超临界水氧化法降解氧乐果的研究

实验研究了有机磷农药氧乐果在超临界水中的氧化降解．结果表明,超临界水氧化技术能有效地降解氧乐果废水．随着反应温度的升高、压力的增大、停留时间的延长,COD去除率也随之提高氧乐果在超临界水中氧化降解的动力学方程为：－d［COD］/dτ＝1.60eｘp（－2.25×10⁴/RT）［COD］^0.90［O₂］₀^-0.38［H₂O₀^0.053.     

超临界水氧化法降解苯酚的研究

对苯酚在超临界水中氧化降解的条件进行了初步的实验研究。结果表明:超临界氧化法可以有效地降解水中的苯酚,去除率最高可达99.6%。超临界氧化法适合于处理难生化、高浓度的有机废水。      

超临界水氧化分散染料分子研究

在380～460℃,20-30MPa条件下,对分散红60染料分子在超临界水中氧化降解情况进行了研究.结果表明,随着反应温度,压力和氧化剂量增加,废水中有机物(以CODCr表示)去除率逐步上升.染料分子在很短时间内被氧化分解生成以苯酚、苯甲酸、邻苯二甲酸为主的中间产物.推导得出了分散红染料分子在超临界水中的降解路径.     

超临界水氧化处理TNT-RDX混合炸药废水的试验

采用超临界水氧化(supercritical water oxidation,SCWO)技术对TNT-RDX混合炸药废水进行氧化处理,研究了反应温度、压力、停留时间、过氧量等因素对降解效果的影响。结果表明:采用超临界水氧化技术能够迅速将TNT-RDX废水中的有机物彻底分解为无害的CO2和N2,随反应温度的升高、压力的增大、反应时间的延长,COD去除率也随之提高。过氧量对废水有机物氧化的COD去除率的影响依赖于反应的进程。当反应温度超过550℃,反应时间>120 s时,TNT-RDX废水的COD去除率>99%,完全达到了国家火炸药水污染物排放标准的要求。     

蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧化降解水中草酸的研究

实验比较了单独臭氧氧化、蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧化和蜂窝陶瓷催化剂吸附3种工艺去除水中草酸的降解效果.结果表明,蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧化、单独臭氧氧化和蜂窝陶瓷催化剂吸附对水中草酸的去除率分别为37 .6%、2 .2%和0 .4%,蜂窝陶瓷催化剂的存在显著提高了臭氧氧化降解水中草酸的去除效果.添加叔丁醇的浓度为5、10和15 mg·L^-1时,催化臭氧化对草酸的去除率分别降低了24 .1%、29 .0%和30 .1%,证明蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧化降解水中草酸遵循·OH氧化机理,即非均相的催化剂表面强化了·OH的引发.TOC测试结果显示,蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧化工艺可以将草酸彻底矿化,无中间产物生成.反应温度与草酸的去除效果成正相关性,当水体温度为10、20、30和40℃时,蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧化降解水中草酸的去除率分别为16 .4%、37 .6%、61 .3%和68 .2%.     

电化学-臭氧耦合氧化体系的氧化效能

利用电化学-臭氧耦合氧化体系降解了水中的对氯苯酚,从动力学角度探讨了耦合氧化体系降解有机物的协同作用机制.结果表明,电化学与臭氧耦合氧化体系降解4-CP具有明显的协同效果,900 s后,该耦合氧化体系对4-CP和COD的去除率分别为92.7%和64.9%;而单独电解与单独臭氧氧化对上述两者去除率的之和仅有69.7%和30.1%.氧还原产物H2O2浓度和光电流的测试结果表明,电化学-臭氧耦合氧化体系的协同机制包括两部分:即臭氧在阴极表面得到电子生成臭氧负离子;溶解氧在阴极表面发生还原反应生成H2O2.以上2个因素均能有效地促进体系.OH的形成.     

微气泡臭氧催化氧化-生化耦合处理难降解含氮杂环芳烃

采用微气泡臭氧催化氧化-生化耦合工艺对煤化工废水生化出水进行深度处理,考查了污染物去除性能,并分析了处理过程中含氮杂环芳烃类污染物降解和废水可生化性变化.结果表明,微气泡臭氧催化氧化对煤化工废水生化出水COD平均去除率和去除负荷分别为26.4%和1.46kg/(m~3·d),并将废水BOD5/COD值由0.038提高至0.30,从而改善后续生化处理COD去除性能,使得COD总去除率达到62.4%,显著优于单独生化处理.微气泡臭氧催化氧化降解含氮杂环芳烃后释放氨氮,其在后续生化处理中被有效去除.此外,耦合处理对废水UV_(254)的总去除率可达68.9%.对耦合处理过程中废水GC-MS、紫外-可见吸收光谱和三维荧光光谱进行分析,结果表明,含氮杂环芳烃是煤化工废水生化出水中主要难降解污染物.同时证实微气泡臭氧催化氧化可有效降解去除含氮杂环芳烃,生成小分子有机物,提高废水可生化性.     

催化超临界水氧化技术处理香料废水研究

采用催化超临界水氧化(CSCWO)技术对香料废水进行氧化处理,研究了催化剂浓度、反应温度、压力、停留时间等因素对废水COD、TN去除效果的影响.结果表明:在超临界水中添加cu2+催化剂后有机物的去除效率与无催化剂时相比有显著的提高.香料废水中COD、TN的去除率随催化剂浓度、反应温度和压力的升高,停留时间的延长而提高....     

172nm真空紫外辐射降解水相有机染料的机理研究

研究了氙准分子灯的172nm真空紫外辐射对水相有机染料枣红的分解机理.氙准分子灯为平面状结构,反应溶液作为灯的一端电极直接与灯表面接触.分别在枣红溶液中通入氧气和氮气以及加入KCl,以具体确定172nm辐射对枣红分子的降解是通过直接光分解还是自由基起作用.研究结果表明,在枣红的降解过程中,直接光分解起主要作用,光降解过程符合准一级动力学反应,光量子产率为6 8×10 - 3mol·eistein- 1 .在HO·、HO2 ·和O2 ·- 自由基作用下,枣红的降解在10min后偏离了准一级反应.枣红降解效率达到约80 %后,COD去除率开始增大.GC MS分析表明,在光分解和热氧化作用下,枣红分子在降解过程中形成了许多小分子碎片.     

超临界水氧化降解有机物的定量构效关系研究

研究了邻苯二甲酸氢钾、辛基酚、硝基苯等20种有机物在超临界水氧化中的降解效果,探究了温度(325~525℃)和停留时间(30~360s)对超临界水氧化降解有机物的影响,并分析了20种有机物降解速率常数与量子化学参数之间的关系.结果表明,超临界水氧化法能够有效降解有机物,TOC去除率最高可达99%以上.随着反应温度的升高、停留时间的延长,TOC的去除率也随之提高,并且降解规律符合一级动力学.采用密度泛函理论,通过计算得到目标物的量子化学参数,再结合有机物降解的动力学常数进行相关性分析,结果发现,q(H+)、f(-)_(min)和f(0)_(min)与目标物降解率显著相关.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.