响应曲面优化改性壳聚糖强化混凝处理硝酸盐研究

针对我国北方地区地下水硝酸盐超标问题,采用Box-Behnken响应曲面方法,分析温度为4~20℃时改性壳聚糖强化聚合氯化铝(PAC)处理硝酸盐的最优工艺。试验考察了改性壳聚糖投加量(X_1)、聚合氯化铝投加量(X_2)及温度(X_3)3种因素对硝酸盐去除效果的影响规律,并建立了硝酸盐去除率与温度、药剂投加量的数学模型。结果表明:Box-Behnken响应面建立的数学模型对硝酸盐氮去除具有较高的拟合度,R~2可达93.9%。当平均水温为4,12,20℃,改性壳聚糖与PAC投加量分别为2.3,22.5 mg/L时,改性壳聚糖强化混凝工艺对硝酸盐的去除效率分别为38%、62%、61%。     

壳聚糖改性粘土絮凝除藻的机理探讨

粘土除藻是一种有前景和环境友好的应急除藻技术。对粘土进行改性以提高其除藻效果是该技术的发展方向之一。文章探讨了壳聚糖改性粘土絮凝除藻的机理。壳聚糖改性修饰后的粘土既能通过壳聚糖的粘结架桥作用絮凝藻细胞,又能通过粘土表面电性的改变凝聚带负电的藻细胞,使改性粘土的絮凝除藻能力大幅度提高。     

改性壳聚糖混凝去除太湖藻研究

对太湖不同区域的水使用改性壳聚糖做混凝除藻实验。对于泵取水,投加量0.7 mg/L时,藻去除率可达89.6%,对于岸边高浓藻水,投加量4 mg/L,0.5 h内藻去除率即可达为85.77%。改性壳聚糖复配黏土可解决岸边高浓藻絮体的上浮问题,黏土投加0.8 g/L絮体可完全下沉,除藻率fe从85.77%提升到94.35%。但复配黏土造成UV254去除率下降。改性壳聚糖复配0.3 g/L PDMDAAC改性粉煤灰投加或复配0.4 g/L改性沸石时,絮体也可完全下沉,除藻率都可提升到98%以上。同时,两种药剂都加强了系统对有机物的去除,UV254去除率从56.94%提升到72%以上。     

绿狐尾藻抑制2种典型蓝藻生长的化感物质实验

采用多种溶剂对绿狐尾藻-蓝藻共培养液进行提纯、分离,通过共培养萃取液抑藻的剂量-效应实验,确定绿狐尾藻分泌的化感物质主要分布在水相中,且高体积浓度时抑藻作用明显。通过GC-MS对绿狐尾藻干粉浸液、绿狐尾藻-蓝藻共培养液水相组分进行鉴定分析,发现绿狐尾藻干粉浸液比植物体分泌到体外的化感物质种类更多、浓度更高,对蓝藻的抑制效果更加显著。绿狐尾藻干粉浸液和共培养水相中均检出己内酰胺和甲氧基苯基肟2种化合物,其中甲氧基苯基肟可能为抑制蓝藻生长的化感物质。     

羧甲基壳聚糖絮凝除藻研究

利用羧甲基壳聚糖为絮凝剂,分别对蛋白核小球藻、水华微囊藻、斜生栅藻进行絮凝实验。结果表明:羧甲基壳聚糖对小球藻最佳絮凝条件为:p H=6,藻浓度为9.0×106个/m L,静置时间为15min,转速为30rpm/min,羧甲基壳聚糖用量为100mg/L;对水华微囊藻最佳絮凝条件为:p H<4,藻浓度为5.1×105个/m L,静置时间为15min,转速为180rpm/min,羧甲基壳聚糖用量为125mg/L;对斜生栅藻最佳絮凝条件为:p H=6,藻浓度为12.4×106个/m L,静置时间为15min,转速为80rpm/min,羧甲基壳聚糖用量为100mg/L。     

水生植物群落对水华藻类的化感抑制研究

选择5种高等水生植物水芹(Oenanthe javanica)、菖蒲(Acorus calamus)、水蕴草(Elodea densa)、穗状狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)、黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata),构建3种不同类型的水生植物群落,A:菖蒲+穗状狐尾藻+水蕴草;B:水芹+穗状狐尾藻+黑藻;C:水芹+水蕴草+黑藻。研究3种群落种植水对水华鱼腥藻(Anabaena flos-aquae)和铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)的化感抑制作用。结果表明:3种群落7 d、14 d、21 d种植水均显著降低水华鱼腥藻和铜绿微囊藻的细胞浓度和叶绿素a含量(P<0.05),表明水生植物能够通过不断向水体中释放化感物质来有效地抑制藻类的生长。对水华鱼腥藻的抑制,群落A与B、B与C差异极显著(P<0.01),群落A与C差异不显著(P>0.05),对铜绿微囊藻的抑制3种群落间存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。从对2种藻的抑制效果来看,群落A表现出较好的抑藻效果,7 d、14 d和21 d种植水对水华鱼腥藻的抑制率分别为74.59%、85.50%和84.38%,对铜绿微囊藻的抑制率分别为73.59%、80.46%和89.49%。3种植物群落释放的化感物质可以显著降低2种藻的叶绿素a含量,表明植物释放的化感物质可以通过破坏藻类的光合系统来控制其生长。     

两亲性壳聚糖制备优化及其气浮除藻研究

对壳聚糖（CTS）进行了两亲改性,通过响应曲面实验对比各因素对取代度影响的显著程度且优选出最佳的制备条件,并采用3种两亲性CTS进行了表面改性气浮（PosiDAF）除藻实验,对比了不同条件下的除藻效果且探究除藻机理.结果表明,两亲性CTS水溶性增强,但热稳定性降低;对响应值影响的显著程度为：碳链长度>反应时间>反应温度>原料投加比;以丁基N-2羟丙基三甲基壳聚糖氯化铵（C4-HTCC）为改性剂,投加量为1.0mg/L时改性气浮除藻效果最佳,可达93.47%,源于其改性的微气泡具有较强的静电吸引作用.     

压力强化混凝除藻工艺中藻毒素安全性研究

为了研究预压力强化混凝沉淀蓝藻水处理工艺中,外加压力是否会引起藻细胞破裂,导致细胞内藻毒素泄漏到水体中,影响供水安全,实验对比研究了预压力和预氧化含藻水后藻毒素浓度的变化,以及预压力混凝沉淀和预氧化混凝沉淀除藻工艺中藻毒素浓度的变化和藻类去除效果.结果表明,含藻水经0.4~0.8 MPa压力加压后,水中藻毒素浓度没有增加,而次氯酸钠预氧化后水中藻毒素浓度大幅度增加.在0.5~0.8 MPa压力范围内,加压后混凝沉淀取得了较好的除藻除浊效果,蓝藻去除率达到90%~93.5%,浊度1.23~1.95 NTU,而次氯酸钠预氧化混凝沉淀后,蓝藻去除率56.2%~78.8%,浊度8.01~10.7 NTU,说明压力强化混凝沉淀除藻工艺是安全有效的.     

聚合氯化铝铁的混凝性能

通过聚合氯化铝铁 (PAFC)对不同 p H值原水的混凝实验结果的比较 ,得出原水 p H值不同时 ,发挥最佳混凝效果的 PAFC的 Al/ Fe摩尔比也不同。实验室制聚合氯化铝 (PA C)、聚合氯化铁 (PFC)、PAFC混凝实验结果表明 :p H 6 .5时 ,PAFC(Al/ Fe=5 / 5 ,B=1.5 )的混凝效果最好 ,p H>6 .5时 ,则 PA FC(Al/ Fe=9/ 1,B=2 .0 )的混凝效果最好。     

水质安全的动态超声波强化混凝除藻水处理试验研究

超声波辐射能够破坏蓝藻气囊,在水处理工艺中达到强化蓝藻混凝沉淀的效果.然而不适当的超声处理会进一步破坏蓝藻细胞,导致胞内毒素大量释放,加重水质污染负荷.本研究为获得水质安全的超声波强化混凝沉淀蓝藻水处理方法,采用频率40~120 k Hz的超声波辐射蓝藻水,考察处理后蓝藻混凝沉淀去除效果及藻毒素释放情况.结果表明,频率68~120 k Hz、能量密度59.1~186.4 W·L-1的静态超声波作用10~15 s后进行混凝沉淀,藻类去除率达98%以上,且频率越高效果越好;然而各频率静态超声波作用5 s以上均会导致藻细胞内藻毒素释放.采用内衬吸声棉及动态超声方式,频率120 k Hz、能量密度38.5~196.6 W·L-1超声波作用7.5~30 s后,可避免胞内藻毒素释放,且能去除水中溶解性藻毒素18.7%~30.7%,混凝沉淀后藻类去除率97.0%以上,其它有机物也降低.     

壳聚糖助凝对PAC混凝过程的影响

以聚合氯化铝(PAC)为絮凝剂,壳聚糖(CTS)为助凝剂在Taylor-Couette反应器中进行混凝实验.采用粒子成像速度场仪(PIV)研究了不同内筒转速(水力学条件)下 CTS 助凝对PAC混凝过程中絮体形态和浊度的影响.结果表明,添加CTS后,相应的混凝效果都得到提高,但与单独使用PAC时产生的变化趋势一致,说明适宜的化学条件下,水力条件是制约混凝效果的关键因素;且添加助凝剂有助于降低混凝过程对流体力学条件的依赖性,提高混凝的稳定性.     

Features and mechanism for coagulation - flocculationprocesses of polyaluminum chloride

Ｆｅａｔｕｒｅｓａｎｄｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍｆｏｒｃｏａｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎ－ｆｌｏｃｃｕｌａｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｓｏｆｐｏｌｙａｌｕｍｉｎｕｍｃｈｌｏｒｉｄｅＴａｎｇＨｏｎｇｘｉａｏ；ＬｕａｎＺｈａｏｋｕｎ（ＳｔａｔｅＫｅｙＬａｂｏｒａｔｏｒｙｏｆＥｎ...     

Electrokinetic characteristic and coagulation behavior flocculant polyaluminum silicate chloride (PASiC)

The electrokinetic characteristics and coagulation behaviors of polyaluminum silicate chloride(PASiC)and polyaluminum chloride (PAC) were studied and compared by streaming current(SC) measurement and jar test method.The experimental results showed that the interaction between polysilicic acid characterized negative charge and hydrolyzed aluminum species result in a decrease of the charge-neutralizing ability of PASiC, compared to PAC.The decrease has a close relationship with the basicity(B) and Al/Si molar ratio in PASiC.The less the B value and the Al/Si molar ratio,the lower the change-neutralizing ability of PASiC is.In contrast,the preparation technique for PASiC affects the charge-neutralization of PASiC to a smaller extent.In addition, compared with PAC, PASiC may enhance aggregating efficiency and give better coagulating effects.     

聚合氯化铝中纳米Al13形态的混凝效应

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶柱层析法分离纯化聚合氯化铝(PAC)中的Al13形态,用透光率脉动检测技术并结合絮凝效能和Zeta电位测定结果,对纳米Al13形态以及PAC、AlCl3絮凝过程中絮集物形成和增长的变化差异作了对比性研究.结果表明,混凝剂的不同铝形态分布在混凝过程中起着十分重要的作用.Al13形态是在絮凝过程中起电中和作用的主要形态,可以大大增加颗粒间的有效碰撞率,其凝聚速度和所形成絮集物颗粒大小在实验条件下呈现最大值.而对于PAC,其Alc含量较高,可起到吸附架桥和网捕卷扫作用,所以在低投加量表现出较快的絮体增长速率.     

污泥水磷和有机物同步混凝去除的多目标优化技术研究

通过引入多响应值的归一化评分法进行了污泥水磷和有机物同步混凝去除的多目标优化,并利用响应面(RSM)技术考察了Al/P比、聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)投加量和悬浮固体(SS)浓度对污染物去除的单独效应和联合效应.结果表明,复合投加聚合氯化铝和PAM能同步去除污泥水中磷和有机物,并改善沉降效果.归一化后单目标RSM优化显示,对污泥水中磷和有机物同步去除的贡献为Al/P比SS浓度PAM投加量.在最优条件Al/P比为3、PAM浓度为1.22 mg·L~(-1)、SS浓度为3.58 g·~(L-1)的条件下,正磷和总有机碳去除率分别为93.1%和53.9%.与多响应变量优化相比,引入归一化评分法有效解决了变量间数值量级差异的问题,使结果的分析计算变得简单方便.     

Hydrolysis of polyaluminum chloride prior to coagulation: Effects on coagulation behavior and implications for improving coagulation performance

The effects of polyaluminum chloride (PACl) hydrolysis prior to coagulation on both the coagulation zone and coagulation performance of a kaolin suspension were investigated by a novel jar test named the “reversed coagulation test”. The tests showed that PACl hydrolysis prior to coagulation decreased the performance of charge neutralization coagulation in the case of short-time slow mixing (10 min; G = 15 sec ?1 ) and increased the optimal dosage for charge neutralization and sweep coagulation. Moreover, the hydrolysis time had insignificant effects on the size and zeta potential of PACl precipitates and the residual turbidity of the raw water. However, PACl hydrolysis prior to coagulation and the size of PACl precipitates had a negligible effect on the performance of sweep coagulation.The results imply that, in practice, preparing a PACl solution with deionized water, rather than tap water or the outlet water from a wastewater treatment unit, can significantly save PACl consumption and improve the performance of charge neutralization coagulation,while preparing the PACl solution with tap or outlet water would not affect the performance of sweep coagulation. In addition, the optimal rapid mixing intensity appears to be deter-mined by a balance between the degree of coagulant hydrolysis before contacting the primary particles and the average size of flocs in the rapid mixing period. These results provide new insights into the role of PACl hydrolysis and will be useful for improving coagulation efficiency.     

Preparation and characterization of organic polymer modified composite polyaluminum chloride

Compared with traditional aluminum salts, polyaluminum chloride （PACI） has better coagulation-flocculation performance in turbidity removal. However, it is still inferior to organic polymers in terms of bridging function. In order to improve the aggregating property of PACl, different composite PACl flocculants were prepared with various organic polymers. The effect of organic polymer on the distribution or Al（Ⅲ） species in composite flocculants was studied using ^27TAl NMR and Al-ferron complexation methods. The charge neutralization and surface adsorption characteristics of composite flocculants were also investigated. Jar tests were conducted to evaluate the turbidity removal efficacy of organic polymer modified composite flocculants. The study shows that cationic polymer and anionic polymer have significant influences on the coagulation-flocculation behaviors of PACl. Both cationic and anionic polymers can improve the turbidity removal performancc of PACl but the mechanisms arc much different： cationic organic polymer mainly increases the charge neutralization ability, but anionic polymer mainly enhances the bridging function.     

Preparation of high concentration polyaluminum chloride with high content of Alb or Alc

A novel membrane distillation concentration method was used to prepare high concentration polyaluminum chloride (PACl) with high content of Al_b or Al_c. 2.52 mol/L PACl₁ with 88% Al_b and 2.38 mol/L PACl₂ with 61% Al_c were successfully prepared. Three coagulants, AlCl₃, PACl₁ and PACl₂ were investigated on their hydrolysis behavior and speciation under different conditions. The effects of pH and dilution ratio on Al species distribution were investigated by ferron assay. Experimental result showed that pH had a significant effect on Al species distribution for the three coagulants. Dilution ratio had little effects on Al_b and Al_c distribution in whole dilution process except the beginning for PACl₁ and PACl₂. The results indicated that transformation of Al depends largely on their original composition. AlCl₃ was the most unstable coagulant among these three coagulants during hydrolysis process. PACl₁ and PACl₂ with significant amounts of highly charged and stable polynuclear aluminum hydrolysis products were less affected by the hydrolysis conditions and could maintain high speciation stability under various conditions.     

Preparation of high concentration polyaluminum chloride with high content of Alb or Alc

A novel membrane distillation concentration method was used to prepare high concentration polyaluminum chloride (PACl) with high content of Alb or Alc. 2.52 mol/L PACl1 with 88% Alb and 2.38 mol/L PACl2 with 61% Alc were successfully prepared. Three coagulants, AlCl3, PACl1 and PACl2 were investigated on their hydrolysis behavior and speciation under di erent conditions. The e ects of pH and dilution ratio on Al species distribution were investigated by ferron assay. Experimental result showed that pH had a significant e ect on Al species distribution for the three coagulants. Dilution ratio had little e ects on Alb and Alc distribution in whole dilution process except the beginning for PACl1 and PACl2. The results indicated that transformation of Al depends largely on their original composition. AlCl3 was the most unstable coagulant among these three coagulants during hydrolysis process. PACl1 and PACl2 with significant amounts of highly charged and stable polynuclear aluminum hydrolysis products were less a ected by the hydrolysis conditions and could maintain high speciation stability under various conditions.     

电解制备聚合铝过程中Alb形态生成条件研究

考察了电解法制备聚合铝过程中AIb的最佳形成条件。AIb的形成与电流密度、极板间距、电解液的温度、铝的浓度以及电解时间等因素有关。在制备AI浓度为2．0mol/L的聚合氯化铝时，最佳的电流密度和极板间距分别为1．1A／dm^2和10mm。由于电化学过程中产生的不均匀的界面pH差值较大而生成较多的AI（OH）4^-作为AIb结构的结晶核心，因此能形成更多的AIb聚合形态。