硫酸盐废水生物处理产生的硫化物处理含Pb2+、Zn2+的钢丝酸洗废水

在一套小型搅拌反应器中,研究了碱沉淀(KOH,处理a)、碱沉淀及硫酸盐废水厌氧处理产生的硫化物出水混合(KOH+出水混合,处理b)、碱沉淀及N2吹脱硫酸盐废水厌氧处理产生的硫化物(KOH+N2吹脱,处理c),以及碱沉淀、硫酸盐废水厌氧处理产生的硫化物出水混合和N2吹脱硫化物联合(KOH+出水混合+N2吹脱,处理d)等4组处理方式对含Zn2+、Pb2+的钢丝绳酸洗废水处理效果的影响.废水pH值为0.7,Zn2+和Pb2+含量分别为450和3274 mg.L-1.结果表明,KOH+出水混合+N2吹脱的处理方式对废水有较好的处理效果,Zn2+和Pb2+的去除为氢氧化物、硫化物沉淀的共同作用结果,处理后,废水中Zn2+和Pb2+的去除率均达99.6%以上,满足污水综合排放标准(GB 8978—1996).     

酸析糖精废水的处理工艺

采用铁屑内电解－絮凝沉淀－气浮分离作预处理，再经生化、后处理等工艺处理酸析糖精废水是经济、高效可行的，出水各项指标可达国家排放标准要求。     

油田压裂液废水的处理方法

为了有效解决干旱区油田压裂液废水超标排放对土壤、地下水及荒漠植被带来的危害,本文以臭氧为氧化剂,铜绿假单胞杆菌(P.Aeruginosa,A)、油泥驯化后菌液(B)及美国生态实验室Microbe-lift水处理菌(C)为生物菌剂,开展了臭氧和生物法单独处理以及二者联合处理吐哈油田压裂液废水实验.研究结果表明:3种处理法以臭氧/生物法联合处理压裂液废水效果最优;废水COD初始值为3982.38 mg·L~(-1)时,经臭氧处理2.5 h后可使废水COD值降低62.24%;生物处理以多组混合菌群处理效果较好,使COD值进一步降低34.37%,其中,A、B、C菌群等比例混合后的接菌ABC处理可在150 h处理后使COD值降至135 mg·L~(-1),达到《废水综合排放标准》(GB8978—~(199)6)二级排放标准.     

脉冲电化学氧化处理低浓度氨氮废水

大量未经处理的氨氮废水肆意排放,严重破坏生态环境和危害人类身体健康.本文设计了连续流循环装置,并采用脉冲电流替代直流电流处理低浓度氨氮废水,考察了脉冲电化学氧化法处理低浓度氨氮废水的优化工艺条件,研究了脉冲电流对氯离子添加量、能耗的影响.最佳工艺条件为:初始氨氮浓度为60 mg·L~(-1),氯离子浓度为120 mg·L~(-1),电流密度为70 m A·cm~(-2),初始pH值为9,溶液初始温度为20℃,脉冲频率为5000 Hz,占空比为50%.电解240 min后废水中氨氮的去除率达85.01%.结果表明,每处理1 t氨氮,脉冲电化学氧化法的氯离子添加量为2.35 t,直流电化学氧化法的氯离子添加量为2.73 t,脉冲比直流电化学氧化氨氮的能耗节约26.20%.采用脉冲电化学氧化法处理低浓度氨氮废水,可减少氯离子添加量,降低能耗,为电化学氧化法处理废水提供了新思路.     

固定化硫酸盐还原菌处理含铊废水效果及其解毒机制

生物固定化是一种新型防控水源地水体重金属污染技术.实验采用固定化硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)处理含铊废水,并研究了SRB处理含铊废水的机理.研究结果表明,包埋后SRB仍能够保持较强活性,pH和接触时间对固定化SRB处理含铊废水具有较大影响,包埋小球pH耐受性较好,最适pH值是6,处理在720min达到饱和量.菌液包埋量和废水中硫酸根离子浓度对固定化处理含铊废水作用重要,处理量高达253.94μg·g~(-1).采用EDS和XRD分析了反应体系中沉淀物的组成,表明溶液和小球沉淀物中均含有硫化铊,硫化铊沉淀是固定化SRB处理含铊废水过程中铊污染去除的重要机制,固定化SRB可有效防控水源地铊污染.     

某中药制药企业废水高效低耗扩建工程实例

某中药制药企业原有污水处理站1座,由于产能扩大导致废水排放量增加,需对原有污水处理站进行扩建,其废水具有成分复杂、有机污染物种类多、浓度高,色度深、固体悬浮物SS浓度高、有一定的生物潜在毒性等特点,废水处理过程中存在成本高、出水不稳定等难点,是较难处理的高浓度有机废水。扩建的废水处理站采用“气浮沉淀+预曝气+水解酸化+厌氧处理+接触氧化+类芬顿深度处理”工艺,水质满足《中药类制药工业水污染物排放标准》(GB 21906—2008)中表2排放标准。结果表明：扩建后的污水处理站工艺技术先进、设备安全可靠、运行管理方便且实现和旧污水处理站协作共用,同时兼顾了能源回收利用和二次污染控制,达到了预期设计目标。     

内电解-混凝组合技术对合成制药废水的预处理

采用多级内电解反应器与混凝沉淀组合技术预处理典型合成制药废水.研究结果表明,组合技术对制药废水的COD去除率高于单一混凝技术和单一内电解技术;以PAM作为混凝剂的处理效果优于Ca（OH）2,在PAM投加浓度为10 m.gL-1,pH值为8的条件下,内电解与混凝沉淀组合技术对制药废水COD的去除率可达到30%.同时,组合...     

还原沉淀法处理含铬废水

在传统化学沉淀法的基础上处理含铬废水,采用还原沉淀法。首先调节pH值到3.0左右,用工业焦亚硫酸钠(Na2S2O5)还原剂,对Cr6+进行还原,最后用NaOH调节pH至8.5~9.0,使有害离子沉淀,废水达标排放。本工艺简单易行,在一定程度上避免了常见传统工艺的不足之处。     

化学沉淀法去除稀土废水中氨氮试验

用磷酸铵镁化学沉淀法处理稀土废水中的氨氮,通过对pH值,n(P):n(N),n(Mg):n(N)及反应时间等条件进行试验,结果表明,在PH=12,n(Mg):n(N):n(P)=1.2:1:1.3,反应20min,氨氮去除率可达98%以上.氨氮初始浓度在100-200 mg·1-1左右的废水,处理后出水的残余氨氮浓度达到国家一级废水排放标准.     

连续流处理方式在重金属废水预处理的工程应用

天津某汽车制造厂生产废水污染物种类复杂、水量大,且水质水量波动性较大。将涂装生产工艺的工件初步处理、底漆和面漆3个工段的生产废水依水质不同分为6类,分别进入6个调节池,通过3种不同的预处理方法处理。针对水量大的特点,预处理中采用连续流方式,废水在反应槽内与投加的不同药剂发生反应,再经过斜管沉淀槽的沉淀、反调槽内的反调两个步骤后完成预处理。实践证明,预处理后的废水总镍达到《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978-1996）第1类污染物排放标准,总磷和总锌达到第2类污染物的2级排放标准。     

Possible solutions for sludge dewatering in China

In China, over 1.43×10⁷ tons of dewatered sewage sludge, with 80% water content, were generated from wastewater treatment plants in 2007. About 60% of the COD removed during the wastewater treatment process becomes concentrated as sludge. Traditional disposal methods used by municipal solid waste treatment facilities, such as landfills, composting, or incineration, are unsuitable for sludge disposal because of its high water content. Disposal of sludge has therefore become a major focus of current environmental protection policies. The present status of sludge treatment and disposal methodology is introduced in this paper. Decreasing the energy consumption of sludge dewatering from 80% to 50% has been a key issue for safe and economic sludge disposal. In an analysis of sludge water distribution, thermal drying and hydrothermal conditioning processes are compared. Although thermal drying could result in an almost dry sludge, the energy consumption needed for this process is extremely high. In comparison, hydrothermal technology could achieve dewatered sewage sludge with a 50%–60% water content, which is suitable for composting, incineration, or landfill. The energy consumption of hydrothermal technology is lower than that required for thermal drying.     

Increasing significance of advanced physical/chemical processes in the development and application of sustainable wastewater treatment systems

The awareness of the problem of the scarcity of water of high quality has strongly changed the approach of wastewater treatment. Currently, there is an increasing need for the beneficial reuse of treated wastewater and to recover valuable products and energy from the wastewater. Because microbiological treatment methods are, only to a limited part, able to satisfy these needs, the role and significance of physical/chemical processes in wastewater treatment are gaining more and more interest. The specific future role and aim of the various physical/chemical treatment processes can be categorized in five groups: improvement of the performance of microbiological treatment processes, achievement of the high quality required for reuse of the effluent, recovery of valuable components and energy from the wastewater for beneficial reuse, desalination of brackish water and seawater, and treatment of concentrated liquid or solid waste residues produced in a wastewater treatment process. Development of more environmentally sustainable wastewater treatment chains in which physical/chemical processes play a crucial role, also requires application of process control and modeling strategies. This is briefly introduced by the elaboration of treatment scenarios for three specific wastewaters.     

广东集约化养猪业的环境影响及其防治对策

分析和评价了广东省养猪场粪尿废水排放总量、污染物排放强度和废水治理现状,指出集约化养猪业对地表水、地下水、空气污染的严重性。养猪业排放的团体废弃物总量超过生活垃圾与了业固体废物总量;COD排放总量与生活废水及工业废水排放COD总量接近,并已排放大量的N、P、K等营养盐。养猪业已成为主要的有机污染源和N等营养盐污染源,分析厂养猪业污染防治中存在的问题,提出采用综合防治的方法解决广东省集约化养猪场污染问题。     

Bewertung der Umweltgefährlichkeit von Stoffen

By sending a questionnaire to all companies of the pulp and paper, textile finishing and leather industries in Germany a study ascertained wastewater data concerning the general situation, treatment processes and specific amounts. With these data standard figures used in the EU for the assessment of chemical substances were checked. The volume flows of the industrial sewage treatment were determined for the facilities of all three branches which discharge their wastewater directly to the receiving waters. The 10 percentile score of these facilities amounted to only a quarter of the EU standard figure of 2,000 m³/d. This value is related to a standardised waste water treatment plant within the EU, which treated the wastewater of 200 l/d from 10,000 inhabitants. The analyses of the entire branch in each case yield dilution factors of 20–70% of the EU standard value of 10. Only the full tanning leather companies yielded a dilution factor of 10. The volume flows of the sewage treatment plants of the facilities discharging to the sewer system exceeds 2,000 m³/d in call cases.     

城市污水处理厂污泥处理处置的政策分析

简要介绍了城市污水处理厂污泥处理处置技术，提出污泥产业发展政策的建议，指出土地利用是符合我国国情的污泥处置的方向之一：污泥处理技术主要有减量化、浓缩、脱水、消化、堆肥等；污泥处置技术主要有焚烧、填埋、土地利用、建材利用等。污泥处理处置应按照减量化、稳定化、无害化原则，鼓励污泥资源化综合利用。合理确定污水处理厂污泥处理处置设施的布局和设计规模；鼓励对污泥处理处置给与税、费优惠政策，明确将污泥处理处置的运营费用列入污水排污收费范围，建立科学的价格补偿机制；政府在污泥产业发展中起着较为重要的作用，主要体现为服务与监督，包括承诺、保障和协调三个方面。     

Ökonomisch-organisatorische Betrachtung der Klärschlammverwertung: Kosten — Nutzen — Ausstiegsszenarien

Goal and Scope

The controversial issue of disposing municipal sewage sludge on arable farmland and growing demand on derived fuels could result in a total or partial abandoning of sludge recycling as fertiliser. Alternative disposal strategies like incineration will cause complex changes. A material flow management framework is used to determine the economic-organisational consequences for public authorities, farmers, rural contractors, disposal firms, and population in Schleswig-Holstein.

Methods and Focus

The study is based upon network analysis, analysis of agricultural and wastewater statistics and interviews. After structuring the disposal process, transaction are used to derive costs of different disposal strategies. The purification technique of sewage plant and application of metal salts for precipitation affect the fertilising quality of sludge. Therefore, all plants are classified into 4 different technical groups with decreasing fertilising effect. Now, the amount of sludge and corresponding fertilising benefit is calculated both state wide and for typical farms. Finally costs of different disposal strategies are derived.

Results

Referring to sewage plants sludge disposal in Schleswig-Holstein is characterised by a local structure since less than 10% of all 841 sewage plants produce almost the entire sludge where as many small plants especially in rural areas produce only little amounts. Usually enriched with lime, dewatered sludge fulfilling legal limits is used as organic fertilizer. The number of transactions indicates the costs.

Discussion

To reduce transaction costs, disposal firms try to offer high quantities of sludge to a limited number of farmers. Due to purification technique, the fertilising effect of half the amount of total sludge is reduced. Compared to the total demand on phosphorous, sludge can only substitute up to 4% of phosphorous. Farmers can substitute up to 50% of mineral fertiliser and increase marginal income per hektare. Although changing disposal strategy to incineration would double economic costs, fee for wastewater would remain almost constant.

Conclusions

Small wastewater plants, farmers and rural contractors would be particularly affected by ceasing sludge disposal. Small wastewater plants would have to invest in dewatering equipment, rural contractors would lose an important market segment and farmers (only a small percentage of all farmers uses sludge) would lose additional income. Changing waste management from sludge disposal with many involved parties to e.g. incineration would considerably reduce transaction costs for authorities. In case of partly changing waste management strategy, whereas sludge of small plants could be recycled, the authorities would still have to plan and control the disposal process even for small quantities of sludge. Transaction costs do not decrease proportionally to the decreasing amount of sewage sludge.

Perspectives

Quality management systems initiated by disposal firms should increase the acceptance and prevent a ban of sludge recycling. Nevertheless, the waste market develops from material to energetic use of waste. Significant resources will be lost without a phosphorous recovering from sludge as well as from other organic waste.     

泰达化工区污水处理厂升级改造工程设计

由于实际进水水质高于原设计水质以及排放标准的提高,对原工艺进行改造,改造后主体工艺流程为气浮-水解酸化-生物流化床-MBR-活性炭吸附。经过3个月的稳定运行,出水基本达到1级B标准。总结了化工废水处理升级改造工程的技术特点,为满足1级B排放标准条件下化工废水处理积累了设计经验。     

基于高通量分析方法的长江干流重庆段抗生素种类特征及来源初探

采用高通量分析方法对长江干流重庆段11个流域断面、2个市政污水处理厂进水和6个养殖场废水的潜在抗生素进行筛查,并结合抗生素使用调查探讨其来源。结果表明,(1)共检出83种抗生素,其中流域内检出36种,污水处理厂和养殖场废水中检出70种;磺胺间甲氧嘧啶检出率最高,在流域水体和废水的检出率分别为91%和55%,喹诺酮类是检出抗生素的主要类型;(2)长江干流重庆段下游检出抗生素数量高于上游检出抗生素;(3)有20种抗生素可能由上游携带和重庆市内排放2种方式进入流域,7种抗生素可能由上游携带入境,9种抗生素可能由重庆市内排放引入长江。     

AB工艺减少污泥重金属的效果

在AB工艺中,利用A段活性吸附去除重金属从而降低B段污泥中重金属含量,使其达到农用标准（GB4284-84酸性土壤控制标准）。利用小型污水处理实验场,模拟研究了AB工艺A段中重金属的去除情况,对AB运行控制参数进行优化探讨,以使A段能有效去除大部分重金属,并尽可能降低有毒有害污泥产量。结果表明：溶解氧质量浓度控制在0.5mg·L-1,污泥质量浓度调节为约500mg·L-1时,Cu2＋去除率可达87.6%,Zn2＋的去除率为78.7%,Ni2＋去除率为51%。当污泥质量浓度在1000～1500mg·L-1时,A段处理后污泥沉降性能好转,对重金属离子的去除有较好的效果,且不过多截留污水中的有机物。且B段剩余污泥中的Cu2＋、Zn2＋、Ni2＋含量都基本达到酸性土壤污泥农用控制标准。因此,适当控制AB工艺相关参数条件,利用A段活性污泥去除大部分重金属,降低B段产泥中重金属含量,达到农业控制标准是可行的,污泥经处理后进行土地资源化利用可成为我国污泥处置与利用的一种有效途径。     

废水处理中pH值计算机模糊控制系统的设计

酸碱中和是化工废水处理中的一个重要环节。本ｐＨ值控制系统采用ＰＩＤ控制和模糊控制并列转换形式,当系统的偏差较小时,采用ＰＩＤ法进行流程控制;而当系统的偏差较大时,采用计算机模糊控制。介绍ｐＨ值计算机模糊控制系统设计原理与模糊控制器的实现,包括模糊化处理、模糊规则库的建立、模糊计算和反模糊化处理。在废水处理工艺流程中采用该控制方法可获得高效、稳定的控制效果。