云南省碳排放历史变化特征及影响因素分析

基于1980—2011年云南省经济发展和能源消费数据,计算了云南省碳排放量和碳排放强度,并分析了历史变化特征。采用LMDI法定量分析了能源结构、能源效率和经济发展因素对云南省人均碳排放的影响效应。结果表明,1980—2011年,云南省一次能源消费产生的碳排放总量呈指数型递增。碳排放量中平均有88.55%来自煤炭的消费,9.53%来自石油的消费,1.92%来自天然气的消费。32年来云南省人均碳排放增长的主要原因是经济发展的拉动作用,经济发展对人均碳排放的贡献率呈指数增长;抑制因素主要是能源效率的提高;能源结构的调整对人均碳排放的抑制效应不显著。     

基于城市化的浙江省湾区经济带碳排放时空分布特征及影响因素分析

基于STIRPAT扩展模型与2003-2017年浙江省湾区经济带面板数据,分析碳排放时空分布特征并应用时空地理加权回归模型（GTWR）实证考察城市化视角下碳排放的驱动机制及其时空异质性。结果表明：（1）浙江省湾区经济带各地市碳排放规模逐年增加但增幅不大,增速放缓,碳排放量差异明显,碳排放强度逐年下降,空间上呈现自西南向东北逐渐加大的趋势;（2）经济发展水平和对外开放程度是碳排放的主导因素,其他依次为能源消费结构、技术进步和城市化;（3）各影响因素呈现较强的时空异质性,不同时间、地区各驱动要素的波动方向和强度并不相同。在此基础上具体分析各地区碳排放驱动因素影响情况,为实现区域差异化碳减排策略提供指导。     

基于LMDI模型和Q型聚类的中国城镇生活碳排放因素分解分析

为研究城镇居民生活碳排放特征及影响因素,基于LMDI模型从全国和省级层面研究了我国30个省、自治区、直辖市（不含港澳台及西藏自治区）2006-2015年的城镇生活碳排放,将城镇生活碳排放分解为生活能源消费结构效应、生活能源强度效应、消费倾向效应、人均可支配收入效应和城镇人口规模效应,分析各效应逐年和累积效应贡献度以及区域差异,并基于LMDI模型的计算结果对我国30个省、自治区、直辖市进行Q型聚类分析.结果表明:①从全国层面看,人均可支配收入、城镇人口规模是刺激因素,其中,人均可支配收入的影响效应最为显著,而消费倾向、生活能源消费结构、生活能源强度抑制了生活碳排放的增长.②从省级层面看,人均可支配收入、城镇人口规模的累积效应均为正,而消费倾向、生活能源消费结构、生活能源强度对各省、自治区、直辖市生活碳排放的影响效应有正有负,显示出显著差异.因此,政府应引导城镇人口合理增长,并积极制定相应政策优化居民生活能源消费结构.在制定碳减排战略时,要将省级生活碳排放的表面特征与其潜在驱动力相结合,根据不同区域有针对性地实施碳减排政策,同时应及时作出调整,以应对不同的发展阶段.      

贵州省直接生活能源碳排放及影响因素分析

依据贵州省2000-2014年居民直接生活能源消费数据,运用碳排放系数测算贵州省居民直接生活用能碳排放量,并进行统计分析。继而采用LMDI分解法定量分析能源消费结构、能源消费强度、居民消费水平、人口规模4个因素对贵州省居民直接生活用能碳排放增量的影响,并对比分析城镇和农村影响因素的差异。结果表明:居民消费水平是拉动贵州居民生活用能碳排放增长的决定性因素;生活能源强度是抑制碳排放增长的主要因素,能源消费结构和人口规模的变动也对碳排放增长具有负向影响,但作用强度相对较小。从城乡来看,居民消费水平效应显著增加了城镇居民直接碳排放,能源消费强度效应对农村居民直接碳排放抑制作用最明显。     

山西省县域碳排放时空格局及影响因素分析

文章基于2006-2017年山西省118个县域碳排放数据,采用变异系数、空间自相关分析和时空地理加权回归模型（GTWR）对山西省县域碳排放时空格局和影响因素进行分析。结果表明：时间上,2006-2012年山西省县域碳排放量增长迅速,高碳排放区逐渐扩大;2012年之后各区县碳排放量较为稳定,且稳中有降。空间上,山西省县域碳排放呈中间高、东西低的分布格局;县域碳排放存在显著的空间不平等性和集聚性,表现为逐渐下降的特征;在局部范围内具有较高的空间依赖格局,大部分碳排放高（低）的县域相邻,且汾阳市、孝义市、介休市和大同市城区存在“高碳锁定”效应。各影响因素呈现较强的时空异质性,人口规模和产业结构是碳排放的主导因素,对山西省县域均为正向影响,且产业结构的影响逐年上升;城镇化率和经济发展水平对山西省县域碳排放影响较小,且对大部分区县具有负向影响。因此,分析山西省县域碳排放时空格局演变特征和各因素对不同县域碳排放的影响程度,可为实现区域差异化碳减排政策提供指导。     

中国减污降碳协同效应的时空特征及其影响机制分析

我国环境污染防治面临减污降碳协同推进的新挑战,为实现减污降碳协同增效的总目标,深入打好大气污染防治攻坚战,研究减污降碳协同效应的时空特征及其影响机制,对因地制宜制定经济社会发展全面绿色转型的政策具有重要现实意义. 本文以2011—2019年我国30个省(自治区、直辖市)为研究对象,分析大气污染物和碳排放的时空特征(不包括港澳台及西藏自治区的数据,下同);同时,运用耦合协调模型计算碳减排与大气污染物控制系统的耦合协调度,进一步分析减污降碳协同效应在全国、八大经济区和各省份的时空特征;并利用时空地理加权回归模型(GTWR),揭示了减污降碳协同效应影响因素的空间演化规律和作用机制. 结果表明:①2011—2019年我国碳排放量缓慢增长,污染物排放当量自2014年开始明显下降;大气污染物和碳排放主要集中在东北、北部沿海和黄河中游经济区. ②2011—2019年我国减污降碳的协同效应整体上明显提高,不同经济区和省份的减污降碳协同效应存在明显的时空差异. ③能源消费总量、能源消费强度和能源消费结构是减污降碳协同效应的主要影响因素,能源消费总量、能源消费结构、能源消费强度、产业结构和进出口贸易总额等因素对减污降碳协同效应的影响存在显著的空间异质性. 鉴于此,本文从制定差异化的减污降碳协同策略、推动能源结构优化转型、加强地区和部门间的协同治理等方面提出了减污降碳协同增效的对策建议.      

吉林省能源消费碳排放变化趋势预测与影响因素分析

探讨区域能源消费碳排放的长期变化趋势对碳减排政策的制定和减排目标的实现有重要意义。该文以吉林省为例,研究基于STIRPAT模型能源消费碳排放的影响因素,分析其历史变化特征,分别设定节能情景和节能-低碳情景预测吉林省未来的碳排放走势。研究结果表明,经济增长是影响碳排放的主要因素,碳排放强度的下降是抑制碳排放的主要因素;随着时间的推移,碳排放先后经历碳排放增长期、高峰期和回落期,整体呈倒"U"型趋势;相较节能情景,节能-低碳情景碳排放增长趋势放缓且各年份碳排放水平更低。     

碳排放现状及驱动因素分解实证分析研究——以东莞市为例

根据IPCC碳排放计算指南核算东莞市2005年-2011年期间能源消费的碳排放量,并进行现状分析和采用对数平均权重分解法（LMDI）因素分解分析.研究结果表明：碳排放总量以5.8％速度增长,而碳排放强度以5.8％速度递减;煤是碳排放主源,但所占比重逐年下降;工业碳排放量比重最大,但是增速减慢;交通业、服务业和居民生活碳排放量及所占比重逐年增加;经济规模的扩大是拉动东莞市人均碳排放的决定因素,累计效应远高于能源效率和能源结构对碳减排影响.     

基于LMDI的长江经济带交通碳排放变化分析

基于LMDI分解模型,探究了2000~2019年长江经济带交通运输业碳密度、运输结构、能源效率、能源强度、经济结构、经济水平以及人口规模等因素对交通碳排放的贡献程度及时空特性,并使用泰尔指数测算了碳排放的区域差异性.结果表明,经济规模持续扩张是长江经济带交通运输业碳排放增长的第一主导因素,对碳排放的正向驱动效应为116.33%,其次是人口规模（6.19%）;运输结构和经济结构的转变则是抑制碳排放增长的关键因素,其负向驱动率分别为-26.18%和-16.25%;而技术水平（能源效率和能源强度）的提升有助于抑制碳排放增加.此外,基于人均碳排放和碳排放强度的泰尔指数均显示长江经济交通碳排放量的区域差异性明显,其中区域内差异大于区域间差异,且基于碳排放强度的区域差异呈现出“俱乐部趋同”现象.最后,对长江经济带交通绿色发展提出了政策建议.     

中国交通运输碳排放时空演变及差异分析

核算了2003—2012年间中国30个省域的交通运输碳排放量和碳排放强度,分析了交通运输碳排放时空演变规律,分别计算了中国东、中、西部的交通运输碳排放量和碳排放强度的标准差和变异系数以定量分析其差异.结果表明:2003—2012年10年间,中国30个省域交通运输碳排放量呈逐年增长趋势,并整体呈现"西低东高"的特征,其中,湖北、广东和山东三省的总量居前3位,而内蒙古、吉林和重庆这3个省份(直辖市)的增速最快;交通运输碳排放强度整体上全国呈增长趋势,呈现出"西高东低"的非均衡变化特征;交通运输碳排放强度绝对差异增速趋缓,自2008年后三大区域的标准差和变异系数都呈现明显趋同效应.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.