四川省南充市大气中多环芳烃的分布

用超声波萃取，抽滤，减压蒸发浓缩，硅胶柱净化，再逍缩至干，定客溶解的方法处理了南充市5个监测点冬，夏季乘集的大气颗粒物样品，然后用高效液相色谱法分析其中9种多环芳烃含量，大气中苯并[a]芘的年平均含量为31．5ng/m3，略低于成都市1988年测定的年平均值，南充市大气中多环芳烃的主要来源是居民生活用煤，其次是汽车尾气，改变燃料结构，集中供热，加强城市交通管理，是减少多环芳烃污染的途径。     

东营市大气颗粒物中有机污染物的色谱－质谱分析

报道了应用气相色谱和气相色谱。质谱联用法对东营市大气颗粒物中正构烷烃和多环芳烃的分析结果，实际分析中共鉴定出正构烷烃２１种，多环芳烃６３种。定量测定结果表明，东营市冬季大气颗粒物中的总正构烷烃浓度和苯并（ａ）芘浓度均低于国内其他大城市。     

环境中多环芳烃的分析

文章对环境中的多环芳烃,尤其是大气、土壤、水体中的多环芳烃研究进展进行综述,包括了室内室外多环芳烃的浓度,以及几十年来的变迁,简述了多环芳烃的检测标准及其适用性、多环芳烃的分离与富集、迁移和转化方式,并对环境样品中多环芳烃的富集做了描述。     

镇江东部地区土壤中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源解析

分析了镇江东部扬中地区土壤中16种优先控制的多环芳烃（PAHs）污染物的含量特征及污染水平。结果表明,该地区土壤的多环芳烃总量为2．4～49．9μg／Kg,其中荧蒽的含量最高,同我国其他地区相比,其污染水平比较低。5个采样点PAHs含量表明有两个点受工业企业影响,其他3个点具有类似的面源污染即地质成因来源。     

大气降尘中多环芳烃的分布特征及源解析

为探讨大气降尘中多环芳烃的污染水平和来源的解析,于2008年冬、春、夏、秋四个季节采集了北京昌平地区大气降尘样品,采用超声抽提方法,使用GC/MS测定了样品中PAHs的含量。结果表明,冬、春、夏、秋四个季节样品中多环芳烃总量分别为18.6μg/g、17.3μg/g、15.1μg/g和11.0μg/g,单体化合物均值分别为1.04μg/g、0.96μg/g、0.84μg/g和0.61μg/g。与其他城市监测结果比较可知:昌平地区大气降尘中PAHs含量相对较低。使用多种方法对降尘中的PAHs来源进行解析,结果表明:化石燃料燃烧在不同季节中的贡献相对稳定,燃煤在冬季为多环芳烃主要来源之一,在其他季节贡献相对较低。     

多环芳烃污染农田土壤生态修复标准研究——辽宁省地方标准(DB 21/T 2274-2014)的建立及其依据

为指导正确评价多环芳烃污染农田土壤生态修复效果及环境风险,根据辽宁省农田土壤多环芳烃污染状况、多环芳烃污染农田土壤生态修复技术特点,参考国内外相关标准,应用生态风险模型,建立辽宁省地方标准(DB 21/T 2274-2014)——多环芳烃污染农田土壤生态修复标准,提出了生态修复完成后农田土壤中总多环芳烃浓度和苯并[a]芘环境当量总浓度限值。主要内容为:生态修复完成后农田土壤中总多环芳烃浓度低于2 mg/kg,生态修复完成后农田土壤中苯并[a]芘环境当量总浓度低于0.53 mg/kg。     

成都市大气颗粒物工业和民用污染源的调查分析与对策

针对成都市大气中颗粒物污染现状,对烟(粉)尘排放的来源,烟(粉)尘排放的重点行业,烟(粉)尘排放的分布地区做了调查,并结合颗粒物污染的分布区域对照分析,提出了相应对策。     

城市景观格局与大气颗粒物污染的关系研究

随着城市化和工业化发展,大气颗粒物对城市空气环境造成了严重污染,选取西安市作为研究区,分析不同时间和空间尺度下城市景观格局与大气颗粒物污染的关系。通过GIS软件、Fragstats4.2软件和SPSS软件对西安市2014年土地利用数据和2014年整年的大气颗粒物监测数据进行分析,结果显示,西安市土地利用类型分布较为集中;西安市大气颗粒物浓度的空间分布特征为浓度从市中心至城郊呈梯度递减趋势,在整体上呈现西北高于东南的倾向,大气颗粒物污染物浓度峰值基本都集中出现在建设用地范围内(PM10:102.7μg/m^3;PM2.5:99.7μg/m^3);相关性结果证实了城市景观格局与大气颗粒物浓度的空间分布特征。研究结果为中国西部内陆城市大气颗粒物污染控制、土地利用规划以及生态建设提供参考。     

成都市大气颗粒物研究

本文较全面、系统的研究了成都市大气颗粒物的物理特征和化学组成。在研究中利用改良的NASN法,首先揭示了成都市大气颗粒物中存在着以钒、铍、镍、铬为特征的11种金属元素的奥秘。利用离子色谱法,检出了成都市大气颗粒物中以SO_4~(2-)为表征的5种阴离子,以NH_4~ 为主的3种阳离子。利用带有梯度洗脱装置的HPLC的现代分析技术,分离测定了成都市大气颗粒物中9种PAH化合物。研究确定了颗粒物及其不同化学成分的浓度,找出了它们的时空变化及粒径分布的规律,从而为预防医学,为防止和控制成都市大气颗粒物污染提供科学依据。     

成雅高速公路两侧大气颗粒物中重金属分布规律研究

本文以成雅高速公路为研究对象,采集公路两侧大气颗粒物样品,通过微波消解——火焰原子吸收法测定大气颗粒物中铅、镉、铜、锌的含量。研究表明,成雅公路两侧距路肩200m范围内大气颗粒物已受不同程度的铅、镉、铜、锌污染,其中重金属含量Pb〉Zn〉Cu〉Cd,并获得成雅高速公路两侧大气颗粒物中重金属污染的分布规律。     

大气TSP采样滤膜上PAHs分布的均匀性研究

标准参考物质是分析法研究的基础，也是质量保证较为可信的手段。本文通过对大气ＴＳＰ采样滤膜上ＰＡＨｓ分布的均匀性研究，发现ＰＡＨｓ在滤膜上是均匀分布的，由此，我们提出了滤膜四等分法和八等分法，以获得可用于分析方法研究的实验用参考物质。     

试压堵塞器在降低井控安全风险中的应用

文章结合大港油田井下作业现场特点,通过研究井控装置FZ18-35防喷器在试压过程中存在的"原试压堵塞器不适合350型采油树井口四通"的具体问题,改进研制适合FZ18-35防喷器与350型采油树井口四通配套的ST18-35试压堵塞器来解决井控装置的现场试压问题,确保现场井控装置的完好,有效降低井控风险以及井喷事故污染环境的风险。     

Urban air pollution from the open burning of municipal solid waste

This study estimates the contribution from the open burning of municipal wastes in some of Nigeria's major cities to atmospheric levels of air pollutants. Information obtained on open burning emission factors and municipal solid waste (MSW) generation estimates was combined to estimate annual levels of the pollutants from the open burning of MSW. Per capita distributions of pollutants were calculated on the basis of cities’ populations. The estimates of inorganic emissions across the cities studied were from 913.73 to 81,600 tons per year (TPY) of particulate matter; 4,797 to 428,400 TPY of oxides of nitrogen; 342.65 to 30,600; and 57 to 5,100 TPY of sulfur dioxide, while the estimates for methane ranged from 742 to 66,300 TPY and for other nonmethane organic compounds ranged from 1,713 to 153,000 TPY. Given the composition of MSW in these cities, the nonmethane organic compounds are likely to be composed of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds. Given the wide varieties of both inorganic and organic air pollutants released during the open burning of MSW and the associated human health and environmental impacts, it is high time that stakeholders at all levels of government came up with policies and regulatory measures for the management of MSW in the country.     

三峡库区典型次级支流表层沉积物中PAHs的分布特征及来源分析

本文表征了三峡库区典型次级支流(梁滩河)表层沉积物中18种多环芳烃(PAHs)的浓度,并对其分布特征和污染来源进行了探讨。18种PAHs的总浓度(∑18 PAHs)范围为198.5～4349 ng/g-dw(干重),平均浓度为1441ng/g,中值为1160 ng/g。与其他地区沉积物污染情况相比,梁滩河沉积物中PAHs浓度处于中等偏低的污染程度,支流污染程显著高于干流,流经城镇的右支污染程度显著高于流经农村或人口较少的左支和主干流。大部分采样点以高环(4～6环)PAHs污染为主。PAHs源解析结果表明,梁滩河表层沉积物中PAHs污染以燃烧源为主,主要源于化石燃料和生物质的不完全燃烧。沉积物中苯并[a]芘的毒性当量因子(TEF)值为39.38～384.37 ngTEQ/g,平均值110.94 ngTEQ/g。生态风险评价的结果表明,右支流的两个采样点R3和R4点沉积物中PAHs可能存在生物负效应影响,R4点的高风险可能与附近白市驿机场污染有关。     

Identification of hot spot and safe zones of ambient air quality in North Maharashtra region,India

The continuous infrastructural and economic development exerted pressure on the environmental conditions of the North Maharashtra region. The air quality of North Maharashtra region was analysed for the identification of hot spots and safe zones of ambient air quality. The result shows air pollution at some part of North Maharashtra region. The levels of particulate matter were above the prescribed limits especially at Bhusawal, Dhule and Jalgaon Urban centres. The traces of polyaromatic hydrocarbons were also observed in the urban centres of study area. The binary ratios of the persistent prevailing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)'s show great correlation with the vehicular exhaust in the study region. The higher levels of pollutants in the study region were recorded in the post-monsoon season. The present study is first of its kind in the North Maharashtra region and an attempt has been made to analyse the anthropogenic sources and concentration of air pollutants in the area. The air pollutants reduce the defence system of human body and lead into severe health consequences like damage of lung tissues with escalation in the existing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.     

Validation of procedures to quantify nonextractable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon residues in soil

This study was conducted to optimize butanol solvent shake extraction, dichloromethane soxtec extraction, and methanolic saponification extraction for the selective extraction of aged polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soil. Extraction kinetics for these methods was established to determine the optimal time necessary to achieve exhaustive compound extraction. This resulted in times of 12, 6, and 5 h, respectively, for butanol, dichloromethane, and saponification, to extract polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from previously spiked, then aged soil. Increasing the soil mass to butanol volume ratio reduced the proportion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon extracted by butanol, highlighting the importance of determining and maintaining a constant soil to solvent ratio for comparative purposes. Drying soil samples before dichloromethane soxtec extraction reduced by 30 to 76% the amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons extracted. The effect of sample drying is discussed with relevance to enhancing the formation of nonextractable compounds in soil and compound losses previously assumed by volatilization. The optimized extraction procedures provided low variability with relative standard deviations < or = 5.2% for analysis of multiple replicates. The results obtained by the optimized procedures provided equivalent or improved reproducibility to those obtained by other methods reported in the literature.     

石油污染生物治理现场实例

这里介绍两则石油污染生物治理的现场实例。一则是关于水处理厂的生物治理，强调了即使在环境因素不十分有利的条件下，采用微生物生态法的生物强化措施，就能经济有效地降低污染物的浓度；另一则展示地下水和土壤的生物治理，并详述了生物治理的原理、可行性、扩大试验法、监测项目的确定、试验前后总多环芳烃（PAH）及五氯苯酚（PCP）等的浓度变化等。两则微生物生态法的生物治理均表明：此法既省去了实验室研究，又不需事先查明所用的微生物属性，即可大大加快可行性研究速度，还明显地提高了防治效果。微生物生态法成功的运用进一步说明了：即使不用外加菌种，也能显著提高生物降解有机污染物的速度，进而达到有效治理石油污染的目的。     

Gaseous contaminant emissions as affected by burning scrap tires in cement manufacturing

We studied the environmental impact (gaseous emissions) of using scrap tires as a fuel substitute at a cement plant that produces one million tons of cement per year. Using a combination of tires and coal as opposed to only coal caused variations in the pollutant emission rate. The study recorded a 37% increase in the rate of emission for CO, a 24% increase for SO2, an 11% decrease for NOx, and a 48% increase for HCl when tires were included. The rate of emission for metals increased 61% for Fe, 33% for Al, 487% for Zn, 127% for Pb, 339% for Cr, 100% for Mn, and 74% for Cu, and decreased 22% for Hg. On the other hand, the emission rate of organic compounds dropped by 14% for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 8% in naphthalene, 37% in chlorobenzene, and 45% in dioxins and furans. We used a Gaussian model of atmospheric dispersion to calculate the average pollutant concentration (1-h, 24-h, and annual concentrations) in the ambient air at ground level with the help of the ISC-ST2 software program developed by the USEPA. When tires were used, we observed (i) a 12 to 24% increase in particulate matter, this range considering the concentration variation depending on the average used (1-h, 24-h, and annual basis), 31 to 52% in CO, 22 to 34% in SO2, 39 to 52% in HCl, 12 to 27% in Fe, -3 to 8% in Al, 30 to 37% in Zn, and 270 to 885% in Pb; (ii) a decrease of 8 to 13% in NOx, 9 to 13% in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 6 to 7% in naphthalene, 32 to 39% in chlorobenzene, and 32 to 45% in dioxins and furans. The results obtained showed that the maximum ground-level concentrations were well within the environmental standards (for operation with only coal as well as for operation with a combination of coal and tires).     

生物活性炭曝气滤池处理油田废水的应用

为实现DB 12/356-2008《天津市污水综合排放标准》(CODCr≤60mg/L)要求,大港油田对原有的废水生化处理工艺进行技术升级改造,优选生物活性炭曝气滤池工艺作为工程改造的主体技术方案。现场实施后,各项水质指标均达到了天津市标准的要求,对大港油田工业废水深度处理工作具有实践指导意义。