羟基磷灰石的制备及其对水中氟离子的吸附

本研究利用红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线粉末衍射(XRD)观察了共沉淀法合成羟基磷灰石(HAP)的形貌及其晶型结构,并探讨了Ca/P摩尔比、反应时间及反应温度等因素对羟基磷灰石吸附水中氟离子性能的影响。结果表明,n(Ca/P)=1.5/1、反应时间1 h、反应温度40℃、陈化时间48 h、煅烧温度200℃、煅烧时间2 h时,HAP除氟效果最佳,吸附效率和吸附容量分别达到68.8%和6.88 mg/g。实验数据Langmuir等温模式拟合效果优于Freundlich模式,热力学参数计算可知,HAP对氟离子的吸附是自发(ΔG00),吸热(ΔH00),熵增(ΔS00)的过程。HAP对氟离子的吸附符合拟二级反应动力学过程。     

介电泳增强吸附法去除饮用水中的氟离子

高氟水的危害引起了人们的广泛关注。为减少饮用水中含量过高的氟离子(F~-),基于介电泳技术建立了一种新的去除水体中F~-的方法,组装了介电泳装置,将介电泳技术和吸附法结合,增强了对F~-的去除效果。探讨了吸附剂种类、投加量和外加电压对于F~-去除效果的影响,并用SEM对电极进行表征。结果表明,羟基磷灰石对F~-具有最佳的吸附性能,其饱和吸附量为5.88 mg·g~(-1),Langmuir吸附等温方程能够很好地描述羟基磷灰石对F~-的吸附热力学行为,说明吸附满足单分子层吸附模型。在优化的实验条件下(羟基磷灰石投加量6 g·L~(-1),外加电压15 V),F~-去除率由单纯吸附法的67.02%提高到90.39%,达到了WHO饮用水水质标准,且无二次污染。SEM的表征结果表明,经过介电泳后,羟基磷灰石在电极上相互连接形成细长的线状结构。研究为减少高氟水中的氟离子提供了一种快速、高效的新方法。     

羟基磷灰石除氟滤料的吸附平衡及动力学

羟基磷灰石(HAP)是一种高容量、环保型饮用水除氟材料。以氢氧化钙和磷酸为原料采用沉淀法合成了羟基磷灰石,并用红外光谱和XRD图谱进行了表征。研究了接触时间、pH值和温度等因素对羟基磷灰石吸附氟性能的影响。通过对吸附过程中的热力学动力学参数的计算来判断吸附的实质过程。研究结果表明,60 min以内吸附速率较快,在约70 min时吸附过程趋于平衡;酸性环境中的吸附效果要比在碱性环境中要好;升高温度有利于吸附的进行。吸附过程更符合Langmuir吸附模型,说明化学吸附占主导地位;吸附过程是一个自发的吸热过程,其中ΔGo<0,ΔHo为13.10 kJ/mol,Ea为15.24 kJ/mol,ΔSo为31.42 J/(mol.K);吸附过程符合拟二级动力学模型。     

方解石基羟基磷灰石的制备及其对水中氟化物的去除效能研究

采用方解石基羟基磷灰石材料去除水溶液中的氟化物。研究吸附剂用量、反应时间、F-初始浓度、共存阴离子分别对吸附量的影响,以及吸附过程中材料渗透率的变化。结果表明:反应在100min达到平衡,饱和吸附量为10.98mg/g;吸附量随着吸附剂用量、F-初始浓度的提高以及反应时间的延长而增大,当反应达到平衡时不再发生变化;除HCO-3外,其他共存阴离子(NO-3、SO2-4和Cl-)对吸附量影响不大;材料渗透率随反应时间的延长而下降,但大大高于传统羟基磷灰石材料的渗透率;方解石基羟基磷灰石材料对水溶液中氟化物的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附方程以及Psuedo-二级动力学吸附模型,符合单层吸附反应。同时,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)对方解石基羟基磷灰石材料及其反应产物进行表征,探讨方解石基羟基磷灰石材料的除氟机制。     

颗粒羟基氧化锆的除氟性能

以羟基氧化锆粉末为原料,制备颗粒羟基氧化锆,评价了颗粒羟基氧化锆对溶液中F-的吸附性能。结果表明:颗粒羟基氧化锆除氟过程符合Freundlich吸附等温线模型和拟二级动力学模型,F-的吸附过程包括液膜扩散和颗粒内的孔扩散;pH在3～4时,颗粒羟基氧化锆的氟吸附量达到最大值27.72 mg/g,其他范围内pH的升高或降低都会导致氟吸附量的降低;Cl-对颗粒羟基氧化锆除氟过程无明显影响,而SO24-和PO34-对颗粒羟基氧化锆除氟过程影响较大,且浓度越高影响越大;扫描电镜和X射线能谱测试结果显示颗粒内随着颗粒深度的增加,F-含量逐渐降低,F-在颗粒内部的传质过程受到阻碍,SO24-和PO34-对颗粒羟基氧化锆除氟的干扰作用主要发生在颗粒表面。     

羟基金属柱撑膨润土吸附氟的性能研究

将膨润土进行改性制得4种羟基金属柱撑膨润土,用XRD考察了层间结构,并将它们应用于含氟废水的吸附处理中,研究了各种吸附剂的吸附速率、介质的pH、吸附剂用量、饱和吸附曲线和吸附剂的重复使用性.结果表明,改性得到的羟基金属柱撑膨润土的层间距都明显变大,在实验条件下对氟离子的吸附性能为羟基铁铝复合柱撑膨润土>羟基铁柱撑膨润土>羟基铝柱撑膨润土.该类吸附剂对氟离子还具有较好的重复使用性.     

活化赤泥的除氟性能

以成本低的铝工业废矿渣（赤泥）为原材料,通过高温煅烧和酸化处理对赤泥进行活化,制备了除氟吸附剂。研究了反应时间、投加量、初始氟浓度、溶液温度、共存阴离子和pH值对活化赤泥除氟效果的影响。结果表明,接触反应时间为18 h时,吸附接近平衡。活化赤泥对氟离子的吸附符合Lagergren二级吸附动力学方程。另外,初始浓度越高,吸附容量越大。与Freundlich相比,Langmuir吸附等温模型可以更好地描述氟离子的吸附特性,最大吸附量可达2.71 mg/g。SO24-、Cl-和NO3-存在时（〈1 000 mg/L）,对氟离子的吸附几乎没有影响,然而,HCO3-、PO34-和氟离子共存时,会对氟吸附造成不利影响。活化赤泥在pH值3.5～11.0时,具有较好的吸附稳定性。活化赤泥是一种吸附容量高、性能稳定的环境友好型除氟材料,具有应用潜力。     

镧改性钢渣对水中氟离子的吸附性能

为有效去除铁路隧道开挖过程中涌出的地下水中的氟离子,避免对当地环境和居民身体健康造成危害,利用镧改性钢渣得到一种除氟材料,通过扫描电镜、比表面积测定、能量散射光谱、X射线衍射及傅里叶红外光谱等方法对材料进行表征。此外,结合吸附热力学和吸附动力学模型拟合,探究了改性钢渣对水中氟离子的吸附机理。结果表明：改性钢渣的比表面积由未改性的0.549 9 m²·g^-1增大到23.367 5 m²·g^-1,小粒径的钢渣比例增大且表面粗糙程度增强。能谱分析表明通过改性,可成功的将镧负载于钢渣表面。吸附拟合模型表明,钢渣对氟离子的吸附遵循Langmuir模型,说明钢渣对氟离子的吸附更接近于单层吸附,且主要为化学吸附。热力学参数表明,吸附吉布斯自由能(?G⁰)>0,焓变(?H⁰)和熵变(?S⁰)<0,表明该反应是放热过程,改性钢渣的除氟过程符合伪二级动力学过程。改性钢渣有望成为一种具有应用前景的除氟材料。     

赤泥除氟剂的物相组成及其除氟性能

赤泥是一种多孔物质,其比表面积大,具有较好的吸附性能。以赤泥为原料,加入一定量的Na_2SiO_3、Ca O及碳粉等添加剂,制备成约3 mm的球形颗粒。采用差热分析与X-射线粉末衍射技术相结合对赤泥原料及赤泥除氟剂高温焙烧过程的物相变化进行研究,同时研究了吸附时间、焙烧温度、焙烧时间对赤泥除氟剂除氟性能的影响。结果表明:在高温焙烧过程中,赤泥除氟剂原料的物相变化主要发生在800℃以下的温度。赤泥除氟剂的最佳焙烧温度为700℃,最佳焙烧时间为2 h,溶液中氟离子的浓度可从19下降到0.13 mg·L~(-1),吸附容量0.94 mg·g-1,除氟率达99%。     

钛(Ⅳ)和铝(Ⅲ)改性沸石去除水溶液中过量氟离子

制备了负载铝沸石(Al-Z)和负载钛沸石(Ti-Z)复合材料并测试了2种吸附材料对氟离子的吸附性能。未改性的人造沸石对氟离子几乎没有吸附作用,室温下2 g·L~(-1)的Al-Z和4 g·L~(-1)的Ti-Z的最大吸附量分别为32.94 mg·g~(-1)和15.03 mg·g~(-1)。在偏酸性和中性条件下有利于Al-Z对氟离子的吸附;Ti-Z对氟离子的吸附效果在酸性条件下较好;Zeta电位结果表明Al-Z对氟离子的吸附较Ti-Z有更广泛的pH适应能力;Al-Z和Ti-Z受CO2-3和PO3-4共存离子的影响对氟离子的去除率下降,且Ti-Z受影响程度更大,这是因为CO2-3和PO3-4的存在会改变溶液的pH值,使溶液呈碱性,从而影响吸附剂对氟离子的吸附效果;准二级动力学模型和Freundlich等温线方程符合描述这两种改性沸石对氟离子的吸附行为。与Ti-Z相比,Al-Z在吸附剂用量、氟离子吸附量、对pH与共存阴离子的适应性方面表现更好,是一种非常具有应用前景的氟离子吸附剂。     

一种新型复合除砷材料的制备及其性能

将锆的水合氧化物固载于大孔螯合树脂D401上制备出一种新型除砷材料,并研究了不同实验条件下复合吸附剂D401-Zr对水溶液中As(V)的吸附性能。研究结果表明,在pH<5.2时D401-Zr对As(V)都具有较强的吸附性能;其吸附等温线与Langmuir吸附模型具有较高的吻合度;吸附动力学研究表明,D401-Zr对砷的吸附均遵循二级动力学方程;竞争吸附实验表明,与SO24-、Cl-共存时,D401-Zr对砷的去除率大于90%,而与PO34-、F-竞争离子共存时,其去除率明显下降。     

多孔铁-碳-稀土合金填料对高盐废水中氯离子的去除

高盐废水是目前水处理领域的难点,主要研究了不同因素下多孔铁碳合金填料对氯离子的去除效果,及Cl-的去除机理。在进水pH为2,停留时间为60 min,Cl-浓度20 000 mg/L条件下进行实验,通过静态实验和连续实验确定Cl-主要去除途径为微电解过程引起的填料吸附。这种合金填料对实际高氯废水也有较好的处理效果,针对变性淀粉废水,在最优条件下填料对废水中氯离子有较强的吸附去除能力,同时COD去除率能达到57%,废水的可生化性得以大幅度提高。     

Rapid and efficient removal of Ni2+ from aqueous solution by the one-pot synthesized EDTA-modified magnetic nanoparticles

A facile one-pot process has been proposed to prepare the novel ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-modified magnetite nanoparticles (EDTA-MNPs). The bared Fe₃O₄ magnetite nanoparticles and EDTA-MNPs were characterized using FTIR spectroscopy, TEM, VSM, and X-ray diffraction. The application of the modified magnetite nanoparticles for metal ion uptake was studied using Ni²⁺ as a model. The adsorption was fast and the equilibrium was established within 5 min, and the adsorption kinetics of Ni²⁺ onto EDTA-MNPs followed the pseudo second-order chemisorption mechanism. Maximum adsorption capacity for Ni²⁺ reached as high as 41.3 mg/g at pH 6. The successive adsorption–desorption studies indicated that the EDTA-MNPs kept the adsorption and desorption efficiencies constant over ten cycles. Importantly, EDTA-MNPs were able to remove nearly 100 % of Ni²⁺ from real water.     

5种铁氧化物去除As(V)性能的比较研究

为了从铁氧化物中筛选得到潜在经济有效的除砷材料,对5种铁氧化物去除As(V)的性能进行了比较研究。吸附实验结果表明,其吸附容量依次为施氏矿物四方纤铁矿水铁矿赤铁矿针铁矿,其吸附过程均符合准二级动力学,约24 h时吸附达到平衡。其中,pH=5时,施氏矿物的吸附容量达到83 mg/g。分别投加500 mg/L和300 mg/L的施氏矿物,可将含砷1.484 mg/L和0.850 mg/L、高TOC含量和高pH特征的模拟配水砷浓度降至0.01 mg/L以下。鉴于施氏矿物良好的吸附除砷性能,进一步通过SEM、FTIR和电位滴定对其表面特性进行了深入研究,结果显示,本研究中制备的施氏矿物存在结构性或表面吸附的SO42-,其(质子)表面位密度约为4.32个/nm2,表面质子化常数pK1为4.60,pK2为-8.98。     

核桃壳粉对水溶液中Pb2＋的吸附

实验通过间歇吸附方式研究了核桃壳粉对水溶液中Pb^2＋的吸附特性,探讨了核桃壳粉粒径及用量、溶液pH、Pb^2＋初始浓度等参数对吸附的影响,并讨论了吸附过程的热力学和动力学特征。结果表明,核桃壳粉对Pb^2＋吸附的最佳pH为5．0,去除率随吸附剂粒径的减小、用量的增加、Pb^2＋初始浓度的减小而增加。优化实验条件下,0～0．3mm15g／L的吸附剂在298K时,对pH=5的50mL50mg／LPb^2＋溶液的去除率达96．98％。核桃壳粉对Pb^2＋的吸附等温线符合Sips模型,在283、293和303K的最大吸附量分别为18．25、18．27和20．94mg／g。吸附过程是放热的、混乱度减小的自发过程,且符合准二级动力学模型。吸附速率常数随温度升高而减小,在293和303K时分别在90和120min基本达到平衡。结合FTIR和SEM手段发现核桃壳对Pb^2＋的吸附以物理吸附为主,同时包括离子交换、螯合等化学吸附以及颗粒内扩散步骤,是一个复杂的过程。     

煅烧的水滑石同时去除水体中砷和氟

为探讨水滑石类材料对水体中氟、砷离子的同时去除效果,采用共沉淀法合成(Mg∶Al=2∶1)纳米类水滑石(LDHs),用傅立叶转换红外光谱、电子扫描透射电镜、X射线晶体衍射等手段对合成的材料进行了表征,并研究纳米材料在不同初始浓度、pH、吸附时间、阴离子干扰条件下其同时除砷氟性能。结果表明,煅烧后的水滑石(LDOs)对砷最大吸附量为51.02 mg/g,对氟最大吸附量为36.63 mg/g。吸附动力学实验表明,煅烧水滑石对砷的吸附在前6 h内基本完成,对氟的吸附在前10 h内基本完成。砷氟共存溶液保持pH=4~10及pH=6~8时,水滑石分别对砷、氟保持良好的吸附效率。对比不同阴离子对水滑石共除砷氟效率的影响,水滑石除砷速率受到阴离子影响力大小为:HPO2-4CO2-3NO-3Cl-SO2-4;水滑石除氟速率受到阴离子影响力大小为:CO2-3HPO2-4SO2-4Cl-NO-3。材料再生循环利用4次后,对砷和氟的吸附效率均能达到90%以上。实验结果表明,所合成的水滑石是一种优秀的能共除砷氟的吸附剂。     

Use of carbonised beet pulp carbon for removal of Remazol Turquoise Blue-G 133 from aqueous solution

Carbonised beet pulp (BPC) produced from agricultural solid waste by-product in sugar industry was used as adsorbent for the removal of Remazol Turquoise Blue-G 133 (RTB-G 133) dye in this study. The kinetics and equilibrium of sorption process were investigated with respect to pH, temperature and initial dye concentration. Adsorption studies with real textile wastewater were also performed. The results showed that adsorption was a strongly pH-dependent process, and optimum pH was determined as 1.0. The maximum dye adsorption capacity was obtained as 47.0 mg g^?1at the temperature of 25 °C at this pH value. The Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption models were used for describing the adsorption equilibrium data of the dye, and isotherm constants were evaluated depending on sorption temperature. Equilibrium data of RTB-G 133 sorption fitted very well to the Freundlich isotherm. Mass transfer and kinetic models were applied to the experimental data to examine the mechanisms of adsorption and potential rate-controlling steps. It was found that both external mass transfer and intra-particle diffusion played an important role in the adsorption mechanisms of dye and adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo second-order type kinetic model. The thermodynamic analysis indicated that the sorption process was exothermic and spontaneous in nature.     

Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater by a novel HEA/AMPS copolymer hydrogel: preparation, characterization, and mechanism

This study aims to synthesize 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic (AMPS) acid-based hydrogels by gamma radiation and to investigate their swelling behavior and heavy metal ion adsorption capabilities. The copolymer hydrogels prepared were characterized via scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transformed infrared spectra, thermal gravimetric analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The research showed that the copolymer hydrogel was beneficial for permeation due to its porous structure. In addition, the experimental group A-2-d [70 % water volume ratio and (n (AMPS)/n (HEA))?=?1:1] was an optimal adsorbent. The optimal pH was 6.0 and the optimal temperature was 15 °C. Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Fe³+ achieved adsorption equilibriums within 24 h, whereas Cr³⁺ reached equilibrium in 5 h. Pb²+, Cd²⁺, Cr³⁺, and Fe³⁺ maximum load capacity was 1,000 mg L^?1, whereas the Cu²⁺ maximum capacity was 500 mg L^?1. The priority order in the multicomponent adsorption was Cr³⁺>Fe³⁺>Cu²⁺>Cd²⁺>Pb²⁺. The adsorption process of the HEA/AMPS copolymer hydrogel for the heavy metal ions was mainly due to chemisorption, and was only partly due to physisorption, according to the pseudo-second-order equation and Langmuir adsorption isotherm analyses. The HEA/AMPS copolymer hydrogel was confirmed to be an effective adsorbent for heavy metal ion adsorption.     

Adsorption of ammonium on biochar prepared from giant reed

Giant reed was used as precursor for making biochar in order for the adsorption of NH₄ ⁺–N from aqueous solution. And the adsorption of the product to NH₄ ⁺–N was examined. The surface features of biochar were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). XRD patterns showed several peaks and correspond to the high amount of crystalline material. The crystals contain KCl, K₂O, CaO, MgO, and SiO and possess high surface area which enhances adsorption. The influence of different parameters such as initial concentration, adsorption time, pH, and ionic strength has been carried out. The adsorption could reach equilibrium through 24 h reaction and had the best adsorption amount at the solution pH values from 7 to 9. The cation has great influence on the adsorption of NH₄ ⁺–N, whereas the anion exerted a weaker effect. The adsorption followed pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. And the intraparticle diffusion and desorption studies further elucidated that the mechanism of adsorption on the product was ion exchange. The product equilibrium data was well described by the Langmuir and Freundlich model. The maximum adsorption capacities were 1.490 mg/g. Biochar derived from giant reed at 500 °C was suggested as a promising adsorbent for the removal of NH₄ ⁺–N from slightly polluted wastewater.