOH作为碱剂调节反应物初始pH进行厌氧发酵产甲烷是可行的。     

污泥与餐厨垃圾联合厌氧发酵产氢余物产甲烷过程底物指标变化

将污泥与餐厨垃圾联合厌氧发酵产氢余物进一步产甲烷,产甲烷量比污泥与餐厨垃圾单独或直接联合厌氧发酵产甲烷大.研究污泥与餐厨垃圾联合厌氧发酵产氢余物产甲烷过程中产甲烷量与底物指标变化的关系,实验结果表明,整个消化过程中,累积产甲烷量为613 L,最大产气速率和产甲烷速率分别为2.12 L/(kg·d)和1.46 L/(kg·d),最大甲烷含量为72.5％,消化系统的pH在总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)以及氨氮、CO32-和HCO3-等碱度的共同作用下基本维持在适宜产甲烷的范围内,在不同的消化阶段,厌氧发酵产甲烷过程起主要作用的物质不同,先后顺序依次为糖类、蛋白质和TVFA,并且累积产甲烷量与COD、总糖、总蛋白质的显著相关性大小依次为:COD＞总糖＞总蛋白质,COD去除率高达79.54％.     

典型农业废弃物干式厌氧发酵产氢影响因素的研究

以5种典型农业废弃物(猪粪、鸡粪、秸秆、餐饮垃圾和厨余垃圾)为研究对象,采用干式厌氧发酵产氢技术,研究不同初始pH、温度对产氢潜力和代谢途径的影响。结果表明,当中温、初始pH为7.0时,餐饮垃圾产氢效果最佳,最大累积产氢量为261.96mL,最大产氢速率为15.18mL/h,氢气体积分数最大值为64.61%;当中温、初始pH为6.0时,秸秆产氢效果最好,最大累积产氢量为254.41mL,最大产氢速率为24.50mL/h,氢气体积分数最大值为65.54%。5种农业废弃物干式厌氧发酵产氢的代谢途径均以丁酸型发酵为主。     

污泥与餐厨垃圾联合厌氧发酵产氢余物产甲烷条件优化研究

研究了21、37和47 d产甲烷物料代替新鲜污泥接种于污泥与餐厨垃圾联合厌氧发酵产氢余物的厌氧发酵产甲烷情况,发现接种47 d产甲烷物料的消化系统在最佳接种量50%条件下的产甲烷效能显著优于接种新鲜污泥的消化系统,不仅提高了产甲烷率,还大大缩短了消化时间。并且3种消化系统产甲烷率和比产甲烷率均为47 d37 d21 d,分别为3.78、3.88、6.15 mL/g和0.172、0.277、0.559 mL/(g·d),完成产甲烷过程的消化时间为47 d37 d21 d。在一定的消化时间范围内,产甲烷菌被驯化时间越长,接种于产氢余物中的产甲烷效能越好。     

富集同型产乙酸菌污泥厌氧产酸

在污泥厌氧发酵产酸过程中,以富集同型产乙酸菌的污泥为研究对象,通过pH值、种泥浓度和底物浓度的变化,对发酵过程中有机酸分布和乙酸累计情况进行实验研究。实验结果表明,碱性条件有利于产乙酸菌的生长,但影响产氢产乙酸菌,尤其是丁酸降解菌的作用。产氢产乙酸菌和同型产乙酸菌的互营作用在发酵6 d后广泛存在;底物浓度过大,产氢产乙酸与同型产乙酸的互营机制受到抑制。     

初始pH对产氢发酵液厌氧产甲烷的影响研究

以啤酒厂厌氧颗粒污泥为接种物,对葡萄糖废水产氢后的发酵液进行间歇式中温厌氧发酵产甲烷实验.研究了不同的进水初始pH为5.5±0.2、6.0±0.2、6.5±0.2和7.0±0.2时对产氢发酵液产甲烷的影响,并以产氢发酵液的原始pH(4.2～4.4)作为对照.结果表明:产氢发酵液厌氧产甲烷必须添加一定量的碱加以调节,进水...     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

土壤中砷的化学平衡

本文比较详细地综述了砷的化学特性,环境背景值及来源和循环,土壤中砷的三大化学平衡即沉淀溶解平衡,氧化还原平衡,吸附解吸平衡,以及微生物对砷的转化。     

Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)

The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g^{? 1} and 150 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g^{? 1} dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g^{? 1}) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g^{? 1}), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g^{? 1} of iron and 165 μ g g^{? 1} of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g^{? 1}), Zn (50 μ g g^{? 1}) and Cu (3.6 μ g g^{? 1}). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g^{? 1}) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables.     

The dissipation of nonlyphenol in stream and pond water under simulated field conditions

Abstract

The dissipation of 1.0 ppm nonylphenol in stream and pond water, incubated in flasks at 16°C under simulated field conditions up to 44 days indicated that the half‐life was 2.5 days if the flasks were open, and 16 days if they were closed. A transformed product was detected in the closed flasks.

Translocation of nonylphenol in water occurred when treated water samples were incubated in the presence of sediment. After 10 days, nonylphenol was detected only in the sediment, but not in water (detection limit = 10 ppb). About 80% of the nonylphenol was degraded in 71 days, but no degradation occurred if the water and the sediment were autoclaved prior to incubation.