低中放处置场环境影响评价中~(90)Sr分配系数的选取

放射性固体废物处置的基本安全目标是保护人类和环境免受电离辐射的有害影响。开展放射性固体废物处置场环境影响评价可以量化对人体健康和环境潜在影响。放射性核素分配系数是反映放射性核素在处置场周边土壤介质中迁移的关键参数,对环境影响评价结果的影响显著。不同核素分配系数试验测量方法的实验周期、经济成本以及结果精确度等方面差别很大。从工程角度考虑,如测量结果相差不大,则应优先选择实验周期短、费用低的方法进行分配系数测量。~(90)Sr是拟近地表处置的放射性固体废物中具有代表性的裂变核素之一。采用静态实验和动态实验方法对~(90)Sr在我国北方几种典型土壤(砂土、粘土和黄土)包气带中的迁移进行了研究,分析了不同试验方法测量得到的~(90)Sr分配系数的差异。结果表明:对~(90)Sr的吸附能力,粘土最强,黄土次之,砂土最弱;对于低中放处置场地下水核素迁移模拟,~(90)Sr在粘土和黄土中采用平衡吸附模式或非平衡吸附模式模拟结果差别不大;而采用非平衡模式模拟砂土中~(90)Sr的迁移更为恰当;在低中放处置场环境影响评价中,对于砂土介质,~(90)Sr分配系数的测量应优先选择动态实验法,对于黄土和粘土则可采用静态吸附法。     

氨氮在准噶尔生态环境观测研究站典型包气带介质上的吸附性能研究

包气带是地下水的天然屏障,也是氮素污染地下水的主要通道。以准噶尔生态环境观测研究站包气带3种典型土壤,即粉质砂土、砂质粘土、粉质粘土为研究对象,通过静态吸附实验查明了3种不同质地土壤对氨氮的吸附性能。结果表明,3种土壤对氨氮的吸附主要发生在0~2 h,其吸附过程均符合准二级动力学方程;其等温曲线均符合Freundlich模式,其中,粉质粘土的吸附常数KF=20.8 018,砂质粘土的吸附常数KF=12.5 516,粉质砂土的吸附常数KF=15.1 845。不同土壤对氨氮的吸附能力随着粒径的不同差异较大,表现为:粉质粘土砂质粘土粉质砂土。说明粉质粘土防污能力最强,砂质粘土次之,粉质砂土最弱。结果为确定包气带介质的环境容量、防污特性的评价及地下水污染机制的深入研究提供科学支撑。     

放射性废金属熔炼去污分配系数研究

放射性污染金属熔炼去污后循环再利用是处理放射性污染金属的有效手段。为了确保熔炼污染物的排放符合国家标准,合理估算释放源项,需要对放射性废金属熔炼去污分配系数进行研究。经对国外金属熔炼设施的分配系数的比较、分析,推荐了一套适用于评价放射性废金属熔炼设施辐射影响采用的核素去污分配系数。     

环境中长寿核素的ICP-MS测量研究及进展

本文综述了ICP-MS用于环境样品中U,Np和Pu的放射性长寿命核素测定的各项相关技术以及近年来一些重要的研究和进展状况,同时对技术难点——干扰效应进行了讨论.     

多环芳烃类污染场地的分布特征及来源分析

以某发电厂污染地块为研究对象,分析该场地污染物含量,并研究了多环芳烃类物质在不同功能区域的分布特征。结果表明:场区内土层分布自上而下依次为粉质粘土、淤泥质黏土和粘土,垂直渗透系数范围为1.0×10~(-8)~1.0×10~(-6)cm/s;该场区浓度较高的污染物主要为苯并(a)蒽、苯并(b)荧蒽和苯并(a)芘,主要集中在杂填土层。初步勘察筛选出的浓度偏高的多环芳烃类物质虽未超过标准,但必要时仍需实施场地环境管理措施。     

长江上游及川江水系水环境中~(239)Pu的水平和分布情况

~(239)Pu是一种极毒的放射性核素,水环境,尤其是江河环境中~(239)Pu的水平与分析情况,目前在国内还未见有系统的报道,本文通过对长江的一些江段及川江水系水环境中~(239)Pu水平的分析,探讨了其分布情况及规律;并初步分析了目前长江水域中~(239)Pu的主要来源;得出了研究江段水底沉积物中~(239)Pu的沉积规律。     

低本底实验室γ谱仪探测限研究

使用一台高纯锗γ谱仪在一般实验室和低本底实验室铁室中对高纯锗γ谱仪铅室本底计数率水平和3种不同介质样品γ核素进行测量分析,研究低本底实验室铁室中高纯锗γ谱仪铅室本底计数率水平的优化程度,分析测量气溶胶、生物灰、河水样品中 ~(137)Cs、~(134)Cs两种核素的探测限值,研究探测限值与测量时间的变化趋势,以及对于测量时间的优化程度。结果表明,低本底实验室铁室测量高纯锗铅室本底计数率水平比一般实验室降低了25. 6%。按不同时间测量的探测限值拟合曲线表明 ~(137)Cs、~(134)Cs两种核素的探测限值均随时间的增加而下降。不同介质样品测量中,核素 ~(137)Cs探测限值优化百分比范围为28. 81%～29. 63%,核素~(134)Cs探测限值优化百分比范围为21. 44%～25. 12%。核素 ~(137)Cs的探测限优化百分比均大于核素~(134)Cs,核素 ~(137)Cs的探测限优化程度比~(134)Cs的探测限优化程度大。在应急情况下,可结合低本底实验室铁室的测量分析结果,选择与可探测到的最低活度相对应的最优测量活时间,提高应急监测能力。     

持久性有机污染物土气交换过程及采样技术的研究进展

持久性有机污染物在多元环境介质中按一定规律分配并趋于平衡,且平衡过程受理化参数、气象条件及地表植被等影响。持久性有机污染物土气交换是控制其在环境介质中迁移分配的重要过程,也是衡量人类和其他动植物暴露其中风险的基础。对持久性有机污染物的土气交换过程及其采样技术进行总结,希望对其后期研究提供参考。     

90Sr、137Cs在某种包气带土壤中的迁移研究

本文叙述了放射性废物中具有代表性的裂变核素^90Sr、^137Cs在某种包气带土壤中的迁移情况研究。使用小型土柱的氚水淋洗实验研究土壤水力学性质，最后进行大型土柱实验研究核素在该包气带土壤中的迁移，并对实验情况进行了数学模拟。用该土壤原状土进行小型土柱的氚水淋洗试验，测得了土壤的水力弥散度为0．32cm，土壤有效孔隙度为0．35。经过290天的大型柱迁移试验表明，土壤对^90Sr的阻滞系数为220．4，在模拟实际降雨量的情况下，^90Sr的平均迁移速度为0．63cm/y，^137Cs在大型柱试验中没有明显迁移。数值模拟^90Sr、^137Cs迁移，得出经过上述大型柱试验相同的条件下，^90Sr、^137Cs迁移的峰位置基本和大型柱试验结果相同。     

四川原煤及其废渣与制品放射性的测试分析

本文介绍了四川原煤及其废渣与制品的γ辐射剂量率、附加γ辐射人均年有效剂量量。同时,用低本底Ge(Li)多道γ能谱仪测定了原煤、矸粉与矸砖,煤渣与煤渣砖、粉煤灰及粘土砖等样品中的天然放射性核素~(238)U,~(232)Th,~(226)Ra,~(40)K的比活度。经比较和研究,找出了这些物质的放射性水平及它们彼此之间的规律。     

Sorption of aromatic ionizable organic compounds to montmorillonites modified by hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium and polydiallyldimethyl ammonium

Environmental residues of aromatic ionizable organic compounds (AIOCs) have received considerable attention due to their potential human health and ecological risks. The main objective of this study was to investigate the key factors and mechanisms controlling sorption of a series of anionic and zwitterionic AIOCs (two aromatic sulfonates, 4-methyl-2,6-dinitrophenol, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, and tannic acid) to montmorillonites modified with hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium (HDTMA) and polydiallyldimethyl ammonium (PDADMA). Compared with naphthalene (a nonpolar and nonionic solute), all AIOCs showed stronger sorption (the sorbent-to-solution distribution coefficient was in the order of 10-10 L kg) to the two organoclays in spite of the much lower hydrophobicity, indicating the predominance of electrostatic interaction in sorption. The proposed electrostatic mechanism of the tested AIOCs was supported by the pH dependency of sorption to the two organoclays. The two organoclays manifested weaker sorption affinity but faster sorption kinetics for bulky AIOCs than commercial activated carbon, resulting from the high accessibility of sorption sites in the open, ordered clay interlayer. The findings of this study highlight the potential of using HDTMA- and PDADMA-exchanged montmorillonites as effective sorbents for AIOCs in water and wastewater treatments.     

Can assessing for potential contribution of soil organic and inorganic components for butachlor sorption be improved?

Sorption of butachlor to various types of common soil components was investigated. Six pure minerals (montmorillonite [Mont], kaolinite [Kaol], Ca homoionic montmorillonite [Ca-Mont] and kaolinite [Ca-Kaol], amorphous hydrated Al and Fe oxides [AHOs-Al, AHOs-Fe]), four soil alkali-extractable pure humic acids (HAs), and the four corresponding HAs originated real unmodified and HO-treated soils were selected as the representative sorbents. Results showed that the HAs played a crucial role, and clay minerals (especially Mont) also showed an important effect in butachlor sorption. The AHOs may likely influence only in a mediator way by enhancing the availability of sorption domains of HAs. By removing 78% (on average) of the total organic carbon (TOC) from the soils with HO, the content ratio of clay to TOC (RCO) increased by an average of 367% and became >60. This change simultaneously decreased the sorption capacity of soils (40%, on average). Considering that the surface sorption domain on clay minerals may be highly exposed and more competitive after the partial removal of soil organic matter (SOM), this reaffirmed the potential contribution from clay minerals. It can thus be inferred that in the real soil where SOM and clay minerals are associated, the coating of clay minerals may have weakened the partition function of SOM or blocked some sorption domain within SOM, resulting in a decreased sorption of butachlor. Therefore, clay minerals, especially 2:1 type expanding minerals, may play a dual function vs. SOM content for the sorption of butachlor in soil.     

Differences in microbial biomass,organic carbon,and dye sorption between flow and no-flow regions of unsaturated soil

Transport models in which the liquid phase is partitioned between conducting and nonconducting regions allow the possibility that degradation and sorption are different in these regions. However, there is little information on biological or chemical differences between conducting and nonconducting regions of the soil matrix. Previous work by the authors on Br transport through unsaturated, intact soil cores of Dundee silty clay loam (fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Typic Endoaqualf) indicated non-equilibrium conditions that could be well-described by a two-region model. Fitted parameters indicated little solute transfer between flow regions, suggesting that dye movement in unsaturated soil might delineate conducting and nonconducting regions of this soil. Steady-state, unsaturated flow was established in intact cores (10 by 30 cm) of the Dundee soil, then Br and erioglaucine dye were displaced through these cores. The soil cores were then sectioned into 5-cm segments and stained soil was separated from unstained soil. Microbial biomass C, organic C, and dye sorption K(D) (= g(sorbed) kg(-1)soil/g L(-1)) values for stained and unstained soil were determined. Stained soil had higher microbial biomass C but generally lower organic C and lower affinity for dye sorption than unstained soil from the same depth increment. Fraction of immobile water, dispersion, and mass transfer between conducting and nonconducting regions were consistent with previous results.     

Single-element and competitive metal mobility measured with column infiltration and batch tests

The distribution coefficient, Kd, is often used to quantify heavy metal mobility in soils. Batch sorption or column infiltration tests may be used to measure Kd. The latter are closer to natural soil conditions, but are difficult to conduct in clays. This difficulty can be overcome by using a laboratory centrifuge. An acceleration of 2600 gravities was applied to columns of London Clay, an Eocene clay sub-stratum, and Cu, Ni, and Zn mobility was measured in centrifuge infiltration tests, both as single elements and in dual competition. Single-element Kd values were also obtained from batch sorption tests, and the results from the two techniques were compared. It was found that Kd values obtained by batch tests vary considerably depending on the metal concentration, while infiltration tests provided a single Kd value for each metal. This was typically in the lower end of the range of the batch test Kd values. For both tests, the order of mobility was Ni>Zn>Cu. Metals became more mobile in competition than when in single-element systems: Ni Kd decreased 3.3 times and Zn Kd 3.4 times when they competed with Cu, while Cu decreased only 1.2 times when in competition with either Ni or Zn. Our study showed that competitive sorption between metals increases the mobility of those metals less strongly bound more than it increases the mobility of more strongly bound metals.     

A comparison of disposal methods for on-site sewage facilities within the state of Texas,USA

Currently, 1.5 million homes in Texas, USA utilize an on-site sewage facility to manage their household waste. This study compares the conventional septic dispersal technology of perforated pipe drain field with two of the new technologies recently implemented in Texas, multi-pipe and chamber systems, determining if soil classification and climate are influencing factors in functional ability for each of the technologies. There is no statistical significance for failure of a system with respect to system type or climate zone. The textural classification of soil is a statistically significant variable in septic system failures. Soil type III, which includes the clay groups except pure clays and silty clay, appears to significantly influence system failures. Additionally, occupant misuse and lack of maintenance are contributing factors to system failure.     

Effect of heat treatment on sorption of polar and nonpolar compounds to montmorillonites and soils

Batch sorption isotherms of 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, and tetracycline to organic-free montmorillonites and soils receiving heat treatment (375°C for 24 h) were compared with those to unheated sorbents. Sorption of the nonpolar 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene to soil was lowered after the removal of humus by heating, consistent with the mechanism of hydrophobic partition into organic matter. For 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, the enhanced sorption to heated soils was attributed to specific interactions with exchangeable cations facilitated by heating-induced irreversible partial dehydration of the clay interlayer. For tetracycline, an additional mechanism for sorption enhancement could be due to increased exposure of strong complexation sites on clay minerals after removal of the humic coating. These hypotheses were supported by the sorption data to heated and unheated Na-, K-, and Cs-saturated montmorillonites. The combustion method is commonly adopted to measure the content of black carbon in soils and sediments. However, findings from the present study indicate that combustion may greatly modify the structural properties of clay minerals, leading to misinterpreted sorption contributions of different soil components to sorption of polar or ionic compounds.     

17β-estradiol and testosterone sorption in soil with and without poultry litter

17β-estradiol and testosterone are naturally occurring steroids that co-occur in poultry litter. The effects of litter on sorption of these hormones to soil are not known. Sorption isotherms were developed for C-labeled testosterone and H-labeled estradiol in a Cecil sandy clay loam with and without poultry litter addition. The effect of applying the hormones alone (single-sorbate) or together (multisorbate) was also investigated. C-testosterone sorption in soil increased from 2 to 48 h and remained relatively constant thereafter. H-estradiol sorption in soil was relatively constant from 2 to 24 h and then decreased to 72 h. These differences may reflect transformation of the parent hormones to products with different solid-phase affinity. The maximum sorption coefficient () in soil for C-testosterone (20.2 mL g) was similar to that for H-estradiol (19.6 mL g) in single-sorbate experiments. When hormones were applied together, sorption of both hormones in soil decreased, but the C-testosterone (12.5 mL g) was nearly twice as large as the H-estradiol (7.4 mL g). We propose this resulted from competition between the hormones and their transformation products for sorption sites, with C-testosterone and its expected transformation product (androstenedione) being better competitors than H-estradiol and its expected transformation product (estrone). When poultry litter was mixed with soil, sorption increased for H-estradiol but decreased for C-testosterone. This may have been because poultry litter slowed the transformation of parent hormones. Our results show that poultry litter could have important effects on the mobility of estradiol and testosterone.     

Size distribution of organic matter and associated propiconazole in agricultural runoff material

Sorption and desorption characteristics of propiconazole (1-[[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl]methyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazole) to different particle/aggregate-size fractions of agricultural runoff material were investigated. Emphasis was put on clay and colloidal size fractions to evaluate their role as potential sorbents and carriers for this pesticide. The runoff material was separated into size fractions ranging from 2 mm to ca. 15 nm by wet sieving, sedimentation, centrifugation, and membrane ultrafiltration. Each fraction was characterized by its organic C content and C/N ratio. Distinctive sorption properties of clay-sized particles and colloids were investigated. The obtained size fractions differed significantly in their organic C concentration, C/N ratio, and sorption properties to propiconazole. Organic matter was mainly associated in aggregates >2 microm. Binding of propiconazole to this coarse fraction made up 80% of the sorbed propiconazole. The distribution coefficient between solid and aqueous phases increased with decreasing particle size. The colloidal fraction (<0.16 microm) exhibited the highest sorbtivity, with a distribution coefficient of 113 L kg(-1), which was more than four times higher than that in the bulk sample (27 L kg(-1)). The fraction <2 microm represented 8% of the total sample weight, but contributed to 20% of the sorbed propiconazole. Strong hysteresis was observed for the sorption-desorption of propiconazole on the runoff material. Under dilution very little sorbed propiconazole will be released into the water phase. Due to its high sorbtivity and mobility and the strong sorption-desorption hysteresis, particles in the fraction <2 microm can be important carriers of propiconazole in runoff suspensions with high sediment load.     

Sorption and mobility of ivermectin in different soils

Avermectins are widely used to treat livestock for parasite infections. Ivermectin, which belongs to the group of avermectins, is particularly hazardous to the environment, especially to crustaceans and to soil-dwelling organisms. Sorption is one of the key factors controlling transport and bioavailability. Therefore, batch studies have been conducted to characterize the sorption and desorption behavior of ivermectin in three European soils (Madrid, York, and artificial soil). The solid-water distribution coefficient (K(d)) for ivermectin sorption to the tested soils were between 57 and 396 L kg(-1) (determined at 0.1 microg g(-1)), while the organic carbon-normalized sorption coefficients (K(oc)) ranged from 4.00 x 10(3) to 2.58 x 10(4) L kg(-1). The Freundlich sorption coefficient (K(F)) was 396 (after 48 h) for the artificial soil over a concentration range of 0.1 to 50 microg g(-1), with regression constants indicating a concentration-dependent sorption. The obtained data and data in the literature are inconclusive with regard to whether hydrophobic partitioning or more specific interactions are involved in sorption of avermectins. For abamectin, hydrophobic partitioning seems to be one of the dominant types of binding, while hydrophobicity is less important for ivermectin, which is probably due to the lower lipophilicity of the molecule. Furthermore, the presence of cations such as Ca(2+) leads to decreasing sorption. Thus, it is presumed that ivermectin binds to soil by formation of complexes with immobile, inorganic soil matter. In contrast to abamectin, hysteresis could be excluded for ivermectin in the studied soils for the evaluation of sorption and desorption. The sorption mechanism is highly dependent on physicochemical properties of the avermectin.     

Nitrous oxide emissions respond differently to mineral and organic nitrogen sources in contrasting soil types

The use of various animal manures for nitrogen (N) fertilization is often viewed as a viable replacement for mineral N fertilizers. However, the impacts of amendment type on NO production may vary. In this study, NO emissions were measured for 2 yr on two soil types with contrasting texture and carbon (C) content under a cool, humid climate. Treatments consisted of a no-N control, calcium ammonium nitrate, poultry manure, liquid cattle manure, or liquid swine manure. The N sources were surface applied and immediately incorporated at 90 kg N ha before seeding of spring wheat ( L.). Cumulative NO-N emissions from the silty clay ranged from 2.2 to 8.3 kg ha yr and were slightly lower in the control than in the fertilized plots ( = 0.067). The 2-yr mean NO emission factors ranged from 2.0 to 4.4% of added N, with no difference among N sources. Emissions of NO from the sandy loam soil ranged from 0.3 to 2.2 kg NO-N ha yr, with higher emissions with organic than mineral N sources ( = 0.015) and the greatest emissions with poultry manure ( < 0.001). The NO emission factor from plots amended with poultry manure was 1.8%, more than double that of the other treatments (0.3-0.9%), likely because of its high C content. On the silty clay, the yield-based NO emissions (g NO-N kg grain yield N) were similar between treatments, whereas on the sandy loam, they were greatest when amended with poultry manure. Our findings suggest that, compared with mineral N sources, manure application only increases soil NO flux in soils with low C content.