UASB反应器处理CMC废水的启动特性研究

采用上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器,以高浓度羧甲基纤维素(CMC)废水为处理对象,研究了中温条件下UASB反应器的启动、颗粒污泥特性和废水处理效果.结果表明,采用接种颗粒污泥与消化污泥的混合泥进行培养,并逐步提高进水CMC废水浓度,运行80 d后,可实现UASB反应器的启动;当进水COD值达到4 000 mg/L,容积负荷6.86 kg/(m3.d),COD去除率在80%以上;反应器内污泥实现颗粒化,且颗粒污泥的比产甲烷活性良好.     

硝酸盐对厌氧生物膜和颗粒污泥的同时产甲烷反硝化性能影响研究

为了研究硝酸盐对厌氧生物膜系统同时产甲烷反硝化反应的影响及其机制,拓展生物膜工艺在高氮有机废水中的应用,采用生物膜-污泥厌氧复合反应器和上流式厌氧污泥床培养具备同时产甲烷反硝化反应的功能微生物系统,并以间歇实验方法,对比研究硝酸盐对厌氧生物膜和颗粒污泥的同时产甲烷反硝化性能的影响.结果表明,硝酸盐对生物膜和颗粒污泥系统去除COD和反硝化反应均有影响,但硝酸盐浓度变化对颗粒污泥系统的影响比生物膜系统更大,生物膜表现出更强的降解能力和更高的耐性阈值.随着硝酸盐浓度从75 mg·L-1增加到600 mg·L-1,颗粒污泥对COD的降解速率从273.26mg·（h·g）-1降到0.1 mg·（h·g）-1,而生物膜从95 mg·（h·g）-1降至1.7 mg·（h·g）-1;同时,生物膜和颗粒污泥对硝酸盐的降解速率分别从21.43、22.31 mg·（h·g）-1增加到83.72、61.06 mg·（h·g）-1,随着硝酸盐的降解,生物膜表现出更强的恢复能力,最大值为712.44 mg·（h·g）-1.研究还发现亚硝酸盐积累是影响生物膜和颗粒污泥同时脱氮除碳功能的主要原因,在相同的硝酸盐浓度下,生物膜中亚硝酸盐的最大积累量仅为的颗粒污泥的1/10.因此,生物膜-污泥厌氧复合反应器可以作为高浓度含氮有机废水实现同时产甲烷反硝化工艺反应器一种重要选择.     

同时产甲烷反硝化与硝化串联工艺处理淀粉废水

采用UASB作为同时产甲烷反硝化反应器、AUSB作为好氧硝化反应器的串联工艺处理实际淀粉废水.结果表明:①将好氧反应器的出水硝化液按1:1～3:1的回流比回流到UASB反应器,可在其中实现同时产甲烷反硝化,进水有机(以COD计)负荷约为11kg·m-3·d-1时,COD去除率为95%;NO-3-N负荷可达0.48 kg·m-3·d-1,NO-3-N去除率高达100%.②UASB反应器的出水进入AUSB反应器,其有机负荷为0.5～2 5 kg·m-3·d-1,去除率为63%～91%;氨氮负荷为0.2～0.9 kg·m-3·d-1,去除率在98.8%以上.③串联工艺在回流比为1:1、2:1、3:1下,COD去除率分别为98.7%、98.3%、99.3%,总氮去除率分别为72.9%、76.3%、82.9%.④随着UASB反应器内进水硝酸盐负荷的增加,其颗粒污泥与接种污泥相比,粒径明显增加,平均密度先增加后减小,最大比产甲烷活性先降低,而后有较大提高.     

产甲烷改良UASB启动试验及最优水力条件研究

在中温两相厌氧工艺处理玉米酒精废水的基础上,进行产甲烷改良UASB的启动试验和颗粒污泥的培养,考察水力条件对反应器处理效果的影响。试验采用低负荷启动方式,通过增大处理量和提高进水COD浓度逐级提高容积负荷,通过强制内回流控制反应器中水力条件,使产甲烷改良UASB在最佳条件下运行。63 d后反应器中形成的污泥床颗粒化程度高,粒径>0.7 mm的颗粒污泥占82%以上,产气速率和COD去除率分别达到539 L/d和90%,产甲烷改良UASB启动顺利完成;改良UASB作为两相厌氧工艺的产甲烷相可以自行调节其进水pH,启动时pH的人工调节可以在反应器进入颗粒污泥成熟期时停止;反应器的最佳水力条件为:上升流速为0.62 m/h、回流比300%;最优操作条件下产甲烷改良UASB具有良好的抗冲击负荷能力。     

上流式厌氧污泥反应器(UASB)处理榨菜腌制废水的研究

针对榨菜废水高盐度、高有机物浓度的特点,使用UASB厌氧反应器对该废水进行处理,考察了进水盐度和pH值、接种污泥、处理负荷和反应器内温度、碱度、氧化还原电位等因素对COD去除率的影响,通过对进水中上述因素的控制,发现UASB反应器的COD去除率可以达到45%.在有机负荷不超过15.0 kgCOD/(m3 ·d)的情况下逐渐提高负荷培养颗粒化污泥、盐度不超过46.0 g/L条件下逐渐提高进水盐度以驯化和培养耐盐、嗜盐微生物,是UASB反应器高效运行的关键.运行后期,耐盐微生物出现在颗粒污泥中.     

固定化厌氧微生物处理四环素废水的研究

采用PVA－硼酸法固定化微生物作为两相厌氧工艺中的产甲烷相,进行了四环素废水的处理试验,并与一般UASB产甲烷相进行了比较。结果表明固定化微生物产甲烷相具有较高的污泥活性和抗冲击负荷能力,其COD去除率达65％～75％,高于一般UASB反应器,且具有较高的污泥活性和抗冲击负荷能力。      

EGSB反应器内厌氧颗粒污泥的特性研究

采用接种厌氧污泥的EGSB反应器处理含油废水,运行40d后启动,考察稳定运行期内从第73d以后反应器内厌氧颗粒的污泥浓度、胞外多聚物(多糖)、辅酶F420、产甲烷活性等特性指标,并且对反应器进出水COD、油含量连续监测。结果表明,反应器内厌氧颗粒污泥具有较强活性,颗粒污泥SS均值为139.8g/L,VSS/SS均值为0.642,胞外多聚物(多糖)、辅酶F420含量和产甲烷活性均值分别为4.860mg/gVSS、0.435μmol/gVSS和134mL/gVSS·d,反应器对COD、油去除率分别稳定在92.7%和82.4%以上,出水COD、油的含量分别稳定在150mg/L和20mg/L以下。     

造纸污泥与味精废液联合厌氧消化产甲烷性能研究

采用造纸污泥与味精废液间歇式联合厌氧消化产沼气,通过设计总固体(TS)含量、碳氮比(C/N)和接种量等不同的工艺参数,研究了不同工艺条件下各反应器的产甲烷性能.试验结果表明:在中温(37±2)℃条件下,TS含量对系统累积产气量的影响较大,各反应器的累积产气量随TS含量的增加而增加;各反应器的单位质量挥发性固体(VS)累积产气率和TS、VS的去除率随TS含量增加而降低;在TS含量为10%的3组反应器中,造纸污泥:味精废液(w/w)=10∶1的反应器产气效果优于造纸污泥∶味精废液(w/w)=25∶1和70∶1两组处理,这与前者在消化过程中pH值下降最多、酸化能力最强有关;联合厌氧消化累积甲烷产量最大值为5482mL(TS含量为10%,造纸污泥∶味精废液(w/w)=10∶1),单位质量VS甲烷产率最大值为362mL.g-1(TS含量为3%,造纸污泥∶味精废液(w/w)=11∶1),可见这两种工业废物联合厌氧消化具有巨大的产甲烷潜力.     

UASB工艺处理玉米淀粉废水研究报告

本文以河北邢台地区某年产40万吨玉米淀粉企业进行生产实践研究,用上流式厌氧污泥床反应器(UASB)对玉米淀粉废水进行预处理,采用工艺优化和仪器分析的方法,对工艺关键控制点进行跟踪分析,确定了UASB调试的控制因素:COD容积负荷达到8 kg COD·(m3·d)-1时,出水COD达到450 mg·L-1~500 mg·L-1,COD去除率达到95%,沼气产率达到0.36L·kg COD-1,系统运行稳定。     

IC反应器处理制药废水的颗粒污泥驯化和快速启动

试验研究了厌氧内循环(IC)反应器处理化工合成制药废水时,颗粒污泥的驯化培养启动过程.IC反应器控制在中温条件运行,接种颗粒污泥取自处理味精废水的厌氧上升流式污泥床反应器,驯化开始采用葡萄糖基质与制药废水混合废水,然后很快转化为全部是生物难降解的合成制药废水.结果表明,采用高负荷、高进水浓度的启动控制条件,经历23d的启动运行,IC反应器的容积负荷达到5 kgCOD/(m3·d), COD去除率达到70%~80%.在容积负荷达到7.4kgCOD/(m3·d)时,COD的去除率仍可稳定在70%左右.IC反应器中的成熟颗粒污泥形状规则、密实、粒径大.扫描电镜观察发现,颗粒污泥中古细菌产甲烷鬓毛菌(Methanosaetaceae)占优势. IC反应器处理难降解废水在高负荷、高进水浓度条件下可实现快速培养驯化和启动.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.