硝化污泥富集及其强化高氨氮冲击的中试研究

采用膜生物反应器（MBR）为富集装置,以预处理后的城市污水外加硫酸铵为培养基质,研究了温度、溶解氧、氨氮容积负荷、游离氨（FA）和游离亚硝酸（FNA）等因子对硝化污泥富集的影响并核算富集成本,同时考察了该硝化污泥用于强化废水生物系统抗氨氮冲击能力的效果.结果表明,MBR中富集培养182 d后,污泥的硝化活性达到98.41 mg·（L·h）^-1,比启动时提高约30倍,硝化菌产量为14.96 mg·（L·d）^-1,富集1 kg硝化污泥成本为3.52元.温度是影响硝化污泥活性的主要因素,低于15.0℃时污泥的硝化活性降至最高值的三分之一,降低氨氮容积负荷在一定程度上可以减轻低温的影响.此外,溶解氧不足时,亚硝氮积累减缓了硝化菌富集速度.把上述富集的硝化污泥应用于受高氨氮负荷冲击的生物处理中试系统中,投加2%硝化污泥后,系统对氨氮的去除率由29.4%提高至88.4%;此后该系统在水温降至（13.3±1.6）℃时,氨氮去除率也能高达99.0%.上述中试结果显示了硝化污泥富集后用于生物强化废水生物处理系统、提高其硝化功能启动与恢复速度的可能性.     

夏季高温下污水处理厂生物处理系统的硝化性能及强化方法

本文模拟夏季高温,考察了温度(30～45℃)和氨氮容积负荷对污水处理厂好氧池活性污泥硝化功能及微生物群落的影响,同时探讨中温富集硝化污泥高温驯化前后用于强化受高温冲击的生物处理系统的硝化效果.结果表明,在30～40℃水温下好氧池活性污泥的氨氮去除效果保持在90%以上,硝化菌含量也逐步升高至4. 55%;当水温升至45℃时氨氮去除率和硝化菌含量均分别降至40%和1. 97%.为快速恢复受夏季高温冲击的生物系统,将中温富集硝化污泥在40℃下驯化61 d后,获得硝化活性为(60±5) mg·(L·h)-1的硝化污泥,考察中温富集硝化污泥驯化前后对受高温冲击的生物处理系统的强化效果,发现驯化后的中温富集硝化污泥只需投加5%(体积分数)即可提高10%的氨氮去除率,而未驯化的则需要投加10%(体积分数).上述结果表明,中温富集硝化污泥经驯化后能更好地用于强化受高温冲击的生物处理系统的硝化功能.     

强化内源反硝化脱氮及污泥减量化研究

为提高传统污水处理工艺内源反硝化脱氮效率,在系统内部实现污泥减量,设计了水解酸化/缺氧/好氧(H/A/O)生物脱氮及污泥减量化工艺.试验采用连续流处理装置,以实际生活污水为研究对象.结果表明,在进水COD(220～410 mg/L)、NH4 -N(36～58 mg/L)、总水力停留时间为11h、硝化液回流比为300%、无外加碳源和碱度条件下,COD、NH4 -N和TN的平均去除率分别超过90%、95%和75%.在缺氧段碳源充足的条件下,随着硝化液回流比的增加,系统TN平均去除率升高;当碳源不足时,随着硝化液回流比的增加,系统TN平均去除率降低.污水经水解酸化预处理后,反硝化速率大大升高.水解酸化段利用水解酸化作用对回流剩余污泥的减量达到56.2%,污水、污泥经过水解酸化处理,大大提高了系统脱氮效率.以水解酸化作为传统的城市污水及污泥处理工艺,既可有效地改善污水的可生化性,提高系统污染物平均去除率,增强污水处理系统运行的稳定性,又可实现污水、污泥一体化处理.     

生物炭A/O工艺短程硝化反硝化研究

环境温度下,以生物活性碳A/O工艺实现短程硝化反硝化处理城市生活污水。研究了具有短程硝化反硝化功能的生物活性碳污泥培养,并对HRT、曝气量及A/O体积比、回流比进行了讨论。结果得到在环境温度20~26℃,进水NH4+-N浓度150 mg/L,HRT为8 h,曝气量0.3 L/min条件下,亚硝酸积累率高达75%,达到了短程硝化目的;在A/O体积比为1:2,回流比为2:1时,短程硝化反硝化的TN去除率高达86.9%,COD去除率达92.7%;生物活性碳污泥在试验阶段无污泥膨胀发生,SVI稳定在150左右;处理实际城市生活污水,系统运行稳定,COD、NH4+-N、TN去除率分别平均达91.3%,98.8%,90.2%。     

夏季高温下污水处理厂生物处理系统的硝化性能及强化方法

本文模拟夏季高温,考察了温度(30~45°C)和氨氮容积负荷对污水处理厂好氧池活性污泥硝化功能及微生物群落的影响,同时探讨中温富集硝化污泥高温驯化前后用于强化受高温冲击的生物处理系统的硝化效果。结果表明,在30~40°C水温下好氧池活性污泥的氨氮去除效果保持在90%以上,硝化菌含量也逐步升高至4.55%;当水温升至45°C时氨氮去除率和硝化菌含量均分别降至40%和1.97%。为快速恢复受夏季高温冲击的生物系统,将中温富集硝化污泥在40°C下驯化61 d后,获得硝化活性为(60±5)mg·(L·h)-1的硝化污泥,考察中温富集硝化污泥驯化前后对受高温冲击的生物处理系统的强化效果,发现驯化后的中温富集硝化污泥只需投加5%(体积比)即可提高10%的氨氮去除率,而未驯化的则需要投加10%(体积比)。上述结果表明,中温富集硝化污泥经驯化后能更好用于强化受高温冲击的生物处理系统的硝化功能。     

溶解氧对氧化沟生物脱氮除磷的影响

采用有效容积为240 L的中试Carrousel氧化沟处理模拟生活污水,研究了溶解氧对氧化沟同步硝化反硝化脱氮和除磷效果的影响。结果表明:溶解氧的变化对系统中有机物的去除影响不显著;过高或过低的溶解氧均会降低系统总氮和总磷的去除率,溶解氧控制在1.0～1.5 mg/L,系统可获得较高的氨氮和总氮去除率,当溶解氧为1.5 mg/L时,总磷去除率达最高,为71.00%;溶解氧对污泥沉降性能影响显著,低溶解氧运行易引起污泥膨胀。     

好氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器脱氮特性

好氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器（GMBR）连续运行71 d,对模拟生活污水表现出良好的有机物去除及同步硝化反硝化(SND)能力.进水TOC浓度为56.8～132.6mg/L时,膜出水TOC去除率为84.7%～91.9%;进水氨氮浓度为28.1～38.4mg/L时,稳定运行阶段氨氮去除率为85.4%～99.7%,总氮去除率为41.7%～78.4%.结合反应器中污泥生长形态,对不同粒径污泥的同步硝化反硝化研究表明,好氧条件下絮状污泥几乎没有反硝化能力,SND能力来源于颗粒污泥,并且随着污泥粒径的增大,反硝化速率以及总氮去除效率提高.通过扫描电镜对颗粒污泥外观以及沿传质方向剖面内部特征的观察分析,对颗粒污泥同步硝化反硝化的作用过程进行了探讨.     

溶解氧对膜生物反应器处理高氨氮废水的影响

采用膜生物反应器(MBR)处理高氨氮有机废水,探讨了溶解氧(DO)对有机物、氨氮、总氮等去除效果的影响。当进水COD1500mg/L,NH4+-N150mg/L,TP为15mg/L,pH7.5～8.0,MLSS控制在6000～7000mg/L,DO在0.5～4mg/L时对COD的去除效果没有明显影响,都可高达95%;在DO为4.0和2.0mg/L时对NH4+-N的去除率都很高,最高可达99.17%,在DO为0.5mg/L时明显降低,最低降至48.30%。在DO2.0mg/L时,取得了较好的同步硝化反硝化效果,COD、NH4+-N、TN去除率分别高达97%、97%、68%。MBR中硝化反应的比氨氮消耗速率与氨氮浓度成零级反应动力学,比氨氮硝化速率为0.0979/d,比常规处理系统中的污泥硝化活性高。     

寒冷地区冬季低温对污水处理厂运行效率的影响研究

文章针对北方寒冷地区污水处理厂冬季运行是受温度影响方面,以典型的生化处理工艺为例,从微生物生长、生化反应速度等机理出发,分析低温对微生物生长、酶促反应速度、生物处理反应速度、生物脱氮、沉淀装置的各种影响,经分析表明：当水温低于13℃时,生物处理效果开始加速降低,污水处理站的污水处理效率降到了50%左右,当水温低于4℃时,几乎无处理效果,同时低温会导致污泥膨胀等现象出现。最后,文章推荐几种解决上述问题的技术途径。     

A2O工艺处理生活污水短程硝化反硝化的研究

在常温条件下,采用A2O工艺处理低C/N比实际生活污水,通过控制好氧区DO为0.3~0.5mg/L以及增大系统内回流比以降低好氧实际水力停留时间(AHRT),成功启动并维持了短程硝化反硝化;系统亚硝态氮积累率稳定维持在90%左右.在C/N比仅为2.34的情况下,短程硝化系统对总氮(TN)的去除率高达75.4%.通过对不同碳源类型、不同硝化类型以及不同DO水平下A2O系统脱氮效率的比较研究发现,低氧短程硝化反硝化阶段与外加碳源的全程硝化反硝化阶段的TN去除率相当.同时研究表明,低DO运行并不会导致A2O工艺发生污泥膨胀.当接种污泥为膨胀污泥时,控制DO在0.3~0.5mg/L反而有助于改善污泥沉降性能和出水水质.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.