《四川鱼类志》近期出版发行

《四川鱼类志》是多年来对四川鱼类资源调查研究的总结,也是对四川鱼类研究的一部专著。全书约100万字,包括241种和亚种,其中有3个新种和1个新亚种,分别隶属于9目20科107属。在这些种类中,有长江上游珍稀和特有鱼类约100种,模式产地在四川的鱼类有90多种,分布于四川的长江上游特有鱼类约80种,其中有许多种类具有重要的科学研究价值,还有许多种类是重要的经济鱼类,具有开发和养殖前景。该书对分布于四川地区的各种鱼类的研究历史、生态、资源、渔业状况、经济意义、科学研究价值和养殖等进行了较详细的叙述。同时分析了四川的渔业自然地理环境、铒料基础、分类研究历史、鱼类区系和动物地理学等,评价了鱼类资源现状,提出了资源保护和合理开发利用的对策。为了便于读者参考,各分类阶元均编列     

雅砻江两河口水电站人工鱼类产卵场工程设计

两河口水电站工程建设改变了工程河段的自然生态环境,导致原有鱼类产卵场被部分淹没。修建人工鱼类产卵场是水生生态生境修复的重要措施之一。两河口人工鱼类产卵场位于库尾和平乡河段,总面积1.6hm2。根据流场数值模拟,生境适宜度分析成果,产卵场分成AB两个大区,其中A区为裂腹鱼类产卵场,B区为鮡科鱼类、鳅科鱼类产卵场。A区裂腹鱼类产卵场分为Ⅰ区,Ⅱ区,产卵对象分别为短须裂腹鱼、长丝裂腹鱼等裂腹鱼类以及厚唇裸重唇鱼与软刺裸裂尻鱼;B区鮡科鱼类、鳅科鱼类产卵场分为Ⅲ区与Ⅳ区,产卵对象分别为鮡科鱼类及鳅科鱼类。     

鳡鱼河的鱼类资源及渔业利用

根据1990～1991年调查,鳡鱼河现有鱼类39种和亚种,分别隶属于3目8科32属。其中新记录7种,在鱼类区系成份中鲤科占绝对优势,鳅科占第2位,其地理分布表现出四川东、西部鱼类过渡性特点,鳡鱼河鱼类资源破坏严重,亟待加强保护。     

广西河池地区鱼类动物地理学特征

据调查鉴定,流经广西河池地区的红水河、龙江和四堡河的鱼类资源有156种,分隶7目19科97属。其中有91种为本区第一次记录,有土著鱼类153种,并发现金线鲃属鱼类有4个新种。     

沱江鱼类资源及渔业问题

沱江水系的鱼类过去曾有过许多报道。四川省长江水产资源调查组(1975)对下游鱼类资源进行过调查,其余绝大部份均系分类方面的研究,而对资源和渔业利用研究甚少。作者于1980～1984年对该水系的鱼类资源进行了较系统的调查,本文仅扼要报道沱江鱼类资源和渔业利用概况。     

大通河石头峡水电站建设与鱼类保护

文章依据门源县石头峡水电站工程环境影响评价成果,论述分析了石头峡水电站建设可能对鱼类产生的影响,针对不利影响重点提出了减缓阻隔效应、栖息地保护、鱼类增殖、鱼政管理及鱼类监测等相应措施。     

海洋药用鱼类资源的开发与利用

介绍了100多种海洋药用鱼类资源的名称、在我国的分布、药用部位、主治疾病等,同时讨论了它们的特点和利用途径,为合理利用海洋药用鱼类资源提供了重要的依据。     

四川主要江河鱼类饵料生物资源及其合理利用的途径

四川江河中有200多种鱼类,它们赖以为生的饵料生物,长期以来尚无人进行过系统的调查研究。除在研究鱼类区系和生物学时,对饵料生物有简略的叙述外,在水生生物研究中论述较少,缺乏较全面系统的资料。这不仅影响了鱼类学、鱼类生态学、鱼     

《四川鱼类志》即将出版

《四川鱼类志》是一部有关四川鱼类研究的专著,全书约80万字,共记述了分布于四川省的鱼类241种和亚种,包括3新种和1新亚种。其中有许多种类具有重要的经济价值,有的种类为珍贵稀有种或名贵经济鱼类,有许多是长江上游或四川的持有物仲。书中对每种鱼的研究历史、形态特征、地理分布、主要生物学特性、生态、资源状况、渔业溉况和经济价值等有较详细的叙述,并对一些种类进行了分类讨论。各种鱼均     

云南的珍稀濒危鱼类及其保护

云南山高谷深,地貌复杂,江河纵横,湖泊众多,鱼类资源非常丰富,达400多种,约占全国淡水鱼类的50%,分隶10目、27科、138属,其中国内仅见于云南的有4个特有科,40个特有属,240个特有种。目前,由于鱼类的生活环境受到严重的干扰和破坏,有部分种类濒临灭绝。为保护鱼类资源和生态系统的平衡,根据国家制定的濒危物种等级标准,云南省把37种濒危鱼类列为保护对象(附表)。     

乌苏-奎屯-独山子地区生态系统服务功能变化研究

在3S技术的支持下,以1990年和2005年的TM图像解译数据为基础,采用谢高地的评价方法分析了乌苏-奎屯-独山子地区景观类型与生态系统服务功能的变化特征,为研究该地区水土开发与生态环境演变提供了依据。结果表明,1990-2005年,乌苏-奎屯-独山子地区农田、灌木林地、城镇及工业用地、盐碱地、水域和未利用地面积增加,其他乔木林地、草地、冰川和沼泽面积均减少;区域生态系统服务功能从1990年的9 182.84×106元减少到2005年的8 627.96×106元,减少量为554.87×106元,减少率为6.04%。保护区域生态环境,恢复和提高区域生态系统服务功能是该区域生态环境建设的重要任务。     

川西北两栖爬行动物资源及其利用与保护

川西北地区位于青藏高原东南部,现有两栖爬行动物67种(亚种),其中两栖类28种,爬行类39种;珍稀、濒危种约占22.4%,经济意义大、有利用价值的种占29.8%,经济意义一般的种占47.8%。这些动物在科研、工艺、药用、维护生态平衡等方面均有一定意义。本文对这些动物的利用现状作了评价,并对资源保护提出5点建议。     

Alien plant invasions--incorporating emerging invaders in regional prioritization: a pragmatic approach for Southern Africa

Plant invasions are a serious threat to natural and semi-natural ecosystems worldwide. Most management-orientated research on invasions focuses on invaders that are already widespread and often have major impacts. This paper deals with "emerging" invaders-those alien species with the potential to become important problems without timely intervention. A climate matching procedure was developed to define areas of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland that could be invaded by 28 plant species that had previously been classified as emerging invaders. Information on the location of populations of these species in the study area was combined with information on their distributions (as native or alien) in parts of Australia and the United States of America. These two countries had the best available distribution data for this study. They also share many invasive alien plant species with South Africa. Climatic data obtained for weather stations near points of known occurrence in these countries were used to define the climatically suitable areas for each species in the study area. Almost 80% of the remaining natural environment in southern Africa was found to be vulnerable to invasion by at least one of these species, 50% by six or more and 24% by 16 or more species. The most vulnerable areas are the highveld grasslands and the eastern escarpment. The emerging invaders with the greatest potential range included Acacia podalyriifolia and Cortaderia selloana. The globally important invaders Ulex europaeus and Lythrum salicaria had a more limited invasion potential but could still become major invaders. There was no relationship between the extent of the climatically suitable areas for the different species and an expert ranking of their invasion potential, emphasising the uncertainties inherent in making expert assessments based on very little information. The methods used in this analysis establish a protocol for future modelling exercises to assess the invasion potential of other emerging invaders.     

Wood carbon content of tree species in Eastern China: interspecific variability and the importance of the volatile fraction

Data on the mass density and carbon content of tree organs, and in particular stem wood, are essential for accurate assessments of forest carbon sequestration. However most available data, including that for East Asia, has neglected the volatile C fraction. Wood samples were collected and assayed for C content from 14 native tree species in Jilin Province, NE China. C content showed statistically significant variation among species, ranging from 48.4% to 51.0%. The volatile C fraction was non-negligible, averaging 2.2%, and showed high variation among species. As found in prior studies, wood C content was appreciably higher in conifer than hardwood (angiosperm) species (50.8+/-0.1% vs. 49.5+/-0.2%, respectively). Wood carbon density (gC/cm(3)) showed very high inter-specific variation, due mainly to differences in wood specific gravity. Our analyses, in conjunction with recently published data from North America, indicate a global mean value of 47.5+/-0.5% wood C content exclusive of volatile C; the widely used 50% figure corresponds more closely to total wood C inclusive of the volatile fraction. Failure to include volatile C or to use species- or higher-taxon-specific C content values in forest C assessments is likely to introduce biases on the order approximately 4-6%. In addition, the stocks and flows of the volatile C fraction in wood are in themselves an important and sorely neglected aspect of forest C processes likely to be strongly impacted by harvests and other management practices.     

The impact of human frequentation on coastal vegetation in a biosphere reserve

We aimed to assess the impacts of recreational trampling on rare species, plant communities and landscape structure in the Iroise Biosphere Reserve (western France). Focusing on coastal grasslands, we first identified indicators discriminating human-induced short grasslands (i.e. maintained short by intensive trampling) from natural short grasslands (i.e. maintained by environmental constraints): the presence of lichens and succulent or woody species, which are known to be highly sensitive to trampling, as well as a shallow soil were good indicators of natural short grasslands. Recreational activities affected the majority of plots containing rare species, but one third of rare species (according to their habitat preference) appeared currently not threatened by recreational activities. The other rare species were found in grasslands with low trampling intensity and were not found in grasslands with greater trampling intensity. One lichen species (Teloshistes flavicans) was not affected by trampling intensity, while two plants species (Scilla verna and Ophioglossum lusitanicum) showed higher abundances when trampling was low to medium. When it occurs in natural short grasslands, tourist trampling reduced drastically plant species richness. However, when considering maritime high grasslands, we observed that species richness was higher under low trampling vs. no trampling, but decreased at higher trampling intensity. At a landscape scale, the mean annual rate of path creation was about 1.6% and tourist trampling has already completely destroyed 3.5ha of natural coastal vegetation. Trampling of maritime-high grassland has also created 31ha of short grasslands, which represent 50.8% of the whole short grassland habitat of the island. Moreover trampling affected respectively, 41% and 15% of natural short grasslands and maritime-high grasslands. One of the main suggestions for managers to minimise trampling impacts should be to protect areas of rocky soil covered by short grassland that are still non-trampled and not impacted. Fortunately, this appears compatible with a relatively free access of visitors to coastal areas, as tourists can be redirected towards maritime-high grasslands, an habitat which is less impacted by tourism in terms of affected surface, soil cover, loss of species, or presence of rare species host.     

Habitat classification: A comparison using avian species and guilds

Results of breeding bird censuses in 1979 and 1980 were used to compare the relationships of both species and guilds to forest habitats in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. Several age classes of 11 forest cover types were studied: northern hard-woods (Fagus-Betula-Acer), spruce (Picea), spruce-fir (Picea-Abies), birth (Betula), swamp hardwoods (Acer-Pinus-Tsuga), pine (Pinus strobus andP. resinosa), balsam fir (Abies), aspen (Populus tremuloides andP. grandidentata), northern red oak (Quercus), oak-pine (Quercus-Pinus), and hemlock (Tsuga). All types were even-aged; only northern hardwoods had an additional uneven-aged condition. Forest cover types were also pooled to consider generalized habitats: hardwoods, mixed forest, or softwoods. Results of ordinations based on censuses of 74 bird species indicate that foraging guilds are more related to general cover types than are nesting substrate guilds, but bird species reflect habitat differences to a greater degree than do either guild scheme. Also, considerable overlap occurs in bird species distribution between hardwoods and mixed forests; softwoods show little overlap with other types. Discriminant function and classification analyses revealed that bird species composition can be used to correctly classify general forest habitats more accurately (83.8%) than either foraging (63.2%) or nesting substrate guilds (58.4%). These results indicate that, of the habitats studied, avian species compositions are more characteristic than are foraging or nesting substrate guild composition, which tend to be similar across forest habitats.     

An analysis of assessment outcomes from eight years' operation of the Australian border weed risk assessment system

The majority of Australian weeds are exotic plant species that were intentionally introduced for a variety of horticultural and agricultural purposes. A border weed risk assessment system (WRA) was implemented in 1997 in order to reduce the high economic costs and massive environmental damage associated with introducing serious weeds. We review the behaviour of this system with regard to eight years of data collected from the assessment of species proposed for importation or held within genetic resource centres in Australia. From a taxonomic perspective, species from the Chenopodiaceae and Poaceae were most likely to be rejected and those from the Arecaceae and Flacourtiaceae were most likely to be accepted. Dendrogram analysis and classification and regression tree (TREE) models were also used to analyse the data. The latter revealed that a small subset of the 35 variables assessed was highly associated with the outcome of the original assessment. The TREE model examining all of the data contained just five variables: unintentional human dispersal, congeneric weed, weed elsewhere, tolerates or benefits from mutilation, cultivation or fire, and reproduction by vegetative propagation. It gave the same outcome as the full WRA model for 71% of species. Weed elsewhere was not the first splitting variable in this model, indicating that the WRA has a capacity for capturing species that have no history of weediness. A reduced TREE model (in which human-mediated variables had been removed) contained four variables: broad climate suitability, reproduction in less or than equal to 1year, self-fertilisation, and tolerates and benefits from mutilation, cultivation or fire. It yielded the same outcome as the full WRA model for 65% of species. Data inconsistencies and the relative importance of questions are discussed, with some recommendations made for improving the use of the system.     

Arthropods and Multispecies Habitat Conservation Plans: Are We Missing Something?

Arthropods constitute well over one-half of the species of higher life on the planet and are the dominant terrestrial life form on the planet. Unfortunately, very little is known about most arthropod species. There are an estimated 163,487 species of insects in North America, of which only 66% are taxonomically known. Similarly, there are an estimated 35,514 species of North American arachnids, of which only 9316 are described; over 73% have yet to be discovered and described. Without the basic taxonomic and life history knowledge for most of the terrestrial species (i.e., arthropods) of North American ecosystems, land managers are faced with the challenge of developing, selecting, and managing biotic reserves and habitat conservation plans for which they know very little about the majority of organisms found within such reserves or covered by such plans. With respect to arthropods, this challenge includes taking into account poorly described species being used as political tools to stop development (as opposed to actually protecting a truly endangered species), thus confounding the habitat conservation planning process and ensuring that "surprises" in the form of new listings will occur within any multispecies habitat plan. Finally, using various scenarios and assumptions, estimates of the true number of endangered insects and arachnids are provided to illustrate the fact that the suspected number of threatened, endangered, and extinct species is probably low by at least an order of magnitude.     

山东省迁徙鸟类资源的保护与利用

为了有效保护和利用山东省迁徙鸟类资源．对该省迁徙鸟类的资源现状进行了研究。结果表明，山东省共有迁徙鸟类357种和亚种，占全省鸟类总数的87．9％；夏候鸟84种、占总数的20．7％，冬候鸟47种、占总数的11．6％，旅鸟226种和亚种、占总数的65．7％。其中有67种被列为国家一、二级保护鸟类。威胁该区迁徙鸟类生存的主要因素包括人们的直接破坏、迁徙鸟类栖居地的破坏和环境污染等，并据此提出了相应的保护对策和利用措施。     

Company engagement with supply chains to protect biodiversity and rare,threatened, and endangered species

Future global megatrends project a population increase of 2 billion people between 2019 and 2050 and at least 1–2 billion people added to the global middle class between 2016 and 2030. In addition, 68% of the world's population is projected to be living in urban areas by 2050. With these projected large population increases and shifts, demand for food, water, and energy is projected to grow by approximately 35, 40, and 50%, respectively, between 2010 and 2030. In addition, between 1970 and 2014 there was an estimated 60% reduction in the number of wildlife in the world and an estimated net loss of 2.9 billion birds, or 29%, in North America between 1970 and 2018. Loss of species populations and number of species is interconnected with reduced health of biodiversity and ecosystems. Human activity has been the main catalyst for these substantial declines primarily through impacts on habitats. These losses are accelerating. Since a company's supply chain environmental impacts are often as great or greater than its own direct environmental impacts, it may be prudent for companies to engage with their supply chains to protect and enhance habitats and biodiversity and protect rare, threatened, and endangered species. As one example, companies may have opportunities and strategic reasons to include requirements in their supplier codes of conduct and supplier standards for suppliers to protect biodiversity and rare, threatened, and endangered species, as well as additional requirements to expand or enhance habitats and ecosystems to increase biodiversity. This article follows one pathway that companies could pursue further and with greater speed—to engage with their supply chains to strengthen supplier codes of conduct to protect biodiversity and rare, threatened, and endangered species. The importance of forests, private land, and landscape partnerships is discussed as means to protect much more of the planet's biodiversity and rare, threatened, and endangered species. Lastly, the article identifies examples of opportunities for companies to more formally incorporate biodiversity into their business, supply chain, and sustainability strategies.