石油钻井行业清洁生产评价体系研究

新疆地处干旱区,生态环境脆弱,就油田开发生产而言,会产生污水、废渣、落地油处理和原油回收等技术问题。钻井过程为整个石油开发过程中最重要、最复杂、施工作业时间较长、能耗最大的关键生产环节,使用的钻井液和产生的泥浆都会对环境产生污染。选取钻井作业进行分析,建立一套适合油田钻井行业特点,具有科学性、系统性、激励性、规范性,且符合当前环境管理水平的清洁生产评估指标体系,对于当前石油勘探开发行业推进实施清洁生产具有十分重要的意义。     

石油开采行业土壤污染防治对策与建议

在文献和实地调研的基础上,分析了石油开采行业生产工艺及产排污情况,识别了油井、注水井、输油管道、联合站等主要工艺节点的土壤污染风险,总结了目前行业处理废水和危险废物的主要方法,指出了行业在废弃钻井液处理、地下输油管道泄漏后期处置及突发环境事件应急预案中土壤污染防治等方面存在的问题,并提出了相应的对策和建议。     

Report: future industrial solid waste management in pars Special Economic Energy Zone (PSEEZ), Iran.

The Pars Special Economic Energy Zone (PSEEZ) is located in the south of Iran, on the northern coastline of the Persian Gulf. This area was established in 1998 for the utilization of south Pars field oil and gas resources. This field is one of the largest gas resources in the world and contains about 6% of the total fossil fuels known. Petrochemical industries, gas refineries and downstream industries are being constructed in this area. At present there are three gas refineries in operation and five more gas refineries are under construction. In this study, different types of solid waste including municipal solid waste (MSW) and industrial wastes were investigated separately. The aim of the study was to focus on the management of the industrial wastes in order to minimize the environmental impact. In the first stage, the types and amounts of industrial waste in PSEEZ were evaluated by an inventory. The main types of industrial waste are oil products (fuel oil, light oil, lubricating oil), spent catalysts, adsorbents, resins, coke, wax and packaging materials. The waste management of PSEEZ is quite complex because of the different types of industry and the diversity of industrial residues. In some cases recycling/reuse of waste is the best option, but treatment and disposal are also necessary tools. Recently a design has been prepared for a disposal site in PSEEZ for the industrial waste that cannot be reused or recycled. The total surface area of this disposal site where the industrial waste should be tipped for the next 20 years was estimated to be about 42 000 m2.     

油基钻屑处理处置研究新进展

油基钻屑是在勘探和开采油气资源的钻井过程中产生的一种典型危险废弃物。本文首先将现有各类繁杂技术划分为处置技术和处理技术,再通过进一步细化分类,系统综述了每项技术的原理、优缺点及应用潜力,总结出了“环保达标、经济可行”的处理处置基本原则,指出高值资源化是未来的研究方向之一。     

Natural and anthropogenic arsenic in soil in the Boston Basin

Naturally occurring and anthropogenic arsenic concentrations in soils, in conjunction with the current knowledge of its potential risk to human health, demonstrate a critical environmental and public health issue. These widespread arsenic concentrations potentially affect large human populations. There are locations worldwide where naturally occurring arsenic is considered to be and documented as a potential human health risk through the use of established risk assessment calculation approaches or as demonstrated by clearly measurable health or agricultural effects. This natural arsenic, exposed due to human activity and coupled with anthropogenic contributions, may be the number‐one soil contact environmental health issue in the world. Considering the relatively high natural arsenic concentrations in some New England locations, and with the advantage of access to a large soil arsenic database, this issue has been addressed as described herein for the Boston Basin and related areas. The article provides a summary of some large natural and anthropogenic arsenic data sets with comparison between them and a derivation of the natural and anthropogenic components in the Boston Basin. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

油气开采钻井固体废物处理与利用研究现状

对比分析了我国部分地区油气开采钻井固体废物的污染特征,对普通钻井固体废物和含油钻井固体废物的无害化处理与资源化利用技术分别进行梳理和分析,主要包括固化处理技术、生物处理技术、不落地处理技术、资源化利用技术、萃取技术、热解析技术和组合处理技术等。结合当前存在的主要问题针对性地提出了4条对策建议:加强源头控制,减少钻井固体废物产生量;对钻井固体废物进行分质分级区别处理和利用;开发高效、低成本、低能耗的钻井固体废物处理技术,发展联合处理工艺;制定相关政策和标准,加强油气田污染治理的事中事后监管。     

农药行业规划环境影响评价中的风险评价

针对专项工业规划环境影响评价中环境风险评价应用尚不成熟的现状,建立了一套专项工业规划环境风险评价方法,并将其应用到江苏省农药行业总体规划环境影响评价分析中。从环境风险角度分析行业发展方向、强度和布局的合理性,提出规划调整和行业风险管理的建议,以降低事故发生的概率和影响,保障行业的健康稳定发展。通过对江苏省农药行业规划明确的产品结构、产业组织结构、创新体系和技术发展目标等进行风险识别、分析和评价,得出生产和使用光气的定点企业、使用液氯的企业、产生硫化氢的企业的环境风险防护距离（以生产装置为起点）应至少设置为1 000,500,250 m。     

An approach to evaluate the application of the vulnerability index for oil spills in tropical Red Sea environments

The Egyptian national marine oil pollution contingency plan was urgently initiated after the Nabila oil spill in 1982, to provide an estimate of its environmental effects on the Egyptian Red Sea coastal areas and to determine geomorphological features and cuastal processes, together with physical, chemical and biological baseline data for this tropical environment.The ‘Vulnerability Index’ (VI) was applied to evaluate and calibrate the effect of the Nabila oil spill on the Egyptian Red Sea Coastal area. A detailed in situ coastal survey was conducted during two visits in November 1982 and May 1983 to 80 shore sites from Suez to Ras Banas to monitor the oil pollution and to apply the ‘Vulnerability Index’. A comparative assessment of the index over time by comparing it with a quick ground inspection in November 1993 to some sites to evaluate the applicability of this index for oil spills in such environments. In addition, the physical effects of fresh and weathered crude oil and/with dispersant on water filtration by different beaches were preliminary studied.The geomorphological/Vulnerability Index results show that most of the Egyptian Red Sea coastal environments have medium to high vulnerability to immediate and medium term oil spill damage. The oil pollution spread estimated to be 250 km south of the oil spill and about 200 km north of it. The quantity of oil along the shoreline was reduced by about 60% due to natural and authorities clean up. The third survey after 11 years showed that the VI could be used as a predictive tool for assessment of oil spill effects on such tropical environments.     

The Role of Time in Environmental Risk Assessment

Environmental risk assessment is generally based on the comparison of the exposure concentration of a chemical with the sensitivity of the ecosystems for this chemical. The exposure to this chemical is often assumed to be constant and continuous, while in reality exposure is more likely to be variable and/or intermittent. Several approaches have been developed to account for the influence of exposure time on environmental effects. Time-to-event modelling is the most recent approach to include time in environmental risk assessment. This approach is applied in the DREAM model (Dose Related Effects Assessment Model), which is used to assess the environmental impact of produced water discharges in the marine environment.     

Stochastic Modeling Concepts in Groundwater and Risk Assessment: Potential Application to Marine Problems

Parameter uncertainty is ubiquitous in marine environmental processes. Failure to account for this uncertainty may lead to erroneous results, and may have significant environmental and economic ramifications. Stochastic modeling of oil spill transport and fate is, therefore, central in the development of an oil spill contingency plan for new oil and gas projects. Over the past twenty years, several stochastic modeling tools have been developed for modeling parameter uncertainty, including the spectral, perturbation, and simulation methods. In this work we explore the application of a new stochastic methodology, the first-order reliability method (FORM), in oil spill modeling. FORM was originally developed in the structural reliability field and has been recently applied to various environmental problems. The method has many appealing features that makes it a powerful tool for modeling complex environmental systems. The theory of FORM is presented, identifying the features that distinguish the method from other stochastic tools. Different formulations to the reliability-based stochastic oil spill modeling are presented in a decision-analytic context.     

The Svalbard Intertidal Zone: A Concept for the Use of GIS in Applied Oil Sensitivity,Vulnerability and Impact Analyses

Historical oil spills have shown that environmental damage on the seashore can be measured by acute mortality of single species and destabilisation of the communities. The biota, however, has the potential to recover over some period of time. Applied to the understanding of the fate of oil and population and community dynamics, the impact can be described by the function of the following two factors: the immediate extent and the duration of damage. A simple and robust mathematical model is developed to describe this process in the Svalbard intertidal. Based on the integral of key biological and physical factors, i.e., community specific sensitivity, oil accumulation and retention capacity of the substrate, ice-cover and wave exposure, the model is implemented by a Geographical Information System (GIS) for characterisation of the habitat’s sensitivity and vulnerability. Geomorphologic maps and georeferenced biological data are used as input. Digital maps of intertidal zone are compiled, indicating the shoreline sensitivity and vulnerability in terms of coastal segments and grid aggregations. Selected results have been used in the national assessment programme of oil development in the Barents Sea for priorities in environmental impact assessments and risk analyses as well as oil spill contingency planning.     

Oil Spill Contingency and Response (OSCAR) Analysis in Support of Environmental Impact Assessment Offshore Namibia

The work reported here encompasses analyses of specific potential spill scenarios for oil exploration activity planned offshore of Namibia. The analyses are carried out with the SINTEF Oil Spill Contingency and Response (OSCAR) 3-dimensional model system. A spill scenario using 150 m³ of marine diesel demonstrates the rapidity with which such a spill will dissipate naturally, even in light winds. Vertical and horizontal mixing bring subsurface hydrocarbon concentrations to background levels within a few days. A hypothetical 10 day blowout scenario releasing 11,000 bbl per day of light crude oil is investigated in terms of the potential for delivering oil to selected bird and marine mammal areas along the Namibian coast. Worst case scenarios are selected to investigate the potential mitigating effects of planned oil spill response actions. Mechanical recovery significantly reduces, and in some cases eliminates, potential environmental consequences of these worst case scenarios. Dispersant application from fixed wing aircraft further reduces the potential surface effects. The analysis supplies an objective basis for net environmental analysis of the planned response strategies.     

Modelling of environmental impacts of solid waste landfilling within the life-cycle analysis program EASEWASTE

A new computer-based life-cycle assessment model (EASEWASTE) has been developed to evaluate resource and environmental consequences of solid waste management systems. This paper describes the landfilling sub-model used in the life-cycle assessment program EASEWASTE, and examines some of the implications of this sub-model. All quantities and concentrations of leachate and landfill gas can be modified by the user in order to bring them in agreement with the actual landfill that is assessed by the model. All emissions, except the generation of landfill gas, are process specific. The landfill gas generation is calculated on the basis of organic matter in the landfilled waste. A landfill assessment example is provided. For this example, the normalised environmental effects of landfill gas on global warming and photochemical smog are much greater than the environmental effects for landfill leachate or for landfill construction. A sensitivity analysis for this example indicates that the overall environmental impact is sensitive to the gas collection efficiency and the use of the gas, but not to the amount of leachate generated, or the amount of soil or liner material used in construction. The landfill model can be used for evaluating different technologies with different liners, gas and leachate collection efficiencies, and to compare the environmental consequences of landfilling with alternative waste treatment options such as incineration or anaerobic digestion.     

The life cycle assessment of an e-waste treatment enterprise in China

Electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) has become one of the fastest growing waste streams in the world, and many countries have established e-waste treatment enterprises to solve their e-waste problems. In this study, a life cycle assessment (LCA) was undertaken to quantitatively investigate the environmental impacts of an e-waste treatment enterprise in China. The LCA is constructed by SimaPro software version 7.2 and expressed with the Eco-indicator 99 life cycle impact assessment method. For a sensitivity analysis of the overall LCA results, the so-called CML method is used in order to estimate the influence of the choice of the assessment method on the result. According to the survey data, discarded TV sets accounted for the highest proportion of e-waste treated in the enterprise in 2010. The e-waste treatment had little environmental impact, and at the same time large environmental benefits can be achieved mainly due to the recycled resources and reuse of some components. Based on the research results, it can be seen that recycled metal, especially copper, would be of more importance for environmental benefits. Relevant results and data from this study could provide decision support to enterprise managers and government sectors.     

Development of a National Marine Oil Transportation System Model

This paper presents the development of a model of the marine oil transportation in the United States. NMOTSM, the National Marine Oil Transportation System Model, is a high-level strategic decision-making tool that will be used to systematically identify causes of oil spills and prioritize oil pollution R and D needs for prevention and response. Three distinct phases in the analysis are identified, namely the formulation of the oil transport model, the risk and safety performance assessment and the evaluation of potential prevention, and response measures and approaches.     

South Arne Field Development: An Environmental Impact Assessment of Oil Spills

The South Arne field being developed by Amerada Hess A/S is located in 60 m water depth approximately 200 km from the Danish mainland, in block 5604/29 of the Danish sector of the North Sea.As part of the development of the field, a comprehensive environmental impact assessment has been carried out, including the assessment of the impact from oil spills. The Danish authorities required that a ‘worst case’ oil spill be chosen as the basis for the assessment on birds and aquatic organisms including plankton, fish eggs and larvae and benthos.A well blow-out at the surface was chosen as the worst case for the impact on birds, and a seabed blow-out for aquatic organisms.The oil spill modelling was carried out with the DEEPBLOW, SLIKMAP and OSCAR models from SINTEF. The modelling identified environmentally sensitive areas which could potentially be influenced by an oil spill. These included the Dogger Bank, western Skagerrak, south-western Norwegian Trench, the eastern German Bight and the Wadden Sea.Historical meteorological and hydrodynamic scenarios were chosen from a long period of records to ensure that the plume passed through the environmentally sensitive resource areas.For birds, a scan of the literature and available databases was made to determine the numbers and species of birds in the areas swept by the surface slick, the number of fatalities was estimated and finally the recovery time for each species population was estimated.The impact on aquatic organisms was estimated using the predicted environmental concentration/predicted no effect concentration (PEC/PNEC) method of the CHARM model. This method is normally applied to continuous discharges, but here has been used to estimate the impact of a transient pollution cloud resulting from an oil spill.     

用事故树分析法进行炼厂油罐爆炸事故的环境风险评价

论述了风险、风险评价、环境风险评价的概念及其主要内容，说明利用事故树分析法进行工程环境风险评价的程序和方法。并运用这种方法对某炼厂油罐爆炸事故进行了大气环境风险评价。     

Editor's perspective‐‐‐Shale gas development: Environmental issues and opportunities

Many professionals in the environmental industry have questioned whether the rapid expansion in shale gas development, particularly in the Marcellus Shale Play, is providing business opportunities. While gas production is a routine practice, the development of shale gas requires a process (fracturing, or, more commonly, “fracing'') that uses chemicals and is far more intrusive to the subsurface environment than traditional gas production. In this Editor's Perspective, we evaluate the environmental issues surrounding shale gas development, with a specific focus on the Marcellus Shale Play because it is currently the most active play in the United States, from both the drilling and political perspectives. In addition, we examine where the business opportunities are likely to be for environmental professionals relative to shale gas development. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

海上含油钻屑的热解析除油处理

采用间接加热的热解析技术对海上油田含油钻屑进行处理,考察了热解析处理的效果和影响因素。实验结果表明：在热解析主温度为410.0 ℃下对含油率为14.00%~23.60%（w）的钻屑进行热解析处理,处理后钻屑的石油烃含量低至0.07%;为达到处理后钻屑含油率低于1%的要求,处理速率最高可达2.47 t/h;回收油的主要烃类化合物组成与岩屑油一致,可用于泥浆复配;冷凝回收水的COD及石油类物质超标,处理后可作为循环冷却水的补充水;外排气体的污染物指标达到国家排放标准;该套实验装置处理含油率为14.00%~23.60%的钻屑,柴油消耗量小于15 L/t、电能消耗量小于9 kW·h/t。     

化工建设项目环境影响评价中的热点问题

分析了化工建设项目环境影响评价工作中的热点问题。指出化工生产的环境风险是可控的;环评报告书中应将环境风险的预防作为风险评价的重点,同时要积极推进责任关怀,将企业每年度外排的各种污染物的数量及削减量如实公布,让公众了解企业在预防污染方面的进步和尚存的问题。提出了精简环评报告书的途径：编写环评报告书简化本;突出环评报告书的重点,将污染预防和治理措施作为环评报告书最重要的章节之一;评价环境影响预测的准确性等。