柴油机EGR氛围颗粒的空间结构与表面形态分析

为揭示EGR(废气再循环)对柴油机颗粒表面形态以及空间结构的影响,针对不同EGR率下产生的柴油机颗粒,采用颗粒粒径分析仪以及X射线小角散射等分析手段,研究了EGR对柴油机排气颗粒粒径、数浓度和质量浓度的影响,分析了颗粒团聚程度、团粒间隙尺寸以及表面形态等参数随EGR率的变化规律.结果表明:随着EGR率从10%增至30%,颗粒数浓度峰值粒径向大粒径方向偏移,粒径在10～50 nm的核模态颗粒数浓度分别降低了14.7%和29.4%;粒径在50～500 nm的积聚态颗粒数浓度分别增加了17.1%和139.4%;总颗粒数浓度也有较大幅度增加,分别增加了4.5%和72.1%.采用EGR后,颗粒的质量分形维数和表面分形维数分别增加了12.1%和18.2%,表明EGR会使颗粒的质量分布不均匀,表面粗糙程度增加.随着EGR率的增加,颗粒的团粒间隙分布有明显差异,EGR率为0时的团粒间隙尺寸主要分布在8～11 nm,EGR率为30%时的团粒间隙尺寸主要分布在4～6 nm,表明EGR可在总体上降低团粒间隙尺寸和数浓度,增加了颗粒的团聚程度和空间结构的紧密程度.研究结果对于拓宽EGR的工况使用范围、提高DPF等后处理装置的工作效率、进一步降低柴油机的NO_x和颗粒排放具有重要意义.      

船舶柴油机排气状况及污染物治理探讨

本文收集了船用柴油机排放现状以及国内外关于船舶排放标准,并对国内外排放标准进行了对比分析。针对某万吨级货船,在其柴油发动机不同转速下,对柴油机排气进行了测试,结果显示柴油发动机尾气中NOX和PM排放浓度较高。分析了船舶柴油机中SOX、NOX和PM三大污染物的生成机理,并就其控制技术分别进行了研讨。     

粘土颗粒吸附直接染料的分形特征

粘土颗粒对直接耐晒黑和直接大红染料的吸附均可分为快速的边缘覆盖和慢速的晶层吸附2个过程,整个吸附过程符合准-二级反应动力学方程式,除了伊利土-直接耐晒黑染料的吸附体系之外,其它体系的吸附过程中以晶层吸附为主的阶段均具有类分形特征.体系的非线性吸附等温线符合Langmuir型吸附等温模式,并且除了蒙脱土吸附直接大红染料之外,也可以用分形Langmuir吸附等温模式获得较好的模拟效果.在不同原始浓度下直接大红染料在粘土颗粒表面发生的边缘覆盖和晶层吸附这2个过程的程度是不同的,从而导致了吸附等温线在原始染料为150mg·L-1时出现最大的吸附量,而且颗粒边缘覆盖的直接大红染料的比例较高.染料进入粘土颗粒的晶层后,扩大了晶层间距,改变了其表面微孔几何结构.颗粒表面棱角变得光滑,结构疏松,片层结构逐渐减少,上述效果在蒙脱土颗粒上或直接耐晒黑染料吸附时表现地更为显著.而且吸附染料后蒙脱土颗粒对N2的吸附量比伊利土下降的幅度小,其比表面积、孔体积和平均孔径的下降比例也比伊利土小,其中平均孔径的差异比较明显.吸附染料之后粘土颗粒表面分形维数Ds均升高了,晶层膨胀和开孔作用抵消了"表面粗糙度屏蔽"、"孔阻塞效应"机理降低Ds的影响.增加了表面粗糙度.     

铜在壳核结构磁性颗粒上的吸附:效能与表面性质的关系

为了揭示吸附剂的吸附效能与其组成、结构及表面性质之间的关系,本研究对两种壳核结构磁性颗粒Fe_3O_4/Mn O2与Fe-Mn/Mn O2的形貌特征、表面性质进行了系统表征,并对铜在磁性颗粒表面的吸附行为与机制进行了详细研究.表征结果表明磁核Fe_3O_4与Fe-Mn具有相似的尖晶石类晶体结构,包覆Mn O2后,晶体结构均未发生明显变化.但Mn的引入,增强了磁核与外壳间的结合作用,Fe-Mn比Fe_3O_4包覆MnO_2的量更多、更均匀,进而使Fe-Mn/Mn O2具有更高的比表面积与更低的等电点.吸附实验结果表明,Fe-Mn的最大铜吸附容量33.7 mg·g-1(pH 5.5)高于Fe_3O_4的17.5 mg·g-1(pH 5.5);包覆MnO_2以后,铜吸附性能显著增强,Fe-Mn/MnO_2最大铜吸附容量升高至58.2 mg·g-1(p H 5.5),为Fe_3O_4/MnO_2的2.6倍,且优于多数文献报道的磁性吸附剂.机制研究表明铜在Fe_3O_4/Mn O2与Fe-Mn/MnO_2的表面发生了特性吸附,形成了内层表面络合物.综上所述,磁性颗粒的吸附效能与其组成成分、形貌结构及表面性质之间具有显著的相关性.     

柴油机排气微粒冷却演变特性的实验研究

对柴油机排气微粒在冷却条件下的演变特性进行了实验研究.结果表明,排气的冷却作用对微粒的质量浓度具有重要的影响.引起微粒质量浓度变化的主要原因是排气中气态碳氢的冷凝,从而增加了微粒的质量浓度.排气的冷却促使柴油机微粒增大,分布在0.01～1.0 μm粒径范围内的微粒数量有所减少,特别是小于0.1 μm以下的小微粒,微粒数量下降的幅度相对较大,并且冷却温度越低,变化越明显.排气冷却后,0.1-1.0 μm粒径范围内的微粒体积浓度呈减少的趋势.此外,流速对排气冷却条件下的微粒演变特性亦有一定的影响,随排气流速的降低,0.01～1.0 μm粒径范围内的微粒数量浓度和体积浓度减小.     

水环境中典型纳米颗粒对菲的吸附特征

以典型三环多环芳烃菲为代表,选取11种典型纳米颗粒对水中不同浓度的菲进行吸附实验,探究水体中的纳米颗粒对菲的吸附特征.结果表明,Freundlich模型对所有样品的拟合结果最好.logKFr值显示,有机膨润土及3种炭黑对菲的吸附作用最强,且远远大于其他纳米颗粒.有机膨润土对菲的吸附表现为线性吸附(n=1.08),而3种炭黑均表现出显著的非线性特征(n＜0.5),且非线性特征随吸附能力的增强而增强,其他几种纳米颗粒均表现出非线性吸附特征(n＜0.9).水中所有的纳米颗粒在与菲作用的过程中,吸附的强弱与颗粒表面电位、粒径及比表面积均无显著相关性,即对于所有纳米颗粒来说,这几种性质并不是决定吸附作用的最主要因素,而吸附剂的化学组成及结构特性可能是引起吸附作用差异的主要原因.     

柴油机排气微粒收集消声装置的设计

介绍了柴油机排气微粒收集消声装置的特点、结构、工作原理和设计过程。柴油机排气微粒收集消声装置包括排气微粒收集装置、排气微粒收集再生和排气微粒收集控制装置,在柴油机排气离心力产生的旋转气流以及静电装置产生的电场的双重效用下,收集柴油机的排气微粒,自动控制排气微粒收集再生及控制装置,使收集的微粒燃烧,排放到大气中。通过柴油机排气微粒收集消声装置的试验表明:收集效率最高可达到98.1%,排气背压最高可达到3.7kPa,消声装置可达到90.2dB,试验证实本装置适合于柴油发电机和大中型柴油发动机。     

碱改性活性炭表面特征及其吸附甲烷的研究

采用不同浓度的氢氧化钠对椰壳活性炭进行表面改性.BET和SEM分析改性前后活性炭的表面结构,Boehm滴定和SEM/EDS方法测定活性炭表面元素及含氧基团.研究改性活性炭对甲烷的吸附性能和吸附行为.结果表明,经氢氧化钠改性处理后,活性炭孔径变化不明显,表面含氧基团显著减少;当氢氧化钠的浓度>3.3 mol·L-1时,活性炭的比表面积和孔容大于未处理的活性炭,并且随碱的浓度增加而增大.与改性前的活性炭相比,甲烷在碱改性活性炭上的吸附量提高了24%.增加活性炭的比表面积和孔容,减少表面的含氧基团有利于甲烷的吸附.甲烷的吸附行为符合Langmuir等温吸附式,吸附常数为163.7 m3·mg-1.     

正丁醇对柴油机颗粒组分与形貌特征的影响

为探讨柴油机燃用正丁醇-柴油混合燃料降低颗粒排放的机理,采用热重分析仪与场发射扫描电子显微镜,重点对正丁醇-柴油混合燃料燃烧的颗粒形貌特征进行研究,分析了颗粒的组分、微观结构以及粒径分布随w(正丁醇)的变化规律. 结果表明:正丁醇-柴油混合燃料燃烧的颗粒呈团簇状结构,随着w(正丁醇)的增加,团聚程度逐渐提高,排列结构更加紧密;颗粒的粒径逐渐减小,柴油、B5、B10〔B5、B10是指w(正丁醇)分别为5%、10%的正丁醇-柴油混合燃料〕燃烧的颗粒平均粒径分别为1.43、0.85、0.52 μm;颗粒中的主要成分为碳烟,其质量分数约为60%,随着w(正丁醇)的增加,碳烟和可溶有机物组分的质量分数有所增加,硫酸盐、金属等不易挥发组分以及金属元素的质量分数逐渐减少. 研究显示,添加正丁醇,可促进颗粒转化、改善颗粒的氧化过程,使颗粒向小粒径方向移动;由于颗粒中可溶有机物组分含量增加,因此提高了颗粒在碰撞过程中凝并的概率,致使颗粒的团聚程度增加.      

多孔泡沫金属电除尘器净化柴油机排气微粒的方法研究

以柴油机为研究对象,研究了净化柴油机排气微粒的新技术。介绍了柴油机排气微粒的特性、净化技术及电除尘器的基本工作原理以及工作特性。说明了多孔泡沫金属的特性,并设计了净化柴油机排气微粒的以多孔泡沫金属为集尘极的电除尘器结构及原理,分析了该净化装置的优点。     

柴油机排气微粒特性的试验研究

通过试验对柴油机排气微粒特性进行了系统的研究，分析了柴油机微粒的组成、排放质量浓度、微粒粒径分布以及微粒的形态特征等，研究了柴油机工况对排气微粒特性的影响。研究结果表明，除柴油机工况影响微粒组成外，排气温度亦对微粒的组成及分布有重要的影响；柴油机微粒数量分布峰值在0．02μm—0.10μm之间，球形度以0．6—0.7之间的微粒居多；随着柴油机负荷或转速的增加，微粒平均粒径的变化趋势向大尺度方向发展。     

柴油机排气微粒过滤捕集特性的试验研究

通过柴油机台架试验，对柴油机排气微粒过滤体的微粒捕集特性及阻力特性进行了研究，并对影响过滤体的微粒捕集效率及排气阻力的几种主要因素，如过滤体结构、柴油机转速、负荷等进行了分析，得出了一些有益的结论。     

Instrumental and bio-monitoring of heavy metal and nanoparticle emissions from diesel engine exhaust in controlled environment

In the present article we characterized the emissions at the exhaust of a Common Rail (CR) diesel engine, representative of lightduty class, equipped with a catalyzed diesel particulate filter (CDPF) in controlled environment. The downstream exhausts were directly analyzed (for PM, CO, CO2, O2, HCs, NOx) by infrared and electrochemical sensors, and SEM-EDS microscope; heavy metals were chemically analyzed using mosses and lichens in bags, and glass-fibre filters all exposed at the engine exhausts. The highest particle emission value was in the 7–54 nm size range; the peak concentration rose until one order of magnitude for the highest load and speed. Particle composition was mainly carbonaceous, associated to noticeable amounts of Fe and silica fibres. Moreover, the content of Cu, Fe, Na, Ni and Zn in both moss and lichen, and of Al and Cr in moss, was significantly increased. Glass-fibre filters were significantly enriched in Al, B, Ba, Cu, Fe, Na, and Zn. The role of diesel engines as source of carbonaceous nanoparticles has been confirmed, while further investigations in controlled environment are needed to test the catalytic muffler as a possible source of silica fibres considered very hazardous for human health.     

Effects of continuously regenerating diesel particulate filters on regulated emissions and number-size distribution of particles emitted from a diesel engine

The effects of continuously regenerating diesel particulate filter (CRDPF) systems on regulated gaseous emissions, and number-size distribution and mass of particles emanated from a diesel engine have been investigated in this study. Two CRDPF units (CRDPF-1 and CRDPF-2) with di erent specifications were separately retrofitted to the engine running with European steady-state cycle (ESC). An electrical low pressure impactor (ELPI) was used for particle number-size distribution measurement and mass estimation. The conversion/reduction rate (RCR) of hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) across CRDPF-1 was 83% and 96.3%, respectively. Similarly, the RCR of HC and CO and across CRDPF-2 was 91.8% and 99.1%, respectively. The number concentration of particles and their concentration peaks; nuclei mode, accumulation mode and total particles; and particle mass were highly reduced with the CRDPF units. The nuclei mode particles at downstream of CRDPF-1 and CRDPF-2 decreased by 99.9% to 100% and 97.8% to 99.8% respectively; and the particle mass reduced by 73% to 92.2% and 35.3% to 72.4%, respectively, depending on the engine conditions. In addition, nuclei mode particles increased with the increasing of engine speed due to the heterogeneous nucleation initiated by the higher exhaust temperature, while accumulation mode particles were higher at higher loads due to the decrease in the air-to-fuel ratio (A/F) at higher loads.     

DOC+CDPF对生物柴油燃烧颗粒排放特性的影响

以一台满足国五排放法规的车用柴油机为样机,研究加装氧化催化转化器DOC与催化型颗粒捕集器CDPF(DOC+CDPF后处理装置)前后,柴油机燃用B20燃料(燃料含20%体积掺混比的生物柴油)的颗粒排放特性.结果表明,在未加装该后处理装置时,该机排气颗粒数量浓度的粒径分布呈双峰形态,B20燃料的排气颗粒数量浓度的峰值粒径在10nm和50nm附近,纯柴油的排气颗粒数量浓度的峰值粒径在50nm和200nm附近.在颗粒粒径小于120nm的区域,该机燃用B20燃料的排气颗粒数量浓度大于纯柴油.加装该后处理装置后,该机排气颗粒数量浓度的粒径分布呈多峰形态,峰值粒径在10nm、20nm和60nm附近.加装DOC+CDPF后,不论是柴油还是B20燃料,与原机相比,柴油机排气颗粒总数量下降明显,其中60~200nm粒径范围的颗粒数量浓度降幅更为显著.在相同工况下,DOC+CDPF对柴油机燃用B20燃料的颗粒总数量净化效率高于纯柴油.     

Emissions of particulate matter and associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from agricultural diesel engine fueled with degummed, deacidified mixed crude palm oil blends

Mixed crude palm oil(MCPO),the mixture of palm fiber oil and palm kernel oil,has become of great interest as a renewable energy source.It can be easily extracted from whole dried palm fruits.In the present work,the degummed,deacidified MCPO was blended in petroleum diesel at portions of 30% and 40% by volume and then tested in agricultural diesel engines for long term usage.The particulates from the exhaust of the engines were collected every 500 hr using a four-stage cascade air sampler.The 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameters for the first three stages were 10,2.5 and 1μm,while the last stage collected all particles smaller than 1μm.Sixteen particle bounded polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) were analyzed using a high performance liquid chromatography.The results indicated that the size distribution of particulate matter was in the accumulation mode and the pattern of total PAHs associated with fine-particles(< 1μm) showed a dominance of larger molecular weight PAHs(4-6 aromatic rings),especially pyrene.The mass median diameter,PM and total PAH concentrations decreased when increasing the palm oil content,but increased when the running hours of the engine were increased.In addition,Commercial petroleum diesel(PB0) gave the highest value of carcinogenic potency equivalent(BaP eq) for all particle size ranges.As the palm oil was increased,the BaP eq decreased gradually.Therefore the degummed-deacidified MCPO blends are recommended for diesel substitute.     

车用柴油机燃用棕榈生物柴油的颗粒物排放特性研究

在满足国Ⅳ排放法规的车用柴油机上研究了燃用不同掺混体积比例的棕榈油生物柴油的颗粒物排放特性.试验中棕榈油生物柴油的掺混比例分别为0%、10%、20%、50%和100%,采用DMS500型快速颗粒光谱仪测试分析了发动机在外特性和负荷特性时的颗粒物数量浓度、质量浓度及粒径分布.研究结果表明:随生物柴油掺混比例的增加,颗粒物质量浓度降低.燃用生物柴油后颗粒物的数量浓度在大负荷明显降低,中小负荷呈升高趋势.生物柴油的排气颗粒物呈核态和凝聚态的双峰分布特征,核态数量浓度所占比例高于柴油,凝聚态的质量浓度所占比例略低于柴油.生物柴油颗粒物的几何平均直径小于柴油.     

Effect of catalyzed diesel particulate filter and its catalyst loading on emission characteristics of a non-road diesel engine

In this study, the effects of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) coupled with a catalyzed diesel particulate filter (CDPF) with different catalyst loadings on the power, fuel consumption, gaseous and particulate emissions from a non-road diesel engine were investigated. Results showed that the after-treatment had a negligible effect on the power and fuel consumption. The reduction effect of the DOC on the CO and hydrocarbon (HC) increased with the engine load. Further reductions occurred coupling with the CDPF. Increasing the catalyst loading resulted in a more significant reduction in the HC emissions than CO emissions. The DOC could increase the NO₂ proportion to 37.9%, and more NO₂ was produced when coupled with the CDPF below 250°C; above 250°C, more NO₂ was consumed. The after-treatment could reduce more than 99% of the particle number (PN) and 98% of the particle mass (PM). Further reductions in the PN and PM occurred with a higher CDPF catalyst loading. The DOC had a better reduction effect on the nucleation particles than the accumulation ones, but the trend reversed with the CDPF. The DOC shifted the particle size distribution (PSD) to larger particles with an accumulation particle proportion increasing from 13% to 20%, and the geometric mean diameter (GMD) increased from 18.2 to 26.0 nm. The trend reversed with the CDPF and the accumulation particle proportion declined to less than 10%. A lower catalyst loading on the CDPF led to a higher proportion of nucleation particles and a smaller GMD.     

DOC对柴油机燃用生物柴油颗粒物微观形貌及SOF组分的影响

为研究氧化催化转化器（DOC）对柴油机燃用调合生物柴油（B0,B20）后排放颗粒物微观形貌及可溶性有机组分（SOF）的影响规律,对DOC作用前后的排气颗粒物进行采样,利用透射电镜（TEM）和气相色谱-质谱仪（GC-MS）开展颗粒物理化特性研究.结果表明：未加装DOC时,与B0相比,B20排放颗粒物基本碳粒子粒径减小,分形维数增加,团聚堆积现象加剧;SOF组分中的脂类和酸类物质质量分数增加,烷烃类、芳香烃和酚类物质质量分数减少,C26~C35的质量分数降低.加装DOC后,B0和B20排气颗粒物团簇程度降低,分形维数降幅分别为10.1%和15.5%;SOF组分中芳香烃类和酚类物质质量分数增加,烷烃类、脂类、酸类质量分数减小,C15~C25质量分数下降;B0排放颗粒物SOF中C26~C35质量分数降低41.4%,而B20增加865.8%.     

国五国六汽车尾气颗粒物的生态毒性分析

随着汽车使用量的增加,汽车尾气的环境污染及毒性效应已引起社会的关注.我国于2016年12月23日发布了《轻型汽车污染物排放限值及测量方法（中国第六阶段）》,现阶段尚未发现国五和国六两类汽车尾气颗粒物的生态毒性及比较的研究报道.该文选取国五与国六两类汽车为研究对象,对两类汽车尾气颗粒物的排放情况及主要的半挥发性有机物（SVOCs）进行分析;选用发光菌为受试生物,研究两类汽车尾气颗粒物对发光菌的毒性效应.结果发现：①单位距离下,国五和国六汽车尾气颗粒物质量分别为（8.81±2.92）和（1.51±0.35）mg·km^-1,表明单位距离下国六汽车尾气颗粒物质量显著低于国五汽车;②在检出的SVOCs中,多环芳烃为国五和国六汽车尾气颗粒物中主要的有机污染物;③国五货车、国五轿车和国六汽车尾气颗粒物对发光菌的EC₅₀分别为42.00、41.99和5.37 mg·L^-1,表明本次的研究车辆中单位质量国六汽车尾气颗粒物的毒性高于国五汽车.研究结果表明国六标准的实施可对我国环境空气质量的改善起到重要支撑作用,下一步还应继续开展国六汽车尾气颗粒物的生态毒理学研究工作.