云南省碳排放历史变化特征及影响因素分析

基于1980—2011年云南省经济发展和能源消费数据,计算了云南省碳排放量和碳排放强度,并分析了历史变化特征。采用LMDI法定量分析了能源结构、能源效率和经济发展因素对云南省人均碳排放的影响效应。结果表明,1980—2011年,云南省一次能源消费产生的碳排放总量呈指数型递增。碳排放量中平均有88.55%来自煤炭的消费,9.53%来自石油的消费,1.92%来自天然气的消费。32年来云南省人均碳排放增长的主要原因是经济发展的拉动作用,经济发展对人均碳排放的贡献率呈指数增长;抑制因素主要是能源效率的提高;能源结构的调整对人均碳排放的抑制效应不显著。     

基于城市化的浙江省湾区经济带碳排放时空分布特征及影响因素分析

基于STIRPAT扩展模型与2003-2017年浙江省湾区经济带面板数据,分析碳排放时空分布特征并应用时空地理加权回归模型（GTWR）实证考察城市化视角下碳排放的驱动机制及其时空异质性。结果表明：（1）浙江省湾区经济带各地市碳排放规模逐年增加但增幅不大,增速放缓,碳排放量差异明显,碳排放强度逐年下降,空间上呈现自西南向东北逐渐加大的趋势;（2）经济发展水平和对外开放程度是碳排放的主导因素,其他依次为能源消费结构、技术进步和城市化;（3）各影响因素呈现较强的时空异质性,不同时间、地区各驱动要素的波动方向和强度并不相同。在此基础上具体分析各地区碳排放驱动因素影响情况,为实现区域差异化碳减排策略提供指导。     

基于LMDI模型和Q型聚类的中国城镇生活碳排放因素分解分析

为研究城镇居民生活碳排放特征及影响因素,基于LMDI模型从全国和省级层面研究了我国30个省、自治区、直辖市（不含港澳台及西藏自治区）2006-2015年的城镇生活碳排放,将城镇生活碳排放分解为生活能源消费结构效应、生活能源强度效应、消费倾向效应、人均可支配收入效应和城镇人口规模效应,分析各效应逐年和累积效应贡献度以及区域差异,并基于LMDI模型的计算结果对我国30个省、自治区、直辖市进行Q型聚类分析.结果表明:①从全国层面看,人均可支配收入、城镇人口规模是刺激因素,其中,人均可支配收入的影响效应最为显著,而消费倾向、生活能源消费结构、生活能源强度抑制了生活碳排放的增长.②从省级层面看,人均可支配收入、城镇人口规模的累积效应均为正,而消费倾向、生活能源消费结构、生活能源强度对各省、自治区、直辖市生活碳排放的影响效应有正有负,显示出显著差异.因此,政府应引导城镇人口合理增长,并积极制定相应政策优化居民生活能源消费结构.在制定碳减排战略时,要将省级生活碳排放的表面特征与其潜在驱动力相结合,根据不同区域有针对性地实施碳减排政策,同时应及时作出调整,以应对不同的发展阶段.      

贵州省直接生活能源碳排放及影响因素分析

依据贵州省2000-2014年居民直接生活能源消费数据,运用碳排放系数测算贵州省居民直接生活用能碳排放量,并进行统计分析。继而采用LMDI分解法定量分析能源消费结构、能源消费强度、居民消费水平、人口规模4个因素对贵州省居民直接生活用能碳排放增量的影响,并对比分析城镇和农村影响因素的差异。结果表明:居民消费水平是拉动贵州居民生活用能碳排放增长的决定性因素;生活能源强度是抑制碳排放增长的主要因素,能源消费结构和人口规模的变动也对碳排放增长具有负向影响,但作用强度相对较小。从城乡来看,居民消费水平效应显著增加了城镇居民直接碳排放,能源消费强度效应对农村居民直接碳排放抑制作用最明显。     

山西省县域碳排放时空格局及影响因素分析

文章基于2006-2017年山西省118个县域碳排放数据,采用变异系数、空间自相关分析和时空地理加权回归模型（GTWR）对山西省县域碳排放时空格局和影响因素进行分析。结果表明：时间上,2006-2012年山西省县域碳排放量增长迅速,高碳排放区逐渐扩大;2012年之后各区县碳排放量较为稳定,且稳中有降。空间上,山西省县域碳排放呈中间高、东西低的分布格局;县域碳排放存在显著的空间不平等性和集聚性,表现为逐渐下降的特征;在局部范围内具有较高的空间依赖格局,大部分碳排放高（低）的县域相邻,且汾阳市、孝义市、介休市和大同市城区存在“高碳锁定”效应。各影响因素呈现较强的时空异质性,人口规模和产业结构是碳排放的主导因素,对山西省县域均为正向影响,且产业结构的影响逐年上升;城镇化率和经济发展水平对山西省县域碳排放影响较小,且对大部分区县具有负向影响。因此,分析山西省县域碳排放时空格局演变特征和各因素对不同县域碳排放的影响程度,可为实现区域差异化碳减排政策提供指导。     

中国减污降碳协同效应的时空特征及其影响机制分析

我国环境污染防治面临减污降碳协同推进的新挑战,为实现减污降碳协同增效的总目标,深入打好大气污染防治攻坚战,研究减污降碳协同效应的时空特征及其影响机制,对因地制宜制定经济社会发展全面绿色转型的政策具有重要现实意义. 本文以2011—2019年我国30个省(自治区、直辖市)为研究对象,分析大气污染物和碳排放的时空特征(不包括港澳台及西藏自治区的数据,下同);同时,运用耦合协调模型计算碳减排与大气污染物控制系统的耦合协调度,进一步分析减污降碳协同效应在全国、八大经济区和各省份的时空特征;并利用时空地理加权回归模型(GTWR),揭示了减污降碳协同效应影响因素的空间演化规律和作用机制. 结果表明:①2011—2019年我国碳排放量缓慢增长,污染物排放当量自2014年开始明显下降;大气污染物和碳排放主要集中在东北、北部沿海和黄河中游经济区. ②2011—2019年我国减污降碳的协同效应整体上明显提高,不同经济区和省份的减污降碳协同效应存在明显的时空差异. ③能源消费总量、能源消费强度和能源消费结构是减污降碳协同效应的主要影响因素,能源消费总量、能源消费结构、能源消费强度、产业结构和进出口贸易总额等因素对减污降碳协同效应的影响存在显著的空间异质性. 鉴于此,本文从制定差异化的减污降碳协同策略、推动能源结构优化转型、加强地区和部门间的协同治理等方面提出了减污降碳协同增效的对策建议.      

吉林省能源消费碳排放变化趋势预测与影响因素分析

探讨区域能源消费碳排放的长期变化趋势对碳减排政策的制定和减排目标的实现有重要意义。该文以吉林省为例,研究基于STIRPAT模型能源消费碳排放的影响因素,分析其历史变化特征,分别设定节能情景和节能-低碳情景预测吉林省未来的碳排放走势。研究结果表明,经济增长是影响碳排放的主要因素,碳排放强度的下降是抑制碳排放的主要因素;随着时间的推移,碳排放先后经历碳排放增长期、高峰期和回落期,整体呈倒"U"型趋势;相较节能情景,节能-低碳情景碳排放增长趋势放缓且各年份碳排放水平更低。     

碳排放现状及驱动因素分解实证分析研究——以东莞市为例

根据IPCC碳排放计算指南核算东莞市2005年-2011年期间能源消费的碳排放量,并进行现状分析和采用对数平均权重分解法（LMDI）因素分解分析.研究结果表明：碳排放总量以5.8％速度增长,而碳排放强度以5.8％速度递减;煤是碳排放主源,但所占比重逐年下降;工业碳排放量比重最大,但是增速减慢;交通业、服务业和居民生活碳排放量及所占比重逐年增加;经济规模的扩大是拉动东莞市人均碳排放的决定因素,累计效应远高于能源效率和能源结构对碳减排影响.     

基于LMDI的长江经济带交通碳排放变化分析

基于LMDI分解模型,探究了2000~2019年长江经济带交通运输业碳密度、运输结构、能源效率、能源强度、经济结构、经济水平以及人口规模等因素对交通碳排放的贡献程度及时空特性,并使用泰尔指数测算了碳排放的区域差异性.结果表明,经济规模持续扩张是长江经济带交通运输业碳排放增长的第一主导因素,对碳排放的正向驱动效应为116.33%,其次是人口规模（6.19%）;运输结构和经济结构的转变则是抑制碳排放增长的关键因素,其负向驱动率分别为-26.18%和-16.25%;而技术水平（能源效率和能源强度）的提升有助于抑制碳排放增加.此外,基于人均碳排放和碳排放强度的泰尔指数均显示长江经济交通碳排放量的区域差异性明显,其中区域内差异大于区域间差异,且基于碳排放强度的区域差异呈现出“俱乐部趋同”现象.最后,对长江经济带交通绿色发展提出了政策建议.     

中国交通运输碳排放时空演变及差异分析

核算了2003—2012年间中国30个省域的交通运输碳排放量和碳排放强度,分析了交通运输碳排放时空演变规律,分别计算了中国东、中、西部的交通运输碳排放量和碳排放强度的标准差和变异系数以定量分析其差异.结果表明:2003—2012年10年间,中国30个省域交通运输碳排放量呈逐年增长趋势,并整体呈现"西低东高"的特征,其中,湖北、广东和山东三省的总量居前3位,而内蒙古、吉林和重庆这3个省份(直辖市)的增速最快;交通运输碳排放强度整体上全国呈增长趋势,呈现出"西高东低"的非均衡变化特征;交通运输碳排放强度绝对差异增速趋缓,自2008年后三大区域的标准差和变异系数都呈现明显趋同效应.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.