信号分子对高负荷UASB中ANAMMOX颗粒特性的影响

针对高负荷反应器中ANAMMOX颗粒污泥易上浮流失的问题,进行外源添加酰基高丝氨酸内酯类信号分子（AHLs）对污泥特性的影响研究.结果表明添加30mg/L辛酰基高丝氨酸内酯（C8-HSL）可对颗粒污泥沉降性能产生长期影响,能够有效控制高负荷UASB中ANAMMOX颗粒污泥上浮.仅在实验初期（0~20d）向反应器R2中添加C8-HSL,在实验进行至100d时R2中颗粒污泥B-EPS含量相比对照组R1降低15%,PN/PS值由4.22下降至2.14,同时污泥颗粒表面疏水性提高了26%,因此R2中颗粒污泥的沉降性能大幅提高（颗粒污泥密度增加了24%,沉速提高了90%）.实验进行至100d,R2未发生较明显污泥上浮现象,此时氮容积负荷NLR为12.9kg-TN/（m³·d）,氮容积去除率NRR高达11.3kg-TN/（m³·d）,氮去除率达88%.己酰基高丝氨酸内酯（C6-HSL）可使污泥颗粒的活性有所提高,而十二烷酰基高丝氨酸内酯（C12-HSL）则对高负荷反应器中颗粒污泥的特性没有影响.     

厌氧氨氧化污泥恢复过程中的颗粒特性

目前运行容易失稳已成为制约厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)工艺应用的因素之一.在保证底物不抑制的条件下,通过对实验室前期运行失稳的连续流全混反应器(CSTR)中的厌氧氨氧化污泥进行活性恢复,研究了滞留的基质浓度对ANAMMOX污泥恢复过程中颗粒化及活性的影响.结果表明,经过126d运行,ANAMMOX污泥活性获得恢复且脱氮能力明显提升.控制高、低基质浓度水平的2个反应器均能实现污泥的颗粒化及氮素的高效去除,NRR最大分别达到16. 97 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)和14. 43 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).随着反应器脱氮能力的提高(污泥颗粒粒径增大),R1、R2两个反应器内污泥的胞外聚合物EPS含量(以VSS计)均增大,分别由接种时的34. 45 mg·g~(-1)增大至77. 52 mg·g~(-1)和94. 18 mg·g~(-1),PN/PS由1. 89分别增大到6. 25和6. 84.在一定范围内,PN/PS比值增大有利于ANAMMOX污泥颗粒化,但PN/PS过大会导致颗粒污泥结构失稳上浮,加剧污泥流失现象.     

厌氧氨氧化-羟基磷灰石颗粒污泥系统的快速启动

为研究厌氧氨氧化-羟基磷灰石（Anammox-HAP）颗粒污泥系统的启动方法,采用厌氧氨氧化膨胀床反应器（AAFEB）,接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥,通过调控基质浓度和水力停留时间,考察系统内污泥粒径及胞外聚合物（EPS）的变化,同时监测系统的脱氮除磷性能.结果表明,在低上升流速0.213~1.066m/h、Ca/P=5.5物质的量比的条件下,不断提高进水氮负荷,实现了Anammox颗粒污泥系统的启动.总氮、正磷酸盐去除率分别为（78.0±9.8）%、（63.8±9.9）%,总氮容积负荷达2.74kg/（m³·d）,在150d内培养出平均粒径为0.4mm的微颗粒污泥.颗粒的形态特征和元素分布检测表明其为Anammox-HAP颗粒污泥.随着颗粒污泥粒径的增加,EPS中的PS含量基本不变,PN从54.43mg/g增加到137.40mg/g,PN/PS从6.63提高到7.71.EPS中PN占比与粒径之间存在正相关,对污泥颗粒的形成起主要作用.     

胞外聚合物和信号分子对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性的影响

为了探究胞外聚合物（EPS）对厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥活性的影响,分别向厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥中投加30mg/L的总胞外聚合物（IN-EPS）,松散结合型胞外聚合物（LB-EPS）和紧密结合型胞外聚合物（TB-EPS）.结果表明,3种EPS均可提高厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的活性.对于添加了IN-EPS,LB-EPS和TB-EPS的实验组,厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的氨氮去除速率分别增加了6.68%,10.5%和19.29%,厌氧氨氧化菌的生长速率分别增加了18.25%,21%,16.3%.三维荧光光谱法分析发现3种EPS的组成基本相同,以芳香族蛋白质和可溶性微生物产物为主.对EPS中的高丝氨酸内酯类（AHLs）信号分子进行检测,发现EPS中含有3种信号分子,分别是C4-HSL,C6-HSL和C10-HSL,外源投加这3种AHLs到厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥中,结果发现C4-HSL和C6-HSL可以提高厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的活性和生长速率,这是EPS可以提高厌氧氨氧化菌活性的原因.     

厌氧氨氧化-羟基磷灰石颗粒污泥系统的快速启动

为研究厌氧氨氧化-羟基磷灰石（Anammox-HAP）颗粒污泥系统的启动方法,采用厌氧氨氧化膨胀床反应器（AAFEB）,接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥,通过调控基质浓度和水力停留时间,考察系统内污泥粒径及胞外聚合物（EPS）的变化,同时监测系统的脱氮除磷性能.结果表明,在低上升流速0.213~1.066m/h、Ca/P=5.5物质的量比的条件下,不断提高进水氮负荷,实现了Anammox颗粒污泥系统的启动.总氮、正磷酸盐去除率分别为（78.0±9.8）%、（63.8±9.9）%,总氮容积负荷达2.74kg/（m³·d）,在150d内培养出平均粒径为0.4mm的微颗粒污泥.颗粒的形态特征和元素分布检测表明其为Anammox-HAP颗粒污泥.随着颗粒污泥粒径的增加,EPS中的PS含量基本不变,PN从54.43mg/g增加到137.40mg/g,PN/PS从6.63提高到7.71.EPS中PN占比与粒径之间存在正相关,对污泥颗粒的形成起主要作用.     

SBR反应器中全自养硝化颗粒污泥的特性研究

在SBR反应器中接种硝化污泥,研究了污泥颗粒化过程中某些性能的变化,包括沉降性能、胞外聚合物、氧利用速率等.结果表明,当SBR沉淀时间由39min缩短至10min时,污泥SVI由接种时的110mL/g降低至24～42mL/g.EPS(以VSS计)中蛋白质含量由接种时的163mg/g增长到250～270mg/g;而EPS中多糖变化不大,基本在20～30mg/g;硝化颗粒污泥中EPS的蛋白质/多糖的比例基本在9～13左右.反应器中污泥浓度(以VSS计)约2.5g/L,VSS/SS基本保持在85%～90%.在反应器运行初期,污泥中氨氧化菌的活性(SOUR-A)和亚硝酸氧化菌的活性(SOUR-N)不断升高,在第17d,SOUR-A和SOUR-N分别达到259mg/(g·h)和119mg/(g·h);为接种污泥的2.4和5.3倍.当硝化颗粒形成且粒径不断增大后,污泥的SOUR-A和SOUR-N开始降低.污泥中异养菌的活性(SOUR-H)和内源呼吸活性(SOUR-E)在颗粒化过程中都保持在10mg/(g·h).     

全程自养脱氮颗粒污泥培养及动力学研究

SBR反应器接种厌氧颗粒污泥,经过3个阶段培养,成功培养出全程自养脱氮颗粒污泥,并对颗粒污泥系统进行动力学研究.建立了描述全程自养脱氮的动力学模型.由于溶解氧(DO)在颗粒污泥内呈梯度分布,模型引入DO校正系数.通过模型研究反硝化作用、亚硝酸盐和DO对过程的影响,模拟结果与实测结果相一致.结果说明,异养反硝化菌的存在,在一定程度上影响厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)过程,但是随着启动的进行,反硝化的影响逐渐降低.初始亚硝酸盐浓度为20~30 mg/L时,厌氧氨氧化开始受到抑制,总氮去除率开始降低.DO浓度的过高或过低都会导致全程自养脱氮效果受限制.根据进水氨氮浓度调整DO浓度,可使总氮去除效率达到较佳水平.进水氨氮浓度为80 mg/L时,最佳DO为0.3~0.6 mg/L.     

藻菌颗粒污泥处理酒糟废水效能研究

该研究采用藻菌颗粒污泥处理酒糟废水，探究处理过程中藻菌颗粒污泥理化性质的变化和对污水的处理效果。结果发现，藻菌颗粒污泥中真核生物群落中绿藻门丰度最高，原核生物群落中蓝藻门、变形菌门、拟杆菌门总占比超过90%。在无曝气连续培养14 d后，藻菌颗粒污泥对酒糟废水的化学需氧量、氨氮、总氮、磷酸盐和总磷的去除率分别为86%、65%、69%、92%和91%，表明藻菌颗粒污泥工艺具有处理实际废水的潜力。同时，藻菌颗粒污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)中多糖(EPS-PS)和蛋白质(EPS-PN)的含量分别由3.52 mg/g VSS和14.07 mg/g VSS升高至9.30 mg/g VSS和20.48 mg/g VSS，表明增加的EPS-PS和EPS-PN可以维持藻菌颗粒污泥的稳定性。研究表明藻菌颗粒污泥对酒糟废水的处理效果较好，且能在处理过程中保持良好的鲁棒性。     

ZnO纳米颗粒对SBR活性污泥活性的影响

建立了模拟的SBR反应器,并研究了ZnO纳米颗粒(ZnO-NPs)对SBR活性污泥活性的影响.结果表明低浓度(10mg/L)ZnO-NPs对活性污泥活性无明显抑制作用.较高浓度下,ZnO-NPs对活性污泥沉降性能?呼吸速率?EPS和SMP产量及其组成?有机物降解效率等具有明显影响.20,50,100mg/L ZnO-NPs使COD去除率分别降低8.1%, 19.5%和27.7%,使污泥沉降性能分别降低24.2%,35.0%和36.0%,使MLVSS/MLSS比值分别降低8.0%,14.7%和21%,使活性污泥呼吸速率抑制率达到54.0%, 79.0%和80.3%;使EPS产量分别降低29.0%,49.9%和65.4%,使SMP产量分别升高48.9%,102.6%和203.0%.研究表明,较高浓度ZnO-NPs能够抑制污泥代谢,降低活性污泥生物量,显著抑制活性污泥活性.     

溶解氧对HLB-MR反应器内有机物的生物絮凝影响

为了研究溶解氧（DO）对高负荷生物絮凝-膜反应器（HLB-MR）内有机物生物絮凝规律的影响,采用平行对比实验,考察了不同DO条件下反应器内有机物的生物絮凝效果、胞外聚合物（EPS）含量、金属阳离子浓度和微生物群落结构.结果表明：DO浓度分别为1~2mg/L和6~8mg/L时,HLB-MR反应器的絮凝效率分别为83%和89%,两反应器内上清液的浊度差别也进一步证实,较高的DO浓度下,反应器的生物絮凝效果更好.DO浓度在6~8mg/L时,HLB-MR反应器内结合态EPS和自由态EPS的含量分别为15.64mg/（g·VSS）和8.71mg/L,两者均显著高于DO为1~2mg/L时的11.83mg/（g·VSS）和6.56mg/L,反应器浓缩液中镁和铝的浓度也均明显高于低DO浓度时所对应的值,这说明在高DO条件下,有更多的EPS与金属阳离子结合而固定在污泥基质中,促进了生物絮凝.高通量测序表明,DO浓度分别为1~2mg/L和6~8mg/L时,HLB-MR反应器内细菌的群落结构差异明显,高DO浓度反应器底泥中Actinobacteria和Saccharibacteria的相对丰度较高,可能对生物絮凝有促进作用.     

有机负荷对污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)分泌特性及信号分子释放差异的影响

考察了连续流A2/O系统在3个有机负荷[0.29,0.58,1.16 kg COD/(m3·d)]条件下,胞外聚合物(EPS)分泌特性及信号分子(AHLs)的释放差异.结果表明:TB-EPS是污泥系统中EPS主要成分,TB-EPS组分具有较高的分子量,且分子量分布更广.有机负荷对LB-EPS各组分的影响大于TB-EPS...     

Biodegradation of p-cresol by aerobic granules in sequencing batch reactor

The cultivation of aerobic granules in sequencing batch reactor for the biodegradation of p-cresol was studied. The reactor was started with 100 mg/L of p-cresol. Aerobic granules first appeared within one month of start up. The granules were large and strong and had a compact structure. The diameter of stable granules was in the range of 1-5 mm. The integrity coefficient and granules density was found to be 96% and 1046 kg/m³, respectively. The settling velocity of granules was found to be in the range of 2× 10^-2-6× 10^-2 m/sec. The aerobic granules were able to degrade p-cresol upto 800 mg/L at a removal efficiency of 88%. Specific p-cresol degradation rate in aerobic granules followed Haldane model for substrate inhibition. High specific p-cresol degradation rate up to 0.96 g p-cresol/(g VSS. day) were sustained upto p-cresol concentration of 400 mg/L. Higher removal efficiency, good settling characteristics of aerobic granules, makes sequencing batch reactor suitable for enhancing the microorganism potential for biodegradation of inhibitory compounds.     

复合式膜生物反应器的膜污染控制机理

采用常规膜生物反应器(CMBR)和复合式膜生物反应器(HMBR)处理城市生活污水,对HMBR的膜污染控制机理进行了研究。试验结果表明,HMBR能够有效去除胞外多聚物(EPS),反应器内溶解性EPS(S-EPS)、松散附着性EPS(LB-EPS)和紧密附着性EPS(TB-EPS)的含量比CMBR分别降低了42.8%、41.5%和2.1%。附着性EPS(B-EPS)特别是LB-EPS与活性污泥的物理性能密切相关,随着其含量的降低,HMBR中活性污泥的絮凝性能和沉淀性能比CMBR分别提高了24.4%和34.8%。由于滤饼层污泥主要来源于活性污泥,因此随着活性污泥絮凝性能和沉淀性能的提高,HMBR中的滤饼层比阻比CMBR降低了31.1%。作为结果,当跨膜压差(TMP)到达20 kPa时,HMBR运行了143 d,而CMBR仅运行了57 d。     

进料负荷调控培养好氧颗粒污泥的试验研究

采用厌好氧交替的SBR反应器,以进料负荷（即进水浓度）作为主要控制参数,研究了好氧颗粒污泥的关键培养技术.结果表明,在30 min的较长污泥沉降时间下,通过进料COD 0～900 mg·L^-1的负荷调控,可以有效控制反应器内污泥生长.初始接种污泥的沉降性能对颗粒污泥产生很重要,SVI值保持在20～50 mg·L^-1才能有助于颗粒污泥形成和培养.应用“空曝”这种强力负荷调控方式可大大改善污泥沉降性能,并促进颗粒污泥的形成.通过进料减负荷运行可很好实现污泥的“完全颗粒化”培养.颗粒化转变出现在进料浓度COD 400～500 mg·L^-1,污泥浓度约8～10 g·L^-1.“完全颗粒化”污泥的性能优异,粒径约1.0 mm,SVI值25～35 mg·L^-1,最大沉降速率60 m·h^-1.污泥颗粒过程的发生可能决定于SBR的独特间歇式运行,即基质浓度的贫富交替,减负荷运行可强化基质贫富交替并增大颗粒化过程的驱动力.     

Influence of different substrates on the formation and characteristics of aerobic granules in sequencing batch reactors

The effects of different substrates on the aerobic granulation process were studied using laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactors （SBRs）. Four parallel granules sequencing batch reactors （GSBR）： R1, R2, R3, and R4 were fed with acetate, glucose, peptone and fecula, respectively. Stable aerobic granules were successfully cultivated in R1, R2, R4, and smaller granules less than 500 μm were formed in R3. Morphology and the physic-chemical characteristics of aerobic granules fed with different carbon substrates were investigated by the four reactors operated under the same pressure. The aerobic granules in the four reactors were observed and found that peptone was the most stable one due to its good settleability even after a sludge age as short as 10 d. A strong correlation was testified between the characteristics of aerobic granules and the properties of carbon substrates. The stability of aerobic granules was affected by extracellular polymer substances （EPS） derived from microorganism growth during feast time fed with different carbon substrates, and the influence of the property of storage substance was greater than that of its quantity. Optimal carbon substrates, which are helpful in the cultivation and retention of well-settling granules and in the enhancement of the overall ability of the aerobic granules reactors, were found.     

调整气水比优化高氨氮废水BAF一体化脱氮

为实现常温下高氨氮废水中氮的高效去除,选取8：1、12：1和15：1等3个气水比（GWR）条件,考察常温下曝气生物滤池（BAF）短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化（ANAMMOX）一体化自养脱氮工艺稳定运行的性能.研究结果表明：进水氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）浓度为400mg/L、回流比为1：1的条件下,GWR为15：1脱氮效果最好,氨氮去除率（ARE）达90%以上,总氮（TN）去除负荷为1.1kgN/（m³·d）,去除率达83%.GWR为15：1时,溶解氧（DO）为2.41~4.22mg/L,进水NH₄⁺-N转化为亚硝（NO₂^--N）量增加,ANAMMOX活性增强.对生物膜进行功能菌种实时荧光定量PCR（qPCR）分析得出,GWR为15：1时,ANAMMOX和氨氧化菌（AOB）两者丰度均最高,高达10¹² copies/g dry sludge以上,一体化脱氮效果最好.同时,研究表明提高GWR后ANAMMOX反应增强,而过程中无N₂O生成,GWR为15：1时,N₂O总释放量最小,释放因子为0.0012.     

SNAD反应器中颗粒污泥和絮体污泥脱氮特性

通过血清瓶批试研究了温度为30℃时, SNAD(simultaneous partial nitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidization and denitrification)反应器内的颗粒污泥R1(1~2.5mm)和絮体污泥R2(0~0.25mm)的脱氮特性. 结果表明,颗粒污泥的好氧氨氮和好氧亚硝态氮氧化活性分别为0.166,0kgN/(kg VSS×d).厌氧氨氧化、亚硝态氮反硝化、硝态氮反硝化总氮去除速率分别为0.158,0.105,0.094kgN/(kg VSS×d).絮体污泥的好氧氨氮氧化活性和好氧亚硝态氮氧化活性分别为 0.180,0kgN/(kg VSS×d).厌氧氨氧化、亚硝态氮反硝化、硝态氮反硝化总氮去除速率分别为0.026,0.096,0.108kgN/(kg VSS×d).颗粒污泥和絮体污泥都具有良好的亚硝化性能和反硝化性能.颗粒污泥的厌氧氨氧化性能良好,絮体污泥的厌氧氨氧化性能较差.扫描电镜显示,在SNAD颗粒污泥的表面主要是一些短杆菌和球状菌.在SNAD颗粒污泥中心区域主要为火山口状细菌.在絮体污泥中,同时存在短杆菌,球状菌和火山口状细菌.     

Robustness of anammox granular sludge treating low-strength sewage under various shock loadings: Microbial mechanism and little N2O emission

With the increasing application of anammox for the treatment of high-strength industrial wastewater, application of anammox in municipal sewage has been gaining more attention. Sludge granulation in particular enhances the enrichment and retention of anammox bacteria in municipal sewage treatment systems. However, the performance of granular sludge under continuous and varying hydraulic loading shock remains little understood. In this study, the robustness of anammox granular sludge in treating low-strength municipal sewage under various shock loadings was investigated. Results showed that an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor with anammox granules performed well, with anammox specific activity up to 0.28?kg?N/kg VSS/day and anti-loading shock capability up to 187.2?L/day during the 8-month testing period. The accumulation rate of N₂O (< 0.01?kg?N/kg VSS/day) in the liquid phase was seven times higher than that of the gas phase, which could be mainly attributed to the incomplete denitrification and insufficient carbon source. However, only a small part of the produced N₂O escaped into the atmosphere. High-throughput sequencing and molecular ecological network analyses also identified the bacterial diversity and community structure, indicating the potential resistance against loading shock. The composition and structural analyses showed that polysaccharides were an important functional component in the tightly bound extracellular polymeric substances (TB-EPS), which was the major EPS layer of anammox granules. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also showed that the gaps in between the anammox-clusters in the granules inhibit the flotation of the sludge and ensure efficient settling and retention of anammox granules.