干式消解-原子吸收光谱法测定土壤中部分重金属的探讨

火焰原子吸收法测定土壤中的铜、锌、铅、镉、镍等重金属时,采用干式消解法对土壤样品进行处理,即在5 0 0℃加热灰化,然后用酸浸提。其测定结果与国家标准分析方法测定结果无显著性差异,对标准样品测定结果准确。测量过程方便快速。     

电热板消解不同酸体系对土壤中6种重金属元素测定的影响研究

为研究不同敞开酸溶消解法对土壤样品中重金属元素测定的影响,分别采用HNO_3-HF-HClO_4、HClHNO_3、H_2SO_4-HNO_33种敞开酸溶消解方法对标准土壤样品GBW07405(GSS-5)进行前处理,使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定了3种敞开酸溶消解法前处理标准土壤样品中6种重金属元素(In、Be、Ni、Cd、Pb、Cu)的含量,进而探究出酸溶消解法前处理土壤样品的最优消解方法。结果表明:HNO_3-HF-HClO_4消解法对标准土壤样品的消解最彻底且消解液澄清,测定结果的准确度和精密度最高,更适用于土壤样品的前处理。进一步探究了HNO_3-HF-HClO_4消解法操作过程中加酸量的误差和消解温度对标准土壤样品中6种重金属元素含量测定结果的影响,结果表明:加酸量误差对HNO_3-HF-HClO_4消解法前处理标准土壤样品中重金属元素含量的测定结果没有影响;土壤样品初期消解温度以120℃为宜。     

王水水浴消解-原子荧光法测定土壤中的砷和汞

采用王水水浴消解-原子荧光法测定土壤样品中砷和汞,探讨消解环境、载液特性、溶液基体和还原剂硼氢化钾等因素对土壤样品中砷和汞含量测定的影响,确定了最优分析条件:土壤样品敞开消解,时间2h,期间摇动3次,用盐酸溶液(5+95)定容,混匀静置过夜,砷和汞还原剂硼氢化钾的质量分数分别为2%和0.02%,载液均为盐酸溶液(5+95)。该方法将土壤环境监测样品中砷、汞元素同步消解前处理,简化了试验步骤,节约了分析测试时间,提高了分析效率,利于处理大批量土壤样品。选取部分GSS系列标准物质进行测试试验,试验结果的精密度和准确度均可满足土壤环境监测技术规范的要求,对2种未知土壤样品进行加标回收试验,土壤样品的加标回收率:砷为94.00%～100.40%,汞为86.40%～106.80%。     

土壤中铜铅锌镉含量的测定

土壤中铜、铅、锌、镉的测定中，样品的前处理是关键。该文采用两种消化方法对混合标准土壤样品进行预处理，采用原子吸收分光光度法进行测定，在仪器最佳工作条件下，获得了满意的测定结果。     

不同前处理方法对土壤Cr含量测定结果的影响

土壤重金属含量测定过程中,消解方法的选择对测定结果的准确度具有重要的影响。本文通过对比三种不同的消解方法对Cr测定结果的影响,其中采用微波消解土壤,然后用石墨赶酸仪进行赶酸的方法对土壤样品进行前期处理得到的结果最好,但耗时最长。该法样品溶解完全、消耗试剂量少、相对误差均小于1.5%,具有较好的准确度与精密度,适用于土壤中Cr含量的测定。     

逆王水-氢氟酸混合体系消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定土壤中的硫元素

建立逆王水-氢氟酸混合酸体系消解,电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定土壤中硫(S)元素的方法,对逆王水在前处理过程中酸的作用、仪器测试干扰的消除及样品保存周期进行了讨论和优化。选用GBW07423(GSS-9)、GBW07424(GSS-10)、GBW07426(GSS-12)、GBW07428(GSS-14)、GBW07429(GSS-15)、GBW07430(GSS-16)6份不同地区的土壤成分分析标准物质进行测定,并以此研究了分析方法的线性和范围、灵敏度、准确度、精密度等特性。方法的检出限为0.022 mg/kg,相关系数≥0.999,满足样品分析要求,精密度试验相对标准偏差在4.0%～9.8%,回收率为89.0%～109.8%。     

原子荧光法测定土壤中汞方法改进

采用(1+1)硝酸进行消解、原子荧光法测定土壤中汞,对ESS-2和ESS-3两个标准土壤样品进行测定,测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.3%~0.4%,加标回收率在85%~95%,同时空白样品测定的结果较低,表明该法满足实验要求。     

土壤中重金属测定前处理方法的对比研究

对土壤样品的前处理分别采用全自动样品消解仪及微波消解仪进行消解.按照国标法测定土壤样品中的铅、镉、铜、锌、镍、锰.根据消解情况及测定土壤中重金属含量对消解方法进行对比分析.结果显示采用全自动样品消解仪消解土壤样品,操作简单、方便,最大程度保障了实验人员的安全,并且消解效果良好,避免了土壤样品赶酸过程导致蒸干,重金属含量测定结果准确可信.微波消解法消耗的试剂量较少,样品受污染的风险小,引入的试剂误差小.     

土壤样品多氯联苯的GC/ECD双柱测定方法的优化

GC/ECD法是目前测定土壤样品多氯联苯（PCBs）总量最常用的方法.笔者参考US EPA 8082方法,针对实际土壤样品基质复杂、浓度差别大、有机氯农药干扰GC/ECD测定等特点,对样品前处理和仪器分析的各个环节进行了系统的试验研究.采用碱解萃取、酸洗、硅胶柱净化、双柱GC/ECD分析方法,将多元线性回归分析用于混合Aroclor污染类型的定性识别,外标法用于PCBs总量的定量分析.PCBs总量的清洁基体加标回收率为80%～90%,方法检出限为0.40 ng/g.      

土壤重金属含量测定中全自动石墨消解两种酸处理方法比较研究

本文使用全自动石墨消解仪对比了两种不同的酸体系对土壤标准样品和实际土壤样品进行前处理,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定消解溶液中镉、钴、铜、铬、锰、镍、铅、锌、钒、砷、钼、锑共12种元素含量。结果表明,采用王水-氢氟酸-高氯酸处理土壤样品消解更完全,方法测试精密度、准确度更好,测定结果更稳定可靠,消解效果优于王水处理效果。但王水处理土壤样品引入干扰少,方法检出限低,分析土壤表层粘附重金属污染物含量效果优于王水-氢氟酸-高氯酸消解法。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.