河流水质预测模型的应用研究

河流水质预测模型使用的参数未引入预测断面现状监测结果 ,使预测结果可能与现状监测结果发生矛盾。针对这一情况 ,通过对预测模式的推导转化 ,在模型中引入污染源现状源强和预测断面现状监测浓度 ,将预测结果同现状监测结果联系起来 ,使预测结果更贴近实际     

Distribution and risk assessment of organochlorine contaminants in surface water from River Chenab, Pakistan

Concentrations in surface waters (including particulate phase) of the River Chenab ranged from 27-1100 ng L(-1) and 25-1200 ng L(-1) for OCPs and 7.7-110 ng L(-1) and 13-99 ng L(-1) for PCBs during summer and winter, respectively from 2007-2009. DDTs exhibited the highest concentration, followed by HCHs > chlordane > ∑(24)PCBs > ∑other OCPs. Different indicative ratios for organochlorines suggest that current use, long range transport and also past application of these chemicals contribute to the total burden. Statistical analysis highlighted agricultural and industrial activities and municipal waste disposal as main sources of OCPs and PCBs in the riverine ecosystem of the River Chenab. Risk Quotients (RQ(CCCs)) > 10 for DDTs and PCBs levels in collected water samples from the River Chenab suggest that risk from DDTs and PCBs is moderate to severe and fluxes calculated for OCPs and PCBs from the River Chenab to the Indus River were 7.5 tons per year and 1.0 tons per year, respectively.     

洋河下游农灌区农作物受灾与水质污染的关系

根据情况调查设计严密而合乎逻辑的监测方案：在农灌水质标准缺乏的情况下,根据监测数据和有关资料找出致害污染物;对本次监测数据和历年常规监测数据进行分析,确定污染源;最后提出防治污染的对策。结论是致死污染物为阿特拉津和乙草胺．而高锰酸盐指数、ｐＨ和悬浮物的超标是致害的重要有关因素;致害污染物主要来源了宣化区废水;严格监控农药厂废水、兴建污水处理厂和改善农灌措施是防治污染的途径。后来的事实完全证实了本结论和对策的正确性。     

我国河流水质评价污染因子选择方案探讨

在选用综合污染指数法进行地表水水质评价时 ,由于污染因子选择不尽一致 ,造成地表水水质评价结果不具有可比性。为了使地表水评价结果具有可比性 ,必须选择相对固定的评价因子。笔者对我国七大流域 1 990～ 2 0 0 1年水质监测数据进行了全面分析 ,提出了能够反映我国河流污染现状的污染因子选择方案。     

河流水质综合评价方法的统一和改进

在分析我国河流水质综合评价方法存在的问题以及河流水质综合评价方法研究现状的基础上 ,以国家对全国水环境质量系统管理需要为目的 ,提出了对河流水质综合评价方法的要求 ,并针对综合污染指数法的缺陷 ,提出了改进的综合水质指数方法     

Use of water quality index and multivariate statistical techniques for the assessment of spatial variations in water quality of a small river

Rapid urban development has led to a critical negative impact on water bodies flowing in and around urban areas. In the present study, 25 physiochemical and biological parameters have been studied on water samples collected from the entire section of a small river originating and ending within an urban area. This study envisaged to assess the water quality status of river body and explore probable sources of pollution in the river. Weighted arithmetic water quality index (WQI) was employed to evaluate the water quality status of the river. Multivariate statistical techniques namely cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to differentiate the sources of variation in water quality and to determine the cause of pollution in the river. WQI values indicated high pollution levels in the studied water body, rendering it unsuitable for any practical purpose. Cluster analysis results showed that the river samples can be divided into four groups. Use of PCA identified four important factors describing the types of pollution in the river, namely (1) mineral and nutrient pollution, (2) heavy metal pollution, (3) organic pollution, and (4) fecal contamination. The deteriorating water quality of the river was demonstrated to originate from wide sources of anthropogenic activities, especially municipal sewage discharge from unplanned housing areas, wastewater discharge from small industrial units, livestock activities, and indiscriminate dumping of solid wastes in the river. Thus, the present study effectively demonstrates the use of WQI and multivariate statistical techniques for gaining simpler and meaningful information about the water quality of a lotic water body as well as to identify of the pollution sources.     

汉江水质评价的化学计量学研究

运用因子分析法对汉江各主要水质断面进行水质因子分析及综合评价,通过各主因子的方差贡献及因子得分得出各水质因子的赋权值,从而对所取断面进行水质污染程度的综合评价、分析与排序。同时运用聚类分析法对汉江17个断面的水质污染相似性进行分析,给出分类处理结果。     

河流水质月报评价项目的选择

以三种评价项目选择法对国控河流断面水质评价的结果进行了比较。结合现阶段我国的经济技术条件选择了适用于河流水质月报的评价项目即pH、溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、五日生化需氧量、氨氮、石油类、挥发酚、汞和铅等9项。     

Statistical analyses of coastal water quality for a port and harbour region in India

A long-term study of temperature, pH, turbidity, suspended solid, salinity, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand and ammonia nitrogen has been performed in a port and harbour region in India for four years from December 1996 to November 2000. Marine water quality results showed no regular trend. The mean monthly values of temperature, pH, turbidity, suspended solid, salinity, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand and ammonia nitrogen were in the range of 22.64 ± 0.4 to 29.05 ± 1.37 °C; 7.65 ± 0.04 to 7.81 ± 0.13; 28.8 ± 14.7 to 64.2 ± 32.0 NTU; 283.5 ± 81.8 to 356.0 ± 159.7 mg/L; 29.78 ± 7.18 to 29.78 ± 1.04 ppt; 4.67 ± 0.50 to 6.01 ± 1.02 mg/L; 5.41 ± 1.92 to 7.56 ± 2.1 mg/L; and 0.25 ± 0.07 to 0.63 ± 0.49 mg/L, respectively. The results of correlation analysis showed that biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) was inversely correlated dissolved oxygen (DO) and poorly correlated with all other parameters. Turbidity and suspended solid were moderately correlated with each other while salinity was moderately correlated with other water quality parameters. In factor analysis, four factors were drawn out of the eight variables, which represented 74% of the variance of the original data. Factor I was related to suspended solid and turbidity. Factor II represented mainly temperature and DO showing inverse relation between these two. Factor III implied the degree of pollution at any monitoring station. Factor IV included pH and salinity. It could be concluded that the factor model represented almost all the variables.     

用活性污染指数法评价微污染水体的环境质量

针对水环境质量的均值污染指数评价方法的缺点,提出了利用活性污染指数法来评价微污染水体环境质量。随后在实例中对此方法进行了运用,并与均值污染指数法进行了比较,效果不错。     

Long-term variations of water quality parameters in the Maroon River, Iran

Sixteen water quality parameters have been monitored at four stations located along the Maroon River during 1989?C2008. The trend analysis was performed on seasonal and annual time-scales using the Mann?CKendall test, the Sen??s slope estimator and the linear regression. The relationships of the water quality parameters to river discharge were also investigated. The statistical methods showed both positive and negative trends in annual water quality data. However, significant trends were detected by the statistical methods only in calcium, magnesium, sodium absorption ratio, pH, and turbidity series. The results indicated that the concentrations of the water quality parameters increased in spring and winter seasons, while the concentrations were diluted in summer and autumn seasons in the last two decades. Moreover, the highest numbers of significant trends were found in the spring and summer series, respectively. According to the regression analysis, most of the water quality parameters were negatively correlated with river discharge.     

Hydrological influences on the water quality trends in Tamiraparani Basin,South India

Water quality variables – Turbidity, pH, Electrical Conductivity(EC), Chlorides and Total Hardness (TH) were monitored at adownstream location in the Tamiraparani River during 1978–1992. The observations were made at weekly intervals in a watertreatment and supply plant using standard methods. Graphical andstatistical analyses were used for data exploration, trenddetection and assessment. Box-Whisker plots of annual andseasonal changes in variables indicated apparent trends beingpresent in the data and their response to the seasonal influenceof the monsoon rainfall. Further, the examination of the medianvalues of the variables indicated that changes in the directionof trend occurred during 1985–1986, especially in pH, EC and TH. The statistical analyses were done using non-parametric methods,the ANCOVA on rank transformed data and the Seasonal Man-Kendalltest. The presence of monotonic trend in all the water qualityvariables was confirmed, however, with independent direction ofchange. The trend line was fitted by the method of leastsquares. The estimated values indicated significant increases inEC (28 S cm^-1) while significant decreases were observed inturbidity (90 NTU), pH (0.78), and total hardness (23 ppm) in a span of 15 years. The changes induced in river flow by the addition of a stabilizing reservoir, the influence of seasonal and spatialpattern of monsoon rainfall across the river basin and the increased agriculture appear causative factors for the water quality trends seen in the Tamiraparani River system.     

城市污水处理厂水样中菊酯类农药残留分析

建立了基于C18固相萃取柱和气相色谱/电子捕获(GC/ECD)分析水体中环境激素类物质——菊酯类农药的分析方法,并对方法的回收率、灵敏度进行了评价,同时分析了北京市高碑店、北小河两个城市污水处理厂进水与出水中菊酯类农药的浓度,研究发现在其废水中存在联苯菊酯、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯和溴氰菊酯,浓度在0.013~0.920μg/L之间。结果表明,曝气活性污泥法对菊酯类农药的去除效果较好。方法对菊酯类农药的回收率达到67.7%~96.2%,方法检测限为0.010~0.015μg/L。     

Occurrence, finger printing and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Chenab River, Pakistan

Seventeen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were studied in surface waters (including particulate phase) from the Chenab River, Pakistan and ranged from 289-994 and 437-1290 ng l(-1) in summer and winter (2007-09), respectively. Concentrations for different ring-number PAHs followed the trend: 3-rings > 2-rings > 4-rings > 5-rings > 6-rings. The possible sources of PAHs are identified by calculating the indicative ratios; appropriating petrogenic sources of PAHs in urban and sub-urban regions with pyrogenic sources in agricultural region. Factor analysis based on principal component analysis identified the origins of PAHs from industrial activities, coal and trash burning in agricultural areas and municipal waste disposal from surrounding urban and sub-urban areas via open drains into the riverine ecosystem. Water quality guidelines and toxic equivalent factors highlighted the potential risk of low molecular weight PAHs to the aquatic life of the Chenab River. The flux estimated for PAHs contaminants from the Chenab River to the Indus River was >50 tons/year.     

水质分段法优化河流监测断面及其在水功能区达标监测中的应用

提出水质分段优化河流水质断面的原则和水质突变点确定的方法,将优化后省级尺度的监测断面直接用于地表水环境功能区达标监测,取得良好的环境效益和社会效益。     

Water quality assessment of Ogun river, South West Nigeria

The quality of Ogun river in South-West, Nigeria was studied by a field survey for a period of 1 year (covering dry season and rainy season). Water samples were collected from thirteen sites and analysed for physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters as well as heavy metals using standard methods. Generally, the values obtained for turbidity, phosphate, oil and grease, iron and faecal coliform from all the sites in both seasons were above the maximum acceptable limit set by the World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking water. Also, the manganese content from all the sites in the dry season, lead concentrations from three sites in the dry season and cadmium concentrations from some sites in both seasons were above the WHO limit. The values obtained for total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen and chloride at site M in the dry season and nitrate at site J in the rainy season were also above the WHO limit. Pollution of Ogun river water along its course is evidenced by the high concentrations of pollution indicators, nutrients and trace metals above the acceptable limit. This poses a health risk to several rural communities who rely on the river primarily as their source of domestic water. The study showed a need for continuous pollution monitoring programme of surface waters in Nigeria.     

Siting analyses for water quality sampling in a catchment

Pollution loads discharged from upstream development or human activities significantly degrade the water quality of a reservoir. The design of an appropriate water quality sampling network is therefore important for detecting potential pollution events and monitoring pollution trends. However, under a limited budgetary constraint, how to site an appropriate number of sampling stations is a challenging task. A previous study proposed a method applying the simulated annealing algorithm to design the sampling network based on three cost factors including the number of reaches, bank length, and subcatchment area. However, these factors are not directly related to the distribution of possible pollution. Thus, this study modified the method by considering three additional factors, i.e. total phosphorus, nitrogen, and sediment loads. The larger the possible load, the higher the probability of a pollution event may occur. The study area was the Derchi reservoir catchment in Taiwan. Pollution loads were derived from the AGNPS model with rainfall intensity estimated using the Thiessen method. Analyses for a network with various numbers of sampling sites were implemented. The results obtained based on varied cost factors were compared and discussed. With the three additional factors, the chosen sampling network is expected to properly detect pollution events and monitor pollution distribution and temporal trends.     

Influence of drought and municipal sewage effluents on the baseflow water chemistry of an upper piedmont river

The Reedy River in South Carolina is affected by the urban area of Greenville, the third most populous city in the state, and by the effluents from two large-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located on the river. Riverine water chemistry was characterized using grab samples collected annually under spring season baseflow conditions. During the 4-year time period associated with this study, climatic variations included two severe drought spring seasons (2001 and 2002), one above-normal precipitation spring season (2003), and one below-normal precipitation spring season (2004). The influence of drought and human activities on the baseflow chemistry of the river was evaluated by comparing concentrations of dissolved anions, total metals, and other important water chemistry parameters for these different years. Concentrations of copper and zinc, common non-point source contaminants related to urban activities, were not substantially elevated in the river within the urban area under baseflow conditions when compared with headwater and tributary samples. In contrast, nitrate concentrations increased from 1.2–1.6 mg/l up to 2.6–2.9 mg/l through the urban stream reach. Concentrations of other major anions (e.g., sulfate, nitrate) also increased along the reach, suggesting that the river receives continuous inputs of these species from within the urban area. The highest concentrations of major cations and anions typically were observed immediately downstream from the two WWTP effluent discharge locations. Attenuation of nitrate downstream from the WWTPs did not always track chloride changes, suggesting that nitrate concentrations were being controlled by biochemical processes in addition to physical processes. The relative trends in decreasing nitrate concentrations with downstream distance appeared to depend on drought versus non-drought conditions, with biological processes presumably serving as a more important control during non-drought spring seasons.     

南水北调东平湖水质变化趋势分析研究

采用了季节性肯达尔法水质趋势分析方法,分析了1984～2000年东平湖水质的变化情况,目前东平湖水质一般为Ⅴ类、Ⅵ类,个别年份为超Ⅴ类,氨氮平均值历年变化不大,一般均符合Ⅰ Ⅲ类水质,挥发酚和砷含量甚小,各年均符合Ⅰ类水。     

濮阳市工业污染特征与产业布局调整路径探析

基于2017年濮阳市第二次全国污染源普查数据,采用聚类分析和核密度分析的方法对濮阳市行业结构特征、工业污染集聚特征进行了分析。结果表明,濮阳市支柱行业为石化行业,工业总产值占比36.92%,远高于其他行业;非金属矿物制品企业数量最多,污染物排放总量最高;颗粒物排放量占濮阳市工业污染源排放总量的33%,占比最高;非金属矿物制品业与石油、煤炭及其他燃料加工业是濮阳市废气污染物的主要来源,石油、煤炭及其他燃料加工业与农副产品加工业是濮阳市废水污染物的主要来源;濮阳市产业集聚区是污染物产排的重要区域,其污染物产生量占濮阳市污染物产生总量的95.49%,污染物排放量占濮阳市排放总量的63.05%。而非产业集聚区的污染物排放量占濮阳市排放总量的36.95%,是精准治污的重点。针对濮阳市产业结构和产业布局现状,提出,重新整合辖区非金属矿物制品业,继续做强石化行业,兼顾发展污染物排放强度低的行业;挖掘产业集聚区减排潜力,建设绿色产业集聚区是经济与环境协调发展的重要途径;非产业集聚区企业应因地制宜,政策引导,发挥中小企业自主能动性,提升环境质量。以期为濮阳市产业布局调整提供技术支持。