砷污染与生态环境的关系

砷为广泛存在于自然界中的一种元素,在环境中表现出复杂的地球化学性质,不同形态的砷在大气、土壤及水体中的迁移和富集受许多物理化学因素的制约,并产生毒害程度不同的环境效应。总结砷的来源、其在不同环境介质中的存在状态及砷污染对生态环境的影响,提出应在了解不同介质环境中砷的赋存状态后,采用不同的治理方法有效地去除砷,以最大程度地降低砷对人体健康及生态环境造成的危害。     

保护生态环境与推进绿色转型的若干思考

提出了保护生态环境、推进绿色转型过程中的十个问题,以期在理论上和实践中进一步深入思考。这十个问题是:个体的理性决策加总,对整体造成危害。缺乏整体思考的积极主动常常适得其反。忽略动机背后的结构性因素,因而错误行为屡禁不止。对系统的干预引起系统反弹,产生了与本意相反的结果。就事论事,显而易见的对策往往无效。对缓慢的变化反应迟钝,以致造成无法挽回的悲剧。事后治理不仅代价沉重,而且会造成不可逆的后果。手段成为目的,以至于本来的目的却被忽略。解决问题的措施产生出更严重的问题。舍本逐末,皮之不存,毛将焉附?     

榆林市生态环境承载力评价分析

榆林市是我国重要的能源矿产资源的富集地,近年来,随着社会经济的快速发展,该市的生态系统(包括资源、环境)能否承受人类社会经济活动带来的压力,以榆林市的实际情况出发,建立生态环境承载力指标体系进行评价论证,得出水资源、土地资源和固废排放等的问题最为突出,为此提出了相应的对策建议。     

Present Development Situation of Transgenic Crops and Effect on Ecological Environment

In recent years, genetic engineering technology has been playing a great role in improving crops. As far as property is concerned, transgenic crops are mainly classified into three types. One is anti-herbicide crops; next is anti-disease and anti-insect pest transgenic crops. The third is high added-value transgenic crops, such as insulin tomatoes China has cultivated. We have successfully expressed hepatitis B virus surface antigen genes in tomatoes and potatoes. Besides, scientists have al…     

生态环境资源定价与补偿机制设计:一种实物期权方法

本文区分了确定性和不确定性条件下生态环境资源的定价与补偿机制的关系.在不确定性条件下,生态环境资源有不可逆性,往往会产生沉淀成本,由此产生期权价值,难以依靠传统的边际成本定价实现生态环境资源补偿,往往造成资源投资补偿不足.如果生态环境资源具有完全可逆性,那么就不会存在资源破坏和环境恶化问题.正是由于生态资源环境具有显著的不可逆性,沉淀成本普遍存在,特别是在未来不确定性的条件下,需要考虑期权价值对生态环境资源定价的影响,从而发现资源定价的根本原则在于生态环境资源价格中需要包括期权价值,特别是资源消耗导致未来资源消耗的减少.否则,由于期权价值没有进入生态环境资源价格里,很容易造成过度或掠夺开采生态资源.因此,合理的生态环境资源定价是建立生态环境资源补偿机制最根本的制度保障,也是市场完善的重要体现.     

人口老龄化与电子商务的关系模型研究

人口问题是我国的基本问题,人口老龄化是人类的必然发展过程。随着人口老龄化的加剧,关注老年人、发展老龄产业逐渐成为社会发展的焦点。与此同时,互联网的普及使人们对电子商务由陌生到熟知,互联网已不再成为年轻人的专利,越来越多的老年人也加入到网民的行列。随着社会的进步和科技的发展,人口老龄化与电子商务作为两种必然趋势,备受人们关注。人口老龄化与电子商务之间究竟有什么关系,它们怎样相互影响的?本文将通过建立二者的关系模型,从定性的角度对此问题进行分析。     

人口老龄化背景下的经济对策与产业选择

面对人口老龄化对经济发展的影响．应以养老和健康保障为先导．逐步加大对社会保障基金的投入．充实基本养老保险和医疗保险基金．建立和完善与生产力发展水平相适应的社会保障制度．继续推进社会保障社会化和产业结构调整的力度．建议政府应大力发展老龄产业。政府必须从实际出发．坚持科学发展观．逐步建立和完善老年社会养老制度和福利制度．根据老年消费市场状况．规范、引导投资．调整、优化产业结构用产业化、市场化、社会化的新运行机制．推进安老、养老产业的发展．根据老年人的不同需求，有计划的发展老龄产业、开发老年用品．增设老年服务项目．满足老年人在物质和文化方面的发展需要．以促使人口老龄化与经济的协调发展。     

Farmers'''' Willingness-to-Pay for Environment and Human Health and Adoption of IPM

Although chemical control of pests increases crop production, it brings a lot of damage to environment and human health. There exist a number of alternative methods that are not so harmful to environment and human health. However, whether and how much in extent these technologies adopted are plausible depends on the comparison of benefit-cost between chemical control and the alternative control methods (such as Integrated Pest Management, IPM) and farmers' willingness-to-pay (WTP) for envirorment and human health. Using contingent valuation method (CVM), the author investigates farmers' WTP for environment and human health, recognizes the factors influencing WTP, and accordingly points out the importance of pest control technology extension and government regulation of pesticides.     

Farmers' Willingness-to-Pay for Environment and Human Health and Adoption of IPM

Abstract

Although chemical control of pests increases crop production, it brings a lot of damage to environment and human health. There exist a number of alternative methods that are not so harmful to environment and human health. However, whether and how much in extent these technologies adopted are plausible depends on the comparison of benefit- cost between chemical control and the alternative control methods (such as Integrated Pest Management, IPM) and farmers' willingness-to-pay (WTP) for environment and human health. Using contingent valuation method (CVM), the author investigates farmers' WTP for environment and human health, recognizes the factors influencing WTP, and accordingly points out the importance of pest control technology extension and government regulation of pesticides.     

“洋垃圾”对中国生态环境的影响及海关风险管控探析

洋垃圾是当前最严重的全球环境问题之一。我国作为洋垃圾的主要输入国,生态环境安全正遭受严重的威胁。海关管控洋垃圾的力度和水平是影响洋垃圾走私进境规模及其生态环境破坏程度的关键因素。虽然我国海关对洋垃圾的管控水平不断提高,但相比洋垃圾数量庞大的走私规模和日趋严重的环境污染,现有的海关风险管控举措无法保障减少乃至杜绝洋垃圾进境目标的实现。本文从洋垃圾的品类细分、对生态环境造成的可能污染分类开始,结合洋垃圾污染的实际案例,总结出我国海关风险管控缺失的危害,提出基于AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process)层次分析方法,对洋垃圾海关风险进行等级评判,将洋垃圾海关风险因素从企业和货物两个方面分解为四个因素,以此来分析洋垃圾的海关风险。采用多级模糊综合评判法确定各指标权重并构建洋垃圾海关风险等级评判模型,并以2013年海关绿篱行动对该模型进行可行性验证,进而提炼出海关风险管控三大体系,即海关监管、海关稽查和海关缉私风险管控体系,并据此总结出这三个层面的风险管控措施,每层措施又分别给出相应的分级动态调整管控手段。这些海关风险管控措施和手段对于防止洋垃圾进境对我国生态环境的破坏起到积极的作用。     

北京市人口老龄化的时空变化特征

人口老龄化现已成为当今主要的人口问题之一,并引起越来越多的关注,人口老龄化进程与老年人口空间分布特征研究是未来人口问题研究的一个重要分支.本文基于ESDA全局和局部空间自相关分析,利用北京市第四次和第五次人口普查数据以及1995和2005年1％人口抽样调查数据,对北京市县域尺度老龄人口分布总体和局部空间差异的变化趋势、特征进行了初步探索.结果表明,北京市老龄人口空间分布各区县差异较大,且呈现出明显的圈层结构特征,中心四城区老龄人口比重较高,近郊区老龄人口比重较全市平均水平低,远郊区老年人口比重又有所回升;同时,北京地区老年人口各区县的空间分布差异随着时间的推移而不断扩大,中心老城区呈现不断增强的集聚趋势,而远郊区的老年人口扩散效应明显大于集聚效应.     

经济、环境与人口健康的相互影响:基于我国省区面板数据的实证分析

经济增长造成环境变化;收入水平和环境质量共同影响着人口健康;人口健康状况又影响着经济增长.本文构建了一个描述兰者之间关系的联立方程模型,使用省区面板数据.分析了我国20世纪90年代至今省区层面上经济、环境与人口健康的相互影响.实证结果表明,工业污染是经济增长的阻碍因素;经济增长对人口健康有显著的正影响,而工业污染对人口健康有显著的负影响;人口健康对经济增长的贡献不显著;教育状况对经济增长有显著促进作用,但对人口健康没有显著的直接影响;第三产业的发展有利于减少工业污染,改善环境质量.因此,发展教育事业和第三产业,是促进经济增长和提高环境质量的有效举措.     

An Analysis on the Spatial Distribution of Population Aging Pressure in China

Based on comprehensive analysis of the impact of population aging to social and economic development,a comprehensive evaluation system including 18 indexes was constructed for evaluating regional pressure of population aging on social and economic development.Using statistics data of 31 regions in China from 2004 to 2008,the pressure of population aging on social and economic development,was comprehensively evaluated by using the factor analysis method.The spatial distribution of population aging in China was also analyzed.This study is to provide scientific basis for government to make strategies of coping with population aging according to regional pressure of population aging on social and economic development in China.     

An Analysis on the Spatial Distribution of Population Aging Pressure in China

Abstract

Based on comprehensive analysis of the impact of population aging to social and economic development, a comprehensive evaluation system including 18 indexes was constructed for evaluating regional pressure of population aging on social and economic development. Using statistics data of 31 regions in China from 2004 to 2008, the pressure of population aging on social and economic development, was comprehensively evaluated by using the factor analysis method. The spatial distribution of population aging in China was also analyzed. This study is to provide scientific basis for government to make strategies of coping with population aging according to regional pressure of population aging on social and economic development in China.     

政府环境监管与企业污染的博弈分析及对策研究

企业不考虑环境成本追求利润造成了严重环境污染,利用市场机制很难解决此类外部性问题,政府规制介入成为必然. 政府环境管制政策的制定和执行实际上是相关主体之间的博弈过程,可以用博弈方法来研究政府环境管制政策的效果.现有博弈分析中存在忽视环境污染给政府和企业分别带来政治成本与声誉成本的重大缺陷,造成理论不能解释现实世界.本文在引入上述成本的基础上运用博弈分析方法对政府环境监管与企业污染治理的互动决策进行深入探讨,结果表明: 减少政府因企业污染带来的收益、降低政府监管成本、加大对企业污染的处罚等有助于环境质量的改善.而且,建立以增加企业污染的声誉成本以及提高地方政府纵容污染的政治成本等非物质成本的制度建设是改善环境质量的重要方向.     

Sustainable Development and the Basic Value of Natural Environment

Contrast with artificial environment, the multi-level self-organizational system of nature has great gain. Sustainable material environment should respect nature： non-rubbish and super-cycle quality of natural ecosystem offers the material source of human development, fractal structure of nature offers new field of space and information source to this high-density and information-based society, dissipative structure of nature links the new system of energy with whole ecosystem organically, and life-chain regulation is the base of sustainable life environment. Nature guarantees the physical healthy environ- ment by its all-dimension healthy factor, constructs the mental healthy environment by its quality of co-ordinate and chaos, so that guarantees the whole emergence of sustainable development on the ＇super-science＇ level In the view of sustainable development, construction, green economy and human health are basic fields. With the concept of ecosystem regulation, we can relate these fields organically and fulfill the task of human health, welfare and sustainable development. Ecosystem regulation is the base of sustainable development＇s new paradigm.     

Sustainable Development and the Basic Value of Natural Environment

Abstract

Contrast with artificial environment, the multi-level self-organizational system of nature has great gain. Sustainable material environment should respect nature: non-rubbish and super-cycle quality of natural ecosystem offers the material source of human development, fractal structure of nature offers new field of space and information source to this high-density and information-based society, dissipative structure of nature links the new system of energy with whole ecosystem organically, and life-chain regulation is the base of sustainable life environment. Nature guarantees the physical healthy environment by its all-dimension healthy factor, constructs the mental healthy environment by its quality of co-ordinate and chaos, so that guarantees the whole emergence of sustainable development on the ‘super-science’ level. In the view of sustainable development, construction, green economy and human health are basic fields. With the concept of ecosystem regulation, we can relate these fields organically and fulfill the task of human health, welfare and sustainable development. Ecosystem regulation is the base of sustainable development’s new paradigm.     

Sustainable Development and Environment: a Renewed Effort in the OECD

The importance of sustainable development has been clearly recognised by the OECD Council at Ministerial Level. The Communiqué of the 1998 Ministerial Meeting states that Ministers agreed that the achievement of sustainable development is a key priority for OECD countries. They encouraged the elaboration of the Organisation's strategy for wide-ranging efforts over the next three years in the areas of climate change, technological development, sustainability indicators, and the environmental impact of subsidies.... Further, Ministers asked the OECD to enhance its dialogue with non-member countries in these areas and to engage them more actively, including through shared analyses and development of strategies for implementing sustainable development (OECD, 1998d).To help countries achieve the transition to sustainable development, a framework is required for the integration of economic, environmental and social policy. This was the main recommendation of the report in November 1997 to the OECD Secretary-General, Donald J. Johnston, of the High-Level Advisory Group on the Environment (OECD, 1997b). The OECD and its affiliates (including the International Energy Agency (IEA), the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA), the Development Centre and the European Conference of Ministers of Transport (ECMT)) are well equipped with the broad, multidisciplinary expertise to assist Member governments in this task. Work on sustainable development encompasses the full range of activities of the Organisation: macro and micro-economic analysis; environmental policy; labour markets, education, health and social policies; agricultural and fisheries policies; energy policy; technology policy; regional, local and urban policies; and development co-operation. Activities with non-members add an essential global perspective. The challenge is to move beyond a sectoral approach to integrated policies, and to exploit potential synergies and interrelationships between this wide range of competencies. The aim is to move as far as possible towards the harmonisation and integration of policies within an overall economic framework.     

City Environment Art and Sustainable Development

The development of everthing follows its own law, which does not change at people’s own sweet will. Therefore, we must study the development of things so as to grasp the essence of things in their deep meanings, explore the direction of their de- velopment, and make them better serve the people. As a part of the thought of sustainable development, city environment art will be of active significance to the perfection of the thought and will also be the concrete embodiment of the synthetic index of economic development. Such a thesis, starting from the macroscopic angle, and relying on the leading thought of sustainable development, takes hold of the development trend of city environment art, and explores the various problems that have arisen in city environment in the process of city management by combining thoughts on city planning, so as to guide urban harmonious development theoretically. The present paper expounds on the views comprehensively and, through the synthetic analysis on city planning, city environment, art esthetics and the thought of sustainable development, makes a detailed analysis of the effects of the present rapid city development on city environment.